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Anatomy > Bones and Joints of the Proximal Lower Limb and Muscles of the Gluteal Region adn Thigh and Neurovasculature of the Thigh > Flashcards

Bones and Joints of the Proximal Lower Limb and Muscles of the Gluteal Region adn Thigh and Neurovasculature of the Thigh Flashcards

1
Q

What is the structure and function of the Pelvis?

A

Bony ring formed by the articulation of the right and left innominate bones and sacrum
Takes weight of body and transmits it to lower limbs

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2
Q

What is each innominate/hip bone formed from? (3) Where do they fuse?

A

Pubic, Ilium and Ischium
Acetabulum

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3
Q

Name structures a-d

A

a- Anterior Superior Iliac spine
b- Iliac crest
c- Sacrum
d- Sacroiliac joint

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4
Q

Name structures e-h

A

e- Anterior Inferior iliac spine
f- acetabulum
g-Obturator Foramen
h- Pubic symphysis

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5
Q

Name structures i and j.

A

I-Inferior pubic ramus
J-Superior pubic Ramus

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6
Q

What surrounds the Obturator Foramen? What is it covered with in life?

A

Superior and Inferior Pubic Rami
Obturator membrane

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7
Q

What is the hole called in the Obturator membrane? What is present inside it?

A

Obturator canal
Vessels and nerves to pass between the pelvis and thigh

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8
Q

What are the to key bony prominences from the Ischium, posteriorly and Inferiorly?

A

Sharp Ischial spine
The Bulky ischial tuberosity

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9
Q

Name structures a-e

A

a- Ischial spine
b- Ischial tuberosity
c- Inferior Ischial ramus
d- Body of Ischium
e- Superior Ischial ramus

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10
Q

What ligaments attach to the Ischial spine and Ischial tuberosity respectively?

A

Sacrospinous ligament (Ischial spine)
Sacrotuberous ligament and Muscles of the posterior thigh (Ischial tuberosity)

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11
Q

What is found above and below the Ischial spines? (2)

A

Greater and Lesser sciatic notches

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12
Q

Which ligaments close these notches? To form?

A

Sacrotuberous and Sacrospinous ligaments
Greater and Lesser sciatic foramen

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13
Q

Which ligament is this? What does it connect?

A

Sacrotuberous ligament
Sacrum to the the Ischial tuberosity

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14
Q

Which ligament is this? What does it connect?

A

Sacrospinous ligament
Sacrum to the Ischial spine

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15
Q

Name structures a-e

A

a- Ischial tuberosity
b- Ischium
c- Pubis
d- Ischial spine
e- Sacrospinous ligament

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16
Q

Name structures f-j

A

f- Ilium
g- Posterior superior Iliac spine
h- Sacrum
i- Posterior Sacroiliac ligament
j- Greater sciatic foramen

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17
Q

Name structures k-p

A

k-Sacrospinous ligament
l- Lesser sciatic foramen
m- Sacrotuberous ligament
n- Ischiopubic ramus
o- Subpubic angle
p- Obturator foramen

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18
Q

Name structures a-d

A

a- Inter-trochanteric line
b- Greater trochanter
c- Neck
d- Head

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19
Q

Name structures e-g

A

e- neck
f- Greater trochanter
g- Lesser trochanter

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20
Q

Name structures h and i

A

h- Linea aspera
i- Lesser trochanter

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21
Q

What is the hip joint formed by the articulation of? What are the greater and lesser trochanters for?

A

Head of femur and acetabulum
sites of muscle attachment (similar to the humerus)

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22
Q

What is the Line located between the greater and lesser trochanters called?

A

Intertrochanteric line

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23
Q

Bony vertical ridge on the posterior aspect of shaft? Function?

A

Linea aspera
Muscle articulation

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24
Q

What is the structure located inferior to the trochanters? What aspect of the Humerus? Function?

A

Gluteal tuberosity
Posterior
Muscle attachment

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25
Q

What is the distal end of the femur expanded to form? What do they articulate with?

