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Anatomy > Osteology of the Base of the Skull, Orbit and Ear (Neuro) > Flashcards

Osteology of the Base of the Skull, Orbit and Ear (Neuro) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the small holes called in the Cranial fossae? What do they allow to pass through?

A
  1. Cranial Foramina
  2. Nerves, arteries and veins
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2
Q

What are the three parts make up the base of the skull collectively and individually? What joins the bones of the skull together?

A
  1. Cranial fossae
  2. Anterior, Middle and Posterior cranial fossa
  3. Joined together via fibrous joints known as sutures
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3
Q

What rests in the Anterior cranial fossa? Parts of which three bones make up the Anterior cranial fossa

A
  1. Frontal lobe
  2. Parts of the Frontal lobe, Ethmoid bone and Sphenoid bone
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4
Q

Which part of the frontal bone is found in the anterior cranial fossa? Which two parts of the Ethmoid bone are found in the Anterior cranial fossa?

A
  1. Orbital part
  2. Crista Galli and Cribriform plate
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5
Q

What is the structure and function of the Cribriform plate? What is the Crista galli structure? What bone are they a part of?

A

Cribriform plate- multiple small holes allowing passing of olfactory nerves
Crista Galli- Vertical protrusion of cribriform plate
Ethmoid bone

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6
Q

Which part of the Sphenoid bone makes up the anterior cranial fossa?

A

Lesser wings of the Sphenoid bone.

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7
Q

What are the three structures of the Sphenoid bone?

A
  1. lesser superior wings
  2. Central body
  3. Larger Inferior wings
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8
Q

Which Parts of which two bones form the Middle Cranial Fossa?

A
  1. Petrous and squamous parts of the Temporal bone
  2. Greater wing and body of Sphenoid bone
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9
Q

What is the structure of the petrous and squamous parts of the temporal bone respectively? What is located in the Petrous part?

A
  1. Petrous- Very hard and bulbous inferior and medial part
  2. Squamous- Flat lateral part of temporal bone
    Middle and inner ear located in petrous part
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10
Q

What Important cavity does the body of the sphenoid bone contain? What does the cavity contain?

A

Pituitary fossa/ Sella turcica

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11
Q

Which Foramen is this? What passes through it?

A

Optic canal
Optic nerve (to bony orbit)

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12
Q

What structure is this? What passes through it?

A
  1. Superior orbital fissure
  2. Nerves that provide motor innervation (oculomotor, trochlear and abducens) and sensation (ophthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve) to orbital region
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13
Q

What Foramen is this? What passes through it?

A

Foramen Ovale
Mandibular branch of Trigeminal nerve

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14
Q

Which Foramen is this? What passes through it?

A

Foramen Spinosum
Middle meningeal artery

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15
Q

What foramen is this? What passes through it?

A

Foramen Lacerum
Internal carotid artery

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16
Q

What foramen is this? What passes through it?

A

Foramen Rotundum
Maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve

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17
Q

Name the foramen a-d

A

a- Foramen Spinosum
b- Foramen Ovale
c- Foramen Rotundum
d- Superior Orbital Fissure

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18
Q

Name the Foramen e-h

A

e-Optic canal
f- Cribriform plate
g- Foramen Lacerum
h- Internal auditory meatus

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19
Q

Name the foramen i-k

A

i- Jugular foramen
j-Hypoglossal canal
k- Foramen Magnum

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20
Q

What three structures rest in the posterior cranial fossa? What bone primarily makes up this fossa? Which part makes up a small part of the fossa??

A
  1. Occipital lobe, Cerebellum and Brainstem
  2. Occipital bone
  3. Small part of the petrous part of temporal bone
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21
Q

Which four foramen are in the posterior cranial fossa?

A
  1. Internal auditory meatus
  2. Jugular foramen
  3. Hypoglossal canal
  4. Foramen Magnum
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22
Q

Which foramen is the largest? What passes through it?

A

Foramen magnum
allows the CNS to become the spinal cord

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23
Q

Which small foramen is found next to the foramen magnum? What passes through it?

A

Hypoglossal canal
Hypoglossal nerve

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24
Q

Which foramen is found in between the hypoglossal canal and internal auditory meatus? What passes through it (4)?

A

Jugular foramen
Glossopharyngeal, Vagus and accessory nerves and internal jugular vein

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25
Q

What passes through the Internal auditory meatus? Into where?

