URINARY SYSTEM: URINE MOVEMENT

Question 1

are small tubes that carry urine from the renal pelvis of the kidney to the posterior inferior portion of the urinary bladder

Answer 1

ureters

Question 2

a hollow, muscular container that lies in the pelvic cavity just posterior to the pubic symphysis

Answer 2

urinary bladder

Question 3

stores urine and size depends on the quantity of urine

Answer 3

urinary bladder

Question 4

the urinary bladder can hold a maximum of

Answer 4

1000mL of urine

Question 5

an inflammation of the urinary bladder which usually results from a bacterial infection

Answer 5

cystitis

Question 6

infection by the bacterium __ is the most common cause of cystitis

Answer 6

E. coli

Question 7

tube that carries urine form the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

Answer 7

urethra

Question 8

the triangle shaped portion of the opening of the urinary bladder located between the opening of the ureters and the opening of the urethra is called the

Answer 8

trigone

Question 9

the trigone acts as a _

Answer 9

funnel

Question 10

what kind of epithelium lines both the ureters and the urinary bladder

Answer 10

transitional epithelium

Question 11

at the junction of the urinary bladder and the urethra, smooth muscles forms an __ that prevents urine leakage from the urinary bladder

Answer 11

internal urethral sphincter

Question 12

both males and females have a well defined __ ; it is formed of skeletal muscle that surrounds the urethra as the urethra extends through the pelvic floor ; it allows a person to voluntarily start or stop the flow of urine through the urethra

Answer 12

external urethral sphincter

Question 13

female urethra is how many cm

Answer 13

4cm

Question 14

male urethra is how many cm

Answer 14

20cm

Question 15

common treatment for kidney stones is __, an ultrasound technique that pulverizes kidney stones into small particles that can pass easily through the ureter

Answer 15

lithotripsy

Question 16

activated by stretch of the urinary bladder wall

Answer 16

micturition reflex

Question 17

approximately _ of the total body weight of an adult male consists of water

Answer 17

60%

Question 17

approximately _ of the total body weight of an adult female consists of water

Answer 17

50% ( lower than males because females have more body fat )

Question 18

water and the ions dissolved in it are distributed in two major compartments

Answer 18

intracellular fluid
extracellular fluid

Question 19

consists of all the fluid inside the cells of the body this fluid is part of the cytoplasm of the cell and it has a similar composition in all the cells of the body

Answer 19

intracellular fluid compartment

Question 20

accounts for around 30% of all the water in the body which is equal to about 20% of the body’s total weight ; this fluid consists of the fluid outside all the cells of the body

Answer 20

extracellular fluid compartment

Question 21

sub compartments of extracellular fluid

Answer 21

interstitial fluid between cells
plasma of the blood
lymph within lymphatic vessels
cerebrospinal fluid of the brain and spina cord
synovial fluid within synovial joints

Question 22

fluid found surrounding the cells of the body and filling the extracellular spaces

Answer 22

interstitial fluid

Question 23

is the liquid portion of the blood inside all blood vessels in the body

Answer 23

plasma

Question 24

intracellular fluid has a similar composition from cell to cell. it contains a relatively high concentration of

Answer 24

K+, magnesium, phosphate, and sulfate

Question 25

intracellular fluid has a similar composition from cell to cell. it contains a relatively low concentration of

Answer 25

Na+, Ca2+, Cl-, and HCO3-

Question 26

the cell membranes that separate the body fluid compartments are

Answer 26

selectively permeable

Question 27

two mechanisms help regulate the levels of ions in the extracellular fluid

Answer 27

thirst regulation concentration regulation

Question 28

water intake is controlled by neurons in the hypothalamus, collectively called the

Answer 28

thirst center

Question 29

are the dominant ions in the extracelullar fluid

Answer 29

sodium ions

Question 30

recommended intake of Na+ is

Answer 30

2.4 grams per day

Question 31

sodium ions are also excreted from the body in__

Answer 31

perspiration or sweat

Question 32

a water conservation hormone

Answer 32

ADH

Question 33

hormone that plays a major role in regulating the concentration of K+ in the extracellular fluid

Answer 33

aldosterone

Question 34

3 major hormones that regulate blood levels of Ca+

Answer 34

parathyroid hormone calcitonin phosphate and sulfate ions

Question 35

secreted by the parathyroid glands when blood Ca2+ levels are too low

Answer 35

parathyroid hormone

Question 36

parathyroid hormone increases blood Ca2+ through three principal means

Answer 36

osteoclasts renal tubules vitamin D3

Question 37

secreted by parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland ; it lowers extracellular Ca2+ levels

Answer 37

calcitonin

Question 38

ions that are reabsorbed by active transport in the kidneys

Answer 38

phosphate ions and sulfate ions

Question 39

body fluid pH is maintained between

Answer 39

7.35 o 7.45

Question 40

the pH is controlled by three factors

Answer 40

buffer systems respiratory system kidneys

Question 41

are chemicals that resist a change in the pH of a solution when either acids or bases are added to the solution

Answer 41

buffers

Question 42

the three major buffers in the body fluids are

Answer 42

protein buffer system the PO43- buffer system HCO3- buffer system

Question 43

monohydrogen phosphate bind to form

Answer 43

dihydrogen phosphate ions

Question 44

the reaction between CO2 and H2O is catalyzed by an enzyme called __; which is found in red blood cells

Answer 44

carbonic anhydrase

Question 45

what system responds rapidly to a change in pH and helps bring pH back to normal

Answer 45

respiratory system

Question 46

the nephrons of the kidneys secrete __ into the urine and directly regulate the pH of body fluids

Answer 46

H+

Question 47

failure of the buffer systems, the respiratory system or the urinary system to maintain normal pH levels can result in

Answer 47

acidosis and alkalosis

Question 48

occurs when blood pH falls below 7.35 ; the CNS malfunctions and the individual becomes disoriented, as the condition worsens, may become comatose

Answer 48

acidosis

Question 49

two categories of acidosis

Answer 49

respiratory acidosis metabolic acidosis

Question 50

kind of acidosis that results when the respiratory system is unable to eliminate adequate amounts of CO2 from the blood

Answer 50

respiratory acidosis

Question 51

kind of acidosis that results from excess production of acidic substances such as lactic acid and ketone bodies

Answer 51

metabolic acidosis

Question 52

occurs when the blood pH increases above 7.45 ; major effect is hyperexcitability of the nervous system

Answer 52

alkalosis

Question 53

kind of alkalosis that results in hyperventilation, as can occur in response to stress

Answer 53

respiratory alkalosis

Question 54

kind of alkalosis that results from the rapid elimination of H+ from the body, as occurs during severe vomiting or when excess aldosterone is secreted by the adrenal cortex

Answer 54

metabolic alkalosis