A

Medial and Lateral femoral condyles
Proximal tibia at the knee joint

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26
Q
A
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27
Q

What is found Superior to the medial femoral condyle? What is located anterior to the knee joint?

A

Adductor tubercle
Patella

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28
Q

What type of joint is the hip joint? Articulation of?

A

Ball and socket
Acetabulum of the hip and femoral head

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29
Q

What deepens the acetabulum?

A

Fibrocartilage known as acetabular labrum

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30
Q

Name structures a-d

A

a- Femoral head
b- Acetabulum
c- Acetabular labrum
d- Ligament of head of femur

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31
Q

What are the movements of the hip joint? Done by which thigh muscles? (VAGUE)

A

Flexion- Anterior thigh muscles
Adduction- Medial thigh muscles
Extension- Posterior thigh muscles
Abdution- Muscles of the Gluteal region

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32
Q

What two other movements can the muscles of the Gluteal region cause in the hip joint?

A

Extension and Rotation

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33
Q

What arteries supply the Hip joint? Where do they arise from?

A

Medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries
Profunda femoris

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34
Q

What arteries are an extension of the lateral and medial circlumflex arteries? Where do they run? What do they supply?

A

Retinacular arteries
Neck of femur
femoral head

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35
Q

What three ligaments stabilise the Hip joint?

A

Iliofemoral
Pubofemoral
Ischiofemoral (ligaments)

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36
Q

Name a-b

A

a- Iliofemoral ligament (anterior)
b- Pubofemoral ligament (anterior)
c- Ischiofemoral ligament (posterior)

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37
Q

What type of Joint is the Knee joint? Articulation of?

A

Synovial Hinge joint
Femoral condyles and tibial condyles

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38
Q

Name a-d

A

a- Fibula
b- Lateral meniscus
c- Lateral collateral ligament
d- Anterior cruciate ligament

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39
Q

Name e-g

A

e- Femur
f- Articular surface of patella
g- Posterior cruciate ligament

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40
Q

Name h-j

A

h- Medial collateral ligament
i- Medial meniscus
j- Tibia

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41
Q

Name a-d

A

a- Lateral collateral ligament
b- Fibula
c- Posterior cruciate ligament
d- Medial collateral ligament

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42
Q

Name e-g (right knee)

A

e- Medial meniscus
f- Anterior cruciate ligament
g- Lateral meniscus

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43
Q

When do the femur and tibia achieve their best fit? What prevents them being a good fit?

A

Extension
Tibia plateaus are flat

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44
Q

What does the femur do to allow us to stand for long periods of times? What does this mean the knee does?

A

Rotates slightly
Locks in place

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45
Q

Which muscle is responsible for unlocking the knee? How?

A

Popliteus muscle
Allows flexion

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46
Q

What are the menisci? Where do they sit?

A

C shaped cartilages
Tibial plateaus

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47
Q

What is the function of the Meniscus? What are the two menisci?

A

Deepen tibial condyles for articulation
Medial and lateral

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48
Q

What is the Medial meniscus attached to?

A

Joint capsule and Medial collateral ligament

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49
Q

Where are the Meniscus thickest and thinnest respectively?

A

Thickest- Peripherally
Thinnest- in centre

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50
Q

two main ligaments in the knee?

A

Collateral and Cruciate ligaments

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51
Q

What do the medial and lateral collateral ligaments support and prevent respectively?

A

Support knee
Prevent sideways movement of tibia

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52
Q

What does the Lateral collateral ligament attach? Is it attached to the lateral meniscus?

A

Femur to the fibula
No it is not

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53
Q

What do the Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments connect together?

A

Tibia and femur

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54
Q

What part of the Tibia and Femur does the Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) attach to respectively?

A

Tibia- Intercondylar area
Femur- Lateral condyle of femur

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55
Q

What does the anterior cruciate ligament do?

A

Prevents tibia moving anterior to the femur

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56
Q

What parts of the tibia and Femur is the Posterior cruciate ligament attached to respectively?

A

Posterior intercondylar area of tibia
Lateral aspect of the medial condyle of the femur

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57
Q

What does the Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) prevent?