A

Vestibulochlear and facial nerves into the inner ear cavity

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26
Q

What are four consequences of skull fractures?

A
  1. Brain itself directly damaged
  2. Damage structures passing through foramina
  3. Dura and arachnoid meninges damaged
  4. Significant bleeding
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27
Q

What is the temple also known as? Why is it weak? What structure lies deep to it?

A

Pterion
4 bones converge at it
Middle meningeal artery

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28
Q

What is it called when the sutures of the skull completely fuse before a child is two?

A

Craniosynostosis

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29
Q

Which is the shape of the bony orbits? What 6 bones make up the bony orbit?

A
  1. cone shaped
  2. Frontal, Sphenoid, Zygomatic, Maxillary, Ethmoid and Lacrimal
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30
Q

What are 5 structures found in the orbits?

A
  1. Eye
  2. Extraocular muscles
  3. Nerves
  4. Fat
  5. Lacrimal gland
31
Q

What are the 7 Extraocular muscles of the bony orbit?

A
  1. Levator palpebrae superioris
  2. Superior rectus
  3. Inferior rectus
  4. Medial rectus
  5. Lateral rectus
  6. Superior oblique
  7. Inferior oblique
32
Q

What are the functions of the Superior rectus, Inferior rectus, Medial rectus and Lateral rectus respectively?

A
  1. elevate and adduct eye
  2. Depress and adduct eye
  3. Adduct eye (look medially)
  4. Abduct eye
33
Q

What nerves supply the Lateral rectus muscle, Superior oblique and other 5 extraocular muscles respectively? Acronym to remember?

A
  1. CN 6- Abducens nerve
  2. CN 4- Trochlear nerve
  3. CN 3- Oculomotor nerve
    LR6SO4 (Lateral rectus 6 Superior oblique 4)
34
Q

What is the function of the Levator palpebrae superioris, Inferior oblique and superior oblique nerves respectively?

A
  1. elevate superior eyelid
  2. Extort, depress and abduct eye
  3. Intort, Elevate and Abduct eye
35
Q

What do Extorsion and Intorsion mean?

A

Extorsion- rotate top of eye laterally
Intorsion- rotate top of eye medially

36
Q

Where do the four recti extraocular muscles originate from?

A

Back of the orbit on a fibrous ring known as common tendinous ring

37
Q

Why do the superior and inferior rectus muscles cause the eye to also intort, extort or adduct?

A

They are not parallel to one another and at an angle

38
Q

Where does the superior oblique muscle originate from? Where in the orbit is this located? Where does it insert in the eye? What does the contraction cause?

A

Originates at a fibrous sling called the trochlea
Located in the superior and mediall corner of the orbit
Muscle inserts onto top of eye
Intorsion

39
Q

Where does the Inferior oblique muscle originate from? What direction does it pull the bottom and top of eye? What is this called?

A
  1. Originates from medial orbital wall (inserting on bottom of eye)
  2. Pulls bottoms of eye medially and top laterally
  3. Extorsion
40
Q

Why does the eye need oblique muscles?

A

To counteract the secondary effects of intorsion and extorsion caused by the inferior and superior recti muscles

41
Q

What does accommodation mean in the eye? What type of lens’ are more useful for long and short distance sight and why?

A

Focusing varying amounts of light depending on how far away the object is.
Long distance- thinner lens as less refraction of light
Short distance- thicker lens as more retraction of light

42
Q

What muscles are responsible for adjusting thickness of the lens? What fibres are they made up of from which nerve?

A

Ciliary muscles
Parasympathetic fibres from the oculomotor nerve (CN 3)

43
Q

What is the function of the pupil? What muscle and nerve cause it to constrict?

A

Protect retina from over-exposure to light
Constrictor pupillae (in iris) controlled by oculomotor nerve (CN 3)

44
Q

What muscle and nerve fibres cause the pupils to dilate?

A

Dilator pupillae and sympathetic fibres from the sympathetic chain

45
Q

What is the Pupillary light reflex? What Afferent nerve is involved and where does it carry information to and from?

A

Automatic adjustment of the amount of light entering the eye.
Optic nerve carries information from the retina to the midbrain

46
Q

What is the name of the synapse where the afferent nerve meets the efferent nerve? What is the name of the efferent nerve? Where does it travel to? (In the pupillary light reflex pathway)

A
  1. Edinger-Westphal nucleus
  2. Oculomotor nerve
  3. Constrictor pupillae muscle
47
Q

When a light is shone in the eye of a healthy patient why do both of the pupils constrict?

