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Anatomy > The Brainstem, Cranial Nerves and the Visual Pathways (Neuro) > Flashcards

The Brainstem, Cranial Nerves and the Visual Pathways (Neuro) Flashcards

1
Q

What the brainstem connect together? What three sections is it made up of?

A

Connects cerebrum to spinal cord
1. Midbrain
2. Pons
3. Medulla Oblongata

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2
Q

What is it the most superior part of the Brainstem? Why is it hard to see?

A

Midbrain
Optic chiasm obstructs most of the view of the anterior brainstem

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3
Q

What are the two parts of the Midbrain called? Where is each one located?

A

Tectum (Dorsally)
Tegmentum (Ventrally)

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4
Q

What are the two pairs of rounded bumps called on the Brainstem?

A

Superior colliculi and Inferior colliculi

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5
Q

What are the Super colliculi involved in? (2)

A

Involved in regulating eye movements
Reflexes associated with visual stimuli (turning or moving the head quickly)

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6
Q

What are the inferior Colliculi involved in? (3)

A

Sound location
Pitch discrimination
Reflexes with auditory stimuli

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7
Q

What is the larger part of the midbrain called? Where is it located? What does it contain?

A

Tegmentum
Ventrally
Substantia nigra

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8
Q

What is the Substantia nigras function? What else does the Tegmentum contain (2)? Which surface is it on?

A

Dopamine production
Cerebral peduncles on the most ventral surface and red nuclei

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9
Q

What is the function of cerebral peduncles? What do the red nuclei do?

A

Large white matter bundles that connect the midbrain to the thalami
Involved in supporting motor control to limbs

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10
Q

The Nuclei of which three structures is found in the Midbrain?

A
  1. Oculomotor (CN 3)
  2. Trochlear (CN 4)
  3. Edinger Westphal
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11
Q

Name the structures

A

a- Superior colliculus
b- Trochlear nucleus
c- Oculomotor Nucleus
d- Edinger Westphal nucleus
e- Red Nucleus
f- Substantia Nigra
g- Cerebral Peduncle
h- Tectum
I- Tegmentum
j- Cerebral aqueduct

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12
Q

What is the Largest part of the Brainstem in the middle called? What lies on its Ventral surface? What lies on the Dorsal surface?

A

The Pons
Basilar artery
Middle cerebellar peduncles

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13
Q

What are the Middle cerebellar peduncles? What other structure lies dorsal to the pons? Inbetween what?

A

White matter connections to the cerebellum
Fourth ventricle lies posterior (shown on picture) inbetween the middle cerebellar peduncles

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14
Q

What four nuclei does the Pons contain?

A
  • Trigeminal (CN 5)
  • Abducens (CN 6)
  • Facial (CN 7)
  • Vestibulocochlear (CN 8)
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15
Q

What two centres do the pons contain? What are they involved in the regulation of?

A

Apneustic and Pneumotaxic centres
Regulation of breathing

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16
Q

What connects the Pons to the spinal cord? What is the groove on its ventral surface called?

A

The medulla oblongata
Anterior median fissure

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17
Q

What does the anterior median fissure separate? What is the structure of these?

A

Medullary pyramids
Two distinct lumps on the ventral surface

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18
Q

What runs through the Medullary pyramids? What structures are immediately lateral to the pyramids?

A

Essential motor tracts known as corticospinal tract
Medullary olives

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19
Q

What is the sensory pathway of nerves called on the dorsal part of the medulla? What is it made up of? Names for both these structures(2)?

A

Dorsal column Medial Lemniscus (DCML)
Two pairs of nerve bundles: Fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus

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20
Q

What 4 nuclei of nerves does the medulla contain?

A

Glossopharyngeal (CN 9)
Vagus (CN 10)
Accessory (CN 11)
Hypoglossal (CN 12)

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21
Q

Vital centres for regulating what 4 processes are found in the medulla oblongata?

A

Respiration
Heart rate
BP
Initiating vomiting

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22
Q

Where do the Cranial nerves originate from? Why is this different to other nerves?

A

Brain
Other nerves originate from the spinal cord

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23
Q

What position do all the Cranial Nerves leave there point of origin? Which one is the exception and why?

A

Anteriorly
Trochlear nerve, leaves brain posteriorly

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24
Q

How are odour molecules detected?

A

Specialised nerve cells of the nasal cavity detect odour molecules
convey information superiorly through the cribriform plate to olfactory bulbs

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25
Q

Where is the information from the olfactory bulbs taken to? in what direction?

A

Olfactory cortices in temporal lobes
Posteriorly

26
Q

What is the name of CN2 where does it carry nerves to and from?

A

Optic nerve
Retina to the optic chiasm

27
Q

What are the names of CNs III, IV and VI? What is their role?

A

Oculomotor, Trochlear and Abducens
Control muscles for movements of eyes and diameter of pupils

28
Q

Mnemonic for Sensory or motor innervation of Cranial nerves?

A

Some Say Money Matters But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More

29
Q

Where do the olfactory and Optic nerve originate from respectively?

A

Cerebrum and Diencephalon

30
Q

What four functions does the Oculomotor have?

A

Eye movements
Eyelid opening
Pupillary constriction and accomodation

31
Q

What three areas does the Trigeminal Nerve Provide sensation to?

A

Sensation from upper third of face (V1-opthalmic)
Sensation from middle third of face (V2- Maxillary)
Sensation from lower third of face (V3- Mandibular)

32
Q

What two Muscles does the V3 branch of the Trigeminal nerve provide sensation to?