A

Tibia moving posterior to the femur

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58
Q

How many Gluteal muscles are there?

A

four

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59
Q

Name muscles a-c
What are these?

A

a- Gluteus medius
b- Gluteus Maximus
c- Gluteus Mimimus
Superficial muscles of the gluteal region

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60
Q

Name structures d-f

A

d- Pririformis
e- Gemellus superior
f- Obturator internus

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61
Q

Name g & h

A

g- Gemellus inferior
h- Quadratus femoris

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62
Q

What muscle is this? What three points does it attach to proximally?

A

Gluteus maximus:
Posterior surface of ilium
Sacrotuberous ligament
Sacrum

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63
Q

Where does the gluteus maximus insert onto?

A

Iliotibial band and (less of) gluteal tuberosity

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64
Q

3 Movements of the Gluteus Maximus

A

Extensor of the hip
External rotator of the hip
Stabilises knee joint

65
Q

Which two muscles lie deep to the gluteus maximus?

A

Gluteus medius and Gluteus minimus

66
Q

Attachments of the Gluteus minimus and medias?

A

Posterior ilium to greater trochanter

67
Q

What muscle is this?

A

Gluteus medius

68
Q

Movements of the Gluteus Medias and minimus?

A

Abduct and Internally rotate the hip

69
Q

Importance of Gluteus medius and maximus?

A

Hold pelvis ‘level’ when one foot is off the ground during walking etc

70
Q

What muscle is this? What group is it a part of?

A

Tensor fascia latae
Superficial gluteal muscles

71
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the Tensor fascia latae?

A

ASIS- Origin
Iliotibal band- insertion

72
Q

Functions of the tensor fascia latae?

A

Tenses the fascia latae
Stabilises knee and weakly flexes the hip joint

73
Q

What is the fascia lata?

A

Thick fascia that envelopes muscles of the thigh

74
Q

What nerve is this? What superficial gluteal muscle does it innervate?

A

Inferior gluteal nerve
Gluteus maximus

75
Q

Which nerve innervates the Gluteus medius, minimus and Tensor Fascia latae? Where does the Superior and inferior gluteal nerves leave the pelvis?

A

Superior gluteal nerve
Sciatic foramen

76
Q

What are the four deep gluteal muscles?Gre

A

Pririformis
Superior and Inferior gemelli
Obturator internus
Quadratus femoris

77
Q

Where do all the Deep gluteal muscles insert?

A

Greater trochanter

78
Q

Where does the Pririformis muscle attach?
Pass through?

A

Anterior sacrum
Greater sciatic foramen

79
Q

What emerges on the inferior surface of the Pririformis?

A

Sciatic nerve

80
Q

Where do the deep gluteal muscles (apart from pririformis and Obturator internus) and obturator internus Originate from respectively?

A

Ischium
Obturator membrane (Obturator internus)

81
Q

Name structures a-c

A

a- Patella
b- Vastus lateralis
c- Iliotibial band

82
Q

Name structures d-f

A

d- Rectus femoris
e- Tensor fascia latae
f- Anterior superior iliac spine

83
Q

Name structures g-i

A

g- Iliacus
h- Quadratus lumborum
i- Psoas major

84
Q

Name structures j-l

A

j- Inguinal ligament
k- Pectineus
l- Sartorius

85
Q

Name structures m,n, o (Bottom right should be o)

A

m- Vastus medialis
n- Quadriceps tendon
o- Patellar ligament

86
Q

Four muscles of the Quadriceps femoris

A

Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Vastus intermeidus

87
Q

Four muscles of the Anterior thigh?

A

Quadriceps femoris (group of 4 muscles)
Sartorius
Iliopsoas
Pectineus

88
Q

Where do all the quadriceps femoris converge? Inserting on via which ligament?

A

Quadriceps tendon
Tibial tuberosity via the patellar ligament

89
Q

Where does the Rectus femoris attach?

A

AIIS (anterior inferior iliac spine)

90
Q

What do the vastus lateralis and Vastus medialis both attach to?