A

There is Connection between the right and left Edinger-Westphal nuclei meaning when one side is activated both sides are activated

48
Q

Which structure is responsible for producing tears and where is it located? What nerve innervates this structure?

A

Lacrimal gland
Located in the superior and lateral corner of the orbit
Innervated by parasympathetic fibers from the facial nerve (CN 7 )

49
Q

What direction do tears flow across the eye and where do they drain into?

A

Tears flow medially and inferiorly and drain into lacrimal ducts which enter the nasal cavity via the nasolacrimal duct.

50
Q

Name a, b and c

A

a- Pinna
b- Ear canal
c- Tympanic membrane

51
Q

Where do sound waves travel from the Pinna? Why is the Pinna shaped the way it is?

A

Down the Ear canal and to the tympanic membrane (eardrum) which vibrates like a drum transmitting the soundwaves to the cochlea.

52
Q

What cavity is behind the Tympanic membrane? What are the three bones that are present called? What is their function?

A

Middle ear cavity
3 Ossicles
carry sound waves to the oval window which conveys it into the cochlea

53
Q

What are the three ossicles called?

A

1.Malleus
2.Incus
3.Stapes

54
Q

Where does the handle of the malleus rest against and where does the head connect to?

A

Handle rests on Tympanic membrane head connects to the Incus

55
Q

Where does the Stapes bone transmit sound waves to and from? What does the structure sound travels to do?

A

From the Incus to the oval window
Oval window- marks the boundary of the middle and inner ear cavities.

56
Q

Where is the superior opening of the auditory tube? Where is the inferior opening of the auditory tube? What is the function of the Auditory tube?

A

Superior- middle ear cavity
Inferior- posterior and inferior part of nasal cavity
Connection is to maintain equal air pressure.

57
Q

Why is the auditory tube important when the outside pressure changes?

A

Pressure increases on Tympanic membrane.
Air passes through the auditory tube to increase air pressure on the inside of the tympanic membrane.

58
Q

What muscle increases tension in the tympanic membrane? What bone does it insert on? What does this do? Which nerve supplies this muscle?

A

Tensor tympani
Malleus
Reduces how much tympanic membrane can vibrate
Mandibular branch of Trigeminal nerve (CN 5)

59
Q

Which muscle dampens the vibrations of the stapes? What nerve supplies it?

A

Stapedius muscle
Facial nerve (CN 7)

60
Q

What is the network of small bony passages within the petrous part of the temporal bone called?

A

Bony labyrinth

61
Q

Two main organs within the Inner ear cavity?

A

Cochlea and Vestibular system

62
Q

What is the structure and function of the cochlea?

A

Fluid filled cavity in inner ear
Sound waves travel through the flyid=w

63
Q

Which part of the cochlear do sound waves first enter? What is in contact with this?

A

Oval window
Stapes

64
Q

What is the other opening from the middle ear to the inner ear called? What does it do?

A

Round window
Bulges in and out to allow fluid within the cochlea to move

65
Q

What three structures does the Vestibular system contain?

A

Semicircular canals
Utricle
Saccule

66
Q

What are the functions of the three structures in the Vestibular system?

A

SCC- allow us to perceive movement
Utricle and Saccule- Perceive linear acceleration

67
Q

What in the Vestibular system allows us to perceive movement? How does it do this?

A

Fluid
Movement of fluid is detected by specialised cells

68
Q

When Movement is perceived by specialist nerves where are impulses sent to (three structures)?

A

Cerebellum, Thalamus and certain cranial nuclei

69
Q

What nerve carries impulses from the cochlea and vestibular system? Through where? Where is the nuclei of this nerve located?

A

Vestibulocochlear (CN 8)
Through the auditory meatus (to the CN8 nucleus)
Nuclei is in the Pons

70
Q

What is Oculocephalic reflex?
How does this occur? (involves three other cells)

A

Maintaining a fixed gaze whilst moving our head
Vestibulocochlear nuclei has connections to other brainstem nuclei including Oculomotor, trochlear and abducens

71
Q

What is Vertigo?

A

Symptom of being able to perceive movement when there isn’t any (dizziness)

72
Q

What is the name for a benign tumour surrounding the Vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

Vestibular Schwannoma

73
Q

What is the term known as the inflammation within the middle ear cavity?

A

Ottis Media

74
Q
A

Anatomy (20 decks)

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