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NSG 10 > URINARY SYSTEM > Flashcards

URINARY SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

major excretory system of the body

A

urinary system

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2
Q

what are the primary excretory organs in the urinary system

A

two kidneys

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3
Q

urine consists of

A

excess water
excess iones
metabolic wastes, including urea (by product of protein)
toxic substances

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4
Q

functions of kidneys

A

excretion
regulation of blood volume and pressure
regulation of blood solute concentrations
regulation of red blood cells synthesis
regulation of vitamin D synthesis

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5
Q

kidneys secrete a hormone which regulates the synthesis of red blood cells in bone marrow

A

erythropoietin

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6
Q

the kidneys are behind the peritoneum or

A

retroperitoneal

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7
Q

bean shaped organs, each about the size of a tightly clenched fist

A

kidney

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8
Q

a layer of connective tissue called the _ _ surrounds each kidney

A

renal capsule

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9
Q

on the medial side of each kidney is the _, where the renal artery and nerves enter and where the renal vein, ureter, and lymphatic vessels exit the kidneys

A

hilum

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10
Q

the hilum opens into a cavity called _ _ which contains blood vessels, part of the system for collecting urine and adipose tissue

A

renal sinus

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11
Q

two major regions of the kidney

A

cortex (outer)
medulla (inner)

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12
Q

location for blood filtering structure of the kidney

A

cortex

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13
Q

the medulla is composed of many cone-shaped structures called the _ whose bases project int the cortex

A

renal pyramids

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14
Q

a collection of tubes and ducts that transport fluid throughout the kidney and modify it into urine

A

renal pyramids

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15
Q

the tips of the pyramids called the _ _ point toward the renal sinus

A

renal papillae

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16
Q

when urine leaves a renal papilla, it empties into a small, funnel-shaped chamber surrounding the tip of the papilla called the _

A

calyx

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17
Q

urine from several calyces is emptied into a single, enlarged, funnel-shaped chamber called the _

A

renal pelvis

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18
Q

small diameter tube called the _

A

ureter

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19
Q

the histological and functional unit of the kidney

A

nephron

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20
Q

it consists of specialized structure including small tubes called

A

tubules

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21
Q

the four regions of a nephron are

A

renal corpuscle
proximal convoluted tubule
loop of henle
distal convoluted tubule

