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NSG 10 > URINARY SYSTEM: URINE MOVEMENT > Flashcards

URINARY SYSTEM: URINE MOVEMENT Flashcards

1
Q

are small tubes that carry urine from the renal pelvis of the kidney to the posterior inferior portion of the urinary bladder

A

ureters

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2
Q

a hollow, muscular container that lies in the pelvic cavity just posterior to the pubic symphysis

A

urinary bladder

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3
Q

stores urine and size depends on the quantity of urine

A

urinary bladder

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4
Q

the urinary bladder can hold a maximum of

A

1000mL of urine

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5
Q

an inflammation of the urinary bladder which usually results from a bacterial infection

A

cystitis

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6
Q

infection by the bacterium __ is the most common cause of cystitis

A

E. coli

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7
Q

tube that carries urine form the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

A

urethra

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8
Q

the triangle shaped portion of the opening of the urinary bladder located between the opening of the ureters and the opening of the urethra is called the

A

trigone

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9
Q

the trigone acts as a _

A

funnel

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10
Q

what kind of epithelium lines both the ureters and the urinary bladder

A

transitional epithelium

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11
Q

at the junction of the urinary bladder and the urethra, smooth muscles forms an __ that prevents urine leakage from the urinary bladder

A

internal urethral sphincter

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12
Q

both males and females have a well defined __ ; it is formed of skeletal muscle that surrounds the urethra as the urethra extends through the pelvic floor ; it allows a person to voluntarily start or stop the flow of urine through the urethra

A

external urethral sphincter

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13
Q

female urethra is how many cm

A

4cm

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14
Q

male urethra is how many cm

A

20cm

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15
Q

common treatment for kidney stones is __, an ultrasound technique that pulverizes kidney stones into small particles that can pass easily through the ureter

A

lithotripsy

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16
Q

activated by stretch of the urinary bladder wall

A

micturition reflex

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17
Q

approximately _ of the total body weight of an adult male consists of water

A

60%

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17
Q

approximately _ of the total body weight of an adult female consists of water

A

50% ( lower than males because females have more body fat )

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18
Q

water and the ions dissolved in it are distributed in two major compartments

A

intracellular fluid
extracellular fluid

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19
Q

consists of all the fluid inside the cells of the body this fluid is part of the cytoplasm of the cell and it has a similar composition in all the cells of the body

A

intracellular fluid compartment

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20
Q

accounts for around 30% of all the water in the body which is equal to about 20% of the body’s total weight ; this fluid consists of the fluid outside all the cells of the body

A

extracellular fluid compartment

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21
Q

sub compartments of extracellular fluid

A

interstitial fluid between cells
plasma of the blood
lymph within lymphatic vessels
cerebrospinal fluid of the brain and spina cord
synovial fluid within synovial joints

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22
Q

fluid found surrounding the cells of the body and filling the extracellular spaces

A

interstitial fluid

23
Q

is the liquid portion of the blood inside all blood vessels in the body

A

plasma

24
Q

intracellular fluid has a similar composition from cell to cell. it contains a relatively high concentration of

A

K+, magnesium, phosphate, and sulfate

25
Q

intracellular fluid has a similar composition from cell to cell. it contains a relatively low concentration of

A

Na+, Ca2+, Cl-, and HCO3-

26
Q

the cell membranes that separate the body fluid compartments are

A

selectively permeable

27
Q

two mechanisms help regulate the levels of ions in the extracellular fluid

A

thirst regulation
concentration regulation

28
Q

water intake is controlled by neurons in the hypothalamus, collectively called the

A

thirst center

29
Q

are the dominant ions in the extracelullar fluid

A

sodium ions

30
Q

recommended intake of Na+ is

A

2.4 grams per day

31
Q

sodium ions are also excreted from the body in__

A

perspiration or sweat

32
Q

a water conservation hormone

A

ADH

33
Q

hormone that plays a major role in regulating the concentration of K+ in the extracellular fluid

A

aldosterone

34
Q

3 major hormones that regulate blood levels of Ca+

A

parathyroid hormone
calcitonin
phosphate and sulfate ions

35
Q

secreted by the parathyroid glands when blood Ca2+ levels are too low

A

parathyroid hormone

36
Q

parathyroid hormone increases blood Ca2+ through three principal means

A

osteoclasts
renal tubules
vitamin D3

37
Q

secreted by parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland ; it lowers extracellular Ca2+ levels

A

calcitonin

38
Q

ions that are reabsorbed by active transport in the kidneys

A

phosphate ions and sulfate ions

39
Q

body fluid pH is maintained between

A

7.35 o 7.45

40
Q

the pH is controlled by three factors

A

buffer systems
respiratory system
kidneys

41
Q

are chemicals that resist a change in the pH of a solution when either acids or bases are added to the solution

A

buffers

42
Q

the three major buffers in the body fluids are

A

protein buffer system
the PO43- buffer system
HCO3- buffer system

43
Q

monohydrogen phosphate bind to form

A

dihydrogen phosphate ions

44
Q

the reaction between CO2 and H2O is catalyzed by an enzyme called __; which is found in red blood cells

A

carbonic anhydrase

45
Q

what system responds rapidly to a change in pH and helps bring pH back to normal

A

respiratory system

46
Q

the nephrons of the kidneys secrete __ into the urine and directly regulate the pH of body fluids

A

H+

47
Q

failure of the buffer systems, the respiratory system or the urinary system to maintain normal pH levels can result in

A

acidosis and alkalosis

48
Q

occurs when blood pH falls below 7.35 ; the CNS malfunctions and the individual becomes disoriented, as the condition worsens, may become comatose

A

acidosis

49
Q

two categories of acidosis

A

respiratory acidosis
metabolic acidosis

50
Q

kind of acidosis that results when the respiratory system is unable to eliminate adequate amounts of CO2 from the blood

A

respiratory acidosis

51
Q

kind of acidosis that results from excess production of acidic substances such as lactic acid and ketone bodies

A

metabolic acidosis

52
Q

occurs when the blood pH increases above 7.45 ; major effect is hyperexcitability of the nervous system

A

alkalosis

53
Q

kind of alkalosis that results in hyperventilation, as can occur in response to stress

A

respiratory alkalosis

54
Q

kind of alkalosis that results from the rapid elimination of H+ from the body, as occurs during severe vomiting or when excess aldosterone is secreted by the adrenal cortex

A

metabolic alkalosis

NSG 10 (19 decks)

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