A

Linea aspera (posterior aspect of the femoral shaft)

91
Q

What muscles lies deep to rectus femoris? What does it attach to?

A

Vastus intermedius
Anterior femoral shaft

92
Q

Where does the Sartorious muscle attach and insert onto?

A

ASIS (attach) and Medial aspect of proximal tibia

93
Q

Secondary function of sartorious muscle?

A

Flex and externally rotate the hip

94
Q

What is the Iliopsoas made up of? What is it innervated by?

A

Psoas major and Iliacus muscles converging
L1-L3 spinal nerves and femoral nerve

95
Q

Where does the tendon of the Iliopsoas insert? What is the function?

A

Lesser trochanter
Primary flexor of the hip

96
Q

What is the psoas muscle innervated by?

A

L1-L3

97
Q

Where does the Pectineus attach and insert?

A

Superior pubic ramus and Lesser trochanter

98
Q

Function of pectineus muscle?

A

Flexes and adducts the hip joint

99
Q

What is the primary function of the Quadriceps femoris? What are all the muscles of the anterior thigh innervated by?

A

Extensor of knee
Femoral nerve (L2-L4)

100
Q

How many muscles are present in the Medial thigh? What is there primary action?

A

5
Adductors of the hip

101
Q

Innervation of the Medial thigh?

A

Obturator nerve (L2-L4)

102
Q

Name muscles a-c

A

a- Gracilis
b- Adductor magnus
c- Adductor longus

103
Q

Name muscles d-f (d&f are same)

A

d- Adductor brevis
e- Obturator externus
f- Adductor brevis

104
Q

Name g-i

A

g- Adductor magnus (adductor part)
h- Adductor magnus (Hamstring part)
i- Adductor hiatus

105
Q

Where do the Adductor brevis and Adductor longus both attach to? Which is deep?

A

Pubic bone and linea aspera
Adductor brevis is deep to longus

106
Q

Where does the Adductor part of the adductor magnus attach to and insert on?

A

Inferior pubic ramus and linea aspera

107
Q

Function and innervation of adductor part of adductor magnus?

A

Function- adductor
Innervation- obturator nerve

108
Q

Attachment and insertion of hamstring part of adductor magnus?

A

Attachment- Ischial tuberosity
Insertion- Adductor tubercle

109
Q

Function and innervation of the hamstring part of the Adductor magnus?

A

Function- extensor of hip
Innervation- sciatic nerve

110
Q

What is the name of the gap between the distal attachments of the adductor magnus?

A

Adductor hiatus

111
Q

What muscle is this? Attachement and insertion?

A

Gracilis
Pubic bone and medial aspect of tibia

112
Q

What is the obturator externus attached to and inserts??

A

External surface of obturator externus
Femur near the greater trochanter

113
Q

Functions of gracilis and Obturator externus respectively?

A

Gracilis- Weak adductor and flexor of the hip
Obturator externus- Rotates the hip joint

114
Q

Name a-d

A

a-Long head of biceps femoris
b- Short head of biceps femoris
c- Semimembranosus
d- Semitendinosus

115
Q

What do the semimembranosus, semitendinosus and Long head of biceps femoris produce?

A

Hamstrings

116
Q

Where do the Hamstrings attach to proximally?

A

Ischial tuberosity

117
Q

Where do the semimembranosus and semitendinosus muscles insert onto ?

A

Medial aspect of proximal tibia

118
Q

What does the Long head of the biceps femoris form a common tendon with? Where does it insert onto?

A

Short tendon of the biceps femoris
Head of the fibula

119
Q

Name structures a-c

A

A- sartorius
B- Lymphatics
C- Femoral vein

120
Q

Name structures d-f

A

d- Femoral artery
e- Femoral nerve
f- Anterior superior iliac spine

121
Q

Name structures g-i

A

g- iliopsoas
h- Inguinal ligament
i- Pectineus

122
Q

Name structures j and k

A

j- Adductor longus
k- Great saphenous vein

123
Q

What forms the Lateral border of the Femoral triangle?