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22
Q

region that filters the blood

A

renal corpuscle

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23
Q

region that returns filtered substances to the blood

A

proximal convoluted tubule

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24
Q

region that helps conserve water and solutes

A

loop of henle

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25
region that rids the blood of additional wastes
distal convoluted tubule
26
several connecting ducts merge int a large-diameter tubule called a _ which empties into a calyx
papillary duct
27
two types of nephrons
juxtamedullary nephrons cortical nephrons
28
have renal corpuscles that are found deep in the cortex near the medulla
juxtamedullary nephrons
29
have renal corpuscles that are distributed throughout the cortex
cortical nephrons
30
the loops of henle of cortical nephrons are _ than those of juxtamedullary nephrons
shorter
31
the loops of juxtamedullary nephrons are
long (extend deep into the medulla) ; well adapted for water conservation
32
the filtration portion of the nephron is housed in the
renal corpuscle
33
the renal corpuscle consists of (2):
glomerulus bowman capsule or glomerular capsule
34
a network of capillaries twisted around each other like a ball of yarn
glomerulus
35
an indented, double-walled chamber surrounding the glomerulus
bowman capsule or glomerular capsule
36
bowman capsule consists of two layers
inner outer
37
constructed of simple squamous epithelial cells
outer layer
38
constructed of specialized cels called podocytes which wrap around the glomerular capillaries
inner layer
39
supplies blood to the glomerulus for filtration
afferent arteriole
40
transports filtered blood away from the glomerulus
efferent arteriole
41
the structures in the corpuscle make up the _ ; consists of capillary endothelium, the basement membrane, and the podocytes of the bowman capsule
filtration membrane
42
an important regulatory structure called the _ is located next to the glomerulus
juxtaglomerular apparatus
43
at the point where the affarent arteriole enters the renal corpuscle, it has a cuff of specialized smooth muscle cells around it. these cells are called
juxtaglomerular cells
44
a part of the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron lies between the afferent and efferent arterioles next to the renal corpuscle. in this section of the distal convoluted tubule, there is a group of specialized cells called the
macula densa
45
once the blood is filtered, the resulting fluid is modified to form urine as it passes through each section of the renal tubule. the first section is the
proximal convoluted tubule
46
as the proximal convoluted tubule continues descending toward the medulla, the cell type begins to change. the renal tubule is now called _
loop henle
47
every loop of henle has two limbs:
descending limb ascending limb
48
is shorter than the proximal convoluted tubule. its epithelium is simple cuboidal
distal convoluted tubule
49
several distal convoluted tubules connect to a single _ which is composed of simple cuboidal epithelium
collecting duct
50
branch off the abdominal aorta and enter the kidneys
renal arteries
51
list of blood vessels in order
interlobar arteries arcuate arteries interlobular arteries afferent arterioles efferent arterioles peritubular capillaries
52
pass between the renal pyramids
interlobar arteries
53
branch from the interlobal arteries ; they arch between the cortex and the medulla
arcuate arteries
54
branch off the arcuate arteries and project into the cortex
interlobular arterioles
55
carry blood from the glomerular capillaries
efferent arterioles
56
arise from the branches of the interlobular arteries ; the afferent arterioles carry blood to the glomerular capillaries
afferent arterioles
57
branch from different efferent arterioles ; they surround the proximal convoluted tubules, the distal convoluted tubules, and the loops of henle
peritubular capillaries
58
are specialized portions of the peritubular capillaries that extend deep into the medulla of the kidney and surrounds the loops of henle and collecting ducts
vasa recta
59
categories of urine formation (3):
filtration tubular reabsorption tubular secretion
60
a non specific process whereby materials are separated based on size or change
filtration
61
an average of _ of the blood pumped by the heart each minute flows through the kidneys
21%
62
in the nephrons, about 180 liters of filtrate is produced each day , but only about _ or less becomes urine
1%
63
the renal corpuscles in the renal cortex contain filtration structures each of which is called a _
filtration membrane
64
the combination of three pressures is called a
filtration pressure
65
causes constriction of the kidney arteries
sympathetic stimulation
66
intense sympathetic stimulation may significantly decrease filtrate formation and urine volume by
circulatory shock or vigorous exercise
67
decreased sympathetic formation of renal blood arteries _ renal blood flow and urine volume
increases
68
is the transport of water and solutes from the filtrate into the blood
tubular reabsorption
69
site of the majority of reabsorption
proximal convoluted tubule
70
the movement of non filtered substances from the blood into the filtrate
tubular secretion
71
the kidneys are able to produce very dilute or concentrated urine while maintaining the extracellular fluid concentration very close to _msm/L
300
72
the kidneys' ability to control the volume and concentration of the urine depends on three factors
countercurrent mechanisms medullary concentration gradient hormonal mechanisms
73
is one where fluid in separate structures flows in the opposite directions relative to each other
countercurrent mechanism
74
maintains the high solute concentration in the interstitial fluid
vasa recta
75
the interstitial fluid in the medulla of the kidney has a very high solute concentration compared with that of the cortex. this is called the
medullary concentration gradient
76
the concentration of solute in the medulla increases from 300 to _
1200
77
as filtrate travels through the descending limb of the loop of henle, water moves across its simple squamous epithelium by osmosis toward the higher solute concentration in the interstitial fluid
countercurrent mechanism
78
urea is responsible for a substantial part of the high solute concentration in the kidney medulla
urea cycling
79
three major hormonal mechanisms are involved in regulating the urine concentration and volume
renin-angiostensin-aldosterone (sensitive to changes in blood pressure) antidiueretic hormone (ADH) mechanism (sensitive to changes in blood concentration) atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) mechanism (sensitive to changes in blood pressure)
80
initiated under low blood pressure conditions
renin-angiostensin-aldosterone
81
when blood pressure decrease, cells of juxtaglomerular apparatuses in the kidneys secrete the enzyme
renin
82
upon secretion, renin enters the blood and converts angiotensinogen, a plasma protein, to
angiostensin I.
83
enzyme produced by capillaries or organs such as the lungs
Angiostensin-covering enzyme (ACE)
84
Angiostensin-covering enzyme (ACE) converts angiostensin I to
angiostensin II
85
increases blood pressure and increases sensation of thirst, and salt appetite ; stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone
angiostensin II
86
is secreted by neurons in the posterior pituitary when the solute concentration of the blood or the interstitial fluid increase
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
87
promotes water conservation in the kidneys by increasing the permeability of the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts of water
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
88
a low blood solute concentration inhibits ADH secretion which
reduces urine volume
89
decrease in blood pressure causes ADH to
increase
90
when blood pressure increases, ADH secretion
decreases
91
ADH is more sensitive to changes in _ _ than to blood pressure
blood osmolarity
92
an increased blood pressure triggers the
atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) mechanism

NSG 10 (19 decks)

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