A

Muscles of mastication (Move the mandible)
Tensor Tympani muscle

33
Q

What parts of the face does the Maxillary branch of the Trigeminal nerve provide sensation for?

A

Middle 1/3 of face
Internal nasal cavity, upper teeth and palate

34
Q

What parts of the face does the Mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve provide sensory and motor information for?

A

Anterior 2/3 of tongue
Mandibular teeth and gums
Tensor tymapni
Four muscles of Mastication

35
Q

What are the four muscles of Mastication?

A

Temporalis
Masseter
Media pterygoid
Lateral Pterygoid

36
Q

What is the motor and sensory functions of the Facial nerve? (2&1)

A

Motor to:
- Muscles of facial expression
- Stapedius muscle
Sensation:
- ear canal

37
Q

Secretomotor and taste functions of facial nerve? (3+1)

A

Secretomotor:
- Submandibular gland
- Sublingual gland
- Lacrimal gland
Taste:
- anterior 2/3 of tongue

38
Q

What does the first branch of the Facial nerve do? What does the next branch innervate?

A

Parasympathetic secretomotor function to lacrimal gland
Next branch is to the stapedius muscle (As it progresses through MEC)

39
Q

After it has given off a branch to the stapedius muscle what is the next branch called and what are its functions (3)?

A

Chorda tympani (branch)
Taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue, parasympathetic secretomotor function to submandibular and sublingual salivary glands

40
Q

Where does the facial nerve leave the skull after giving off the chorda tympani branch?

A

Stylomastoid foramen

41
Q

When the Facial nerve passes through the Stylomastoid foramen what does it carry sensory and motor innervation to and from respectively?

A

(Branch of facial)
Sensory- Ear
Motor- Muscles of scalp

42
Q

Where does the Facial nerve divide? What five nerves does it divide into? What do they innervate?

A

Parotid Gland
Temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular and cervical branches]
Muscles of facial expression

43
Q

What are the Motor and sensation innervations of the Glossopharyngeal nerve? (1 & 4)

A

Motor- Stylopharyngeus muscle
Sensation:
- Pharynx
- Posterior 1/3 of tongue
- Carotid baroreceptors and chemoreceptors

44
Q

What are the secretomotor and taste functions of the Glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

Secretomotor- Parotid gland
Taste- posterior 1/3 of tongue

45
Q

Motor and sensation functions of the Vagus nerve? (3&2)

A

Motor:
- Muscles of soft palate
- Palatine folds
- Pharyngeal muscles (Pharyngeal constrictors)
- Internal laryngeal muscles
Sensation:
- External ear
- Ear canal
- Larynx

46
Q

What taste and parasympathetic functions does the vagus nerve have?

A

Taste:
Epiglottis
Parasympathetic:
Thoracic and abdominal organs

47
Q

Which Muscle does the glossopgaryngeal nerve supply? What is it involved in?

A

Stylopharyngeus
Swallowing

48
Q

Which CN is the accessory nerve? Where does it originate from? Where does it provide innervation to?

A

CN 11
Spinal cord C1-C5
Motor signals to trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles

49
Q

What are the functions of the Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius respectively?

A

Sternocleidomastoid- turning head and nodding
Trapezius- Shrugging and movement of scapula

50
Q

Where does the accessory nerve enter and leave the skull?

A

Enter- Foramen Magnum
Leave- Jugular Foramen

51
Q

What does the Hypoglossal nerve send information to? What type of information? What is not innervated by the Hypoglossal nerve?

A

Intrinsic and Extrinsic muscles of the tongue
Motor innervation
Palatoglossus (supplied by vagus)

52
Q

What are the areas of vision we can see in each eye called? What is each area divided into? Which one is lateral and which one is medial?

A

Visual fields
Temporal field and nasal field
Lateral- Temporal field
Medial- Nasal field

53
Q

What detects light? What is the course of visual information to the CNS?

A

Retina detect light
Optic nerve, optic tracts and finally the optic radiations then the primary visual cortex (Occipital lobe)

54
Q

Which part of the retina receives the lateral half of the visual field? Which part receives the Medial half of the visual field?

A
  • Nasal/ medial half of retina receive lateral half of the visual field
  • Temporal/ Lateral half of retina receive medial half of visual field
55
Q

Where does visual information first travel to from the retinas? Where is this structure located?

A

Optic chiasm
Anterior to midbrain and superior to pituitary gland

56
Q

Visual information from which visual field does what at the optic chiasm?

A

Visual information from the temporal visual field crosses over at the optic chiasm to the opposite side
E.g. Right Temporal visual field information goes to the left optic tract

57
Q

After the optic chiasm where does visual information travel along? Where most of the fibres synapse along this tract? Where is this located?

A

Optic tract
Lateral geniculate nucleus
Thalamus

58
Q

After the lateral geniculate nucleus synapse where do the fibres move towards? What do they split into? What are they known as?

A

Move towards primary visual cortex
Split into superior and inferior pathways
Optic radiations

59
Q

What are the names of the superior and inferior optic radiation? Why?

A

Superior- Parietal radiation- travels through parietal lobe
Inferior- Temporal radiation (Meyers loops)- Travels through temporal lobe

60
Q

Where does the visual information from the parietal and temporal radiations come from in the retina respectively? Which visions of field is associated with each area?

A

Parietal (superior) radiation- Superior aspect of retina- inferior field of vision
Temporal (Inferior) Radiation- Inferior aspect of retina- Superior field of vision

61
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62
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Anatomy (20 decks)

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