A

Medial border of sartorius

124
Q

What forms the Medial border of the Femoral triangle?

A

Lateral border of adductor longus

125
Q

WHat forms the Superior border of the Femoral triangle?

A

Inguinal ligament

126
Q

What forms the apex of the Femoral triangle?

A

Where the sartorius and adductor longus meet

127
Q

What forms the floor of the femoral triangle?

A

Iliopsoas (laterally)and pectineus (Medially)

128
Q

3 parts of the femoral triangle?

A

Femoral artery
Femoral vein
Femoral nerve

129
Q

Where is the femoral vein located in respect to the femoral artery?

A

Medial to the femoral artery

130
Q

What are the femoral artery and vein easily accessible for? Why?

A

Clinical procedures
Located superficially

131
Q

Name arteries a,b,c

A

a- Dorsal arch
b- Dorsalis pedis
c- Fibular

132
Q

Name arteries def

A

d- Posterior tibial
e- anterior tibial
f- Popliteal

133
Q

Name arteries ghi

A

g- Femoral
h- Obturator
i- Internal pudendal

134
Q

Name arteries jkl

A

j- Lateral sacral
k- Internal iliac
l- Common iliac

135
Q

Name arteries mnop

A

m- External iliac
n- Inguinal ligament
o- Deep femoral
p- Lateral femoral circumflex

136
Q

Name abc

A

a- Fibular
b- Posterior tibial
c- Anterior tibial

137
Q

Name def

A

d- Popliteal
e- Femoral
f- Right external iliac

138
Q

Name ghi

A

g- Deep femoral
h- Lateral femoral circumflex
i- Peroneal

139
Q

Name jkl

A

j- Lateral plantar
k- Medial plantar
l- Plantar arch

140
Q

What are the Gluteal muscles supplied by? WHat is this a continuation of? Where does it leave the pelvis?

A

Superior and inferior gluteal arteries
Internal iliac artery
Greater sciatic foramen

141
Q

What artery supplied the deep anteiror thigh muscles? WHat is it a branch of?

A

Profunda femoris
Femoral artery

142
Q

WHat artery supplies the medial thigh? WHat is it a branch of?

A

Obturator artery
Internal iliac artery

143
Q

WHat artery supplies the hamstring muscles?

A

Perforating arteries that arise from the profunda femoris

144
Q

name abc

A

a- fibular
b- Posterior tibial
c- Anterior tibial

145
Q

name def

A

d- Small saphenous
e- Popliteal
f- Great saphenous

146
Q

name ghi

A

g- Femoral
h- femoral circumflex
i- femoral

147
Q

name jkl

A

j- obturator
k- internal pudendal
l- lateral sacral

148
Q

name mno

A

m-Gluteal
n- Internal iliac
o- common iliac

149
Q

name pqrs

A

p- external iliac
q- deep femoral
r- digital
s- dorsal venous arch

150
Q

What nerves supply the gluteal muscles? How do they leave the pelvis?

A

Superior and Inferior gluteal nerves
greater sciatic foramen

151
Q

What is the femoral nerve formed from? Where does it travel?

A

L2-L4
Deep to the inguinal ligament lateral to the femoral artery

152
Q

What branch of the femoral nerve innervates the skin over the leg?

A

Saphenous nerve

153
Q

WHere does the obturator nerve travel into the leg via?

A

Lateral wall of pelvis and enters via obturator foramen

154
Q

What nerve innervates the medial thigh muscles and skin over it?

A

Obturator

155
Q

Where does the sciatic nerve originate? Where does it leave the pelvis?

A

L4-S3
Greater sciatic foramen

156
Q

Where does the sciatic nerve enter inferior to? WHat two nerves make it up?

A

Lower border of pririformis
Tibial and common fibular nerve

157
Q

What does the tibial nerve innervate?

A

Muscles of the posterior thigh and posterior leg

158
Q

What does the common fibular nerve innervate?

A

Muscles of the anterior and lateral leg

159
Q
A

Anatomy (20 decks)

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