URINARY SYSTEM: URINE MOVEMENT Flashcards
are small tubes that carry urine from the renal pelvis of the kidney to the posterior inferior portion of the urinary bladder
ureters
a hollow, muscular container that lies in the pelvic cavity just posterior to the pubic symphysis
urinary bladder
stores urine and size depends on the quantity of urine
urinary bladder
the urinary bladder can hold a maximum of
1000mL of urine
an inflammation of the urinary bladder which usually results from a bacterial infection
cystitis
infection by the bacterium __ is the most common cause of cystitis
E. coli
tube that carries urine form the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
urethra
the triangle shaped portion of the opening of the urinary bladder located between the opening of the ureters and the opening of the urethra is called the
trigone
the trigone acts as a _
funnel
what kind of epithelium lines both the ureters and the urinary bladder
transitional epithelium
at the junction of the urinary bladder and the urethra, smooth muscles forms an __ that prevents urine leakage from the urinary bladder
internal urethral sphincter
both males and females have a well defined __ ; it is formed of skeletal muscle that surrounds the urethra as the urethra extends through the pelvic floor ; it allows a person to voluntarily start or stop the flow of urine through the urethra
external urethral sphincter
female urethra is how many cm
4cm
male urethra is how many cm
20cm
common treatment for kidney stones is __, an ultrasound technique that pulverizes kidney stones into small particles that can pass easily through the ureter
lithotripsy
activated by stretch of the urinary bladder wall
micturition reflex
approximately _ of the total body weight of an adult male consists of water
60%
approximately _ of the total body weight of an adult female consists of water
50% ( lower than males because females have more body fat )
water and the ions dissolved in it are distributed in two major compartments
intracellular fluid
extracellular fluid
consists of all the fluid inside the cells of the body this fluid is part of the cytoplasm of the cell and it has a similar composition in all the cells of the body
intracellular fluid compartment
accounts for around 30% of all the water in the body which is equal to about 20% of the body’s total weight ; this fluid consists of the fluid outside all the cells of the body
extracellular fluid compartment
sub compartments of extracellular fluid
interstitial fluid between cells
plasma of the blood
lymph within lymphatic vessels
cerebrospinal fluid of the brain and spina cord
synovial fluid within synovial joints
fluid found surrounding the cells of the body and filling the extracellular spaces
interstitial fluid
is the liquid portion of the blood inside all blood vessels in the body
plasma
intracellular fluid has a similar composition from cell to cell. it contains a relatively high concentration of
K+, magnesium, phosphate, and sulfate
intracellular fluid has a similar composition from cell to cell. it contains a relatively low concentration of
Na+, Ca2+, Cl-, and HCO3-
the cell membranes that separate the body fluid compartments are
selectively permeable
two mechanisms help regulate the levels of ions in the extracellular fluid
thirst regulation
concentration regulation
water intake is controlled by neurons in the hypothalamus, collectively called the
thirst center
are the dominant ions in the extracelullar fluid
sodium ions
recommended intake of Na+ is
2.4 grams per day
sodium ions are also excreted from the body in__
perspiration or sweat
a water conservation hormone
ADH
hormone that plays a major role in regulating the concentration of K+ in the extracellular fluid
aldosterone
3 major hormones that regulate blood levels of Ca+
parathyroid hormone
calcitonin
phosphate and sulfate ions
secreted by the parathyroid glands when blood Ca2+ levels are too low
parathyroid hormone
parathyroid hormone increases blood Ca2+ through three principal means
osteoclasts
renal tubules
vitamin D3
secreted by parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland ; it lowers extracellular Ca2+ levels
calcitonin
ions that are reabsorbed by active transport in the kidneys
phosphate ions and sulfate ions
body fluid pH is maintained between
7.35 o 7.45
the pH is controlled by three factors
buffer systems
respiratory system
kidneys
are chemicals that resist a change in the pH of a solution when either acids or bases are added to the solution
buffers
the three major buffers in the body fluids are
protein buffer system
the PO43- buffer system
HCO3- buffer system
monohydrogen phosphate bind to form
dihydrogen phosphate ions
the reaction between CO2 and H2O is catalyzed by an enzyme called __; which is found in red blood cells
carbonic anhydrase
what system responds rapidly to a change in pH and helps bring pH back to normal
respiratory system
the nephrons of the kidneys secrete __ into the urine and directly regulate the pH of body fluids
H+
failure of the buffer systems, the respiratory system or the urinary system to maintain normal pH levels can result in
acidosis and alkalosis
occurs when blood pH falls below 7.35 ; the CNS malfunctions and the individual becomes disoriented, as the condition worsens, may become comatose
acidosis
two categories of acidosis
respiratory acidosis
metabolic acidosis
kind of acidosis that results when the respiratory system is unable to eliminate adequate amounts of CO2 from the blood
respiratory acidosis
kind of acidosis that results from excess production of acidic substances such as lactic acid and ketone bodies
metabolic acidosis
occurs when the blood pH increases above 7.45 ; major effect is hyperexcitability of the nervous system
alkalosis
kind of alkalosis that results in hyperventilation, as can occur in response to stress
respiratory alkalosis
kind of alkalosis that results from the rapid elimination of H+ from the body, as occurs during severe vomiting or when excess aldosterone is secreted by the adrenal cortex
metabolic alkalosis
