NERVOUS SYSTEM: OTHER BRAIN FUNCTIONS Flashcards
this hemisphere receives sensory input from and control muscular activity in the left half of the body
right
this hemisphere receives input from and control muscles in the right half of the body
left
sensory information received by one hemisphere is shared with the other through connections between the two hemispheres called
commissures
the largest commissure is the _ ; a broad band of nerve tracts at the base of the longitudinal fissure
corpus callosum
two major cortical areas involved in speech
sensory speech area
motor speech area
located in the parietal lobe, functions in understanding and formulating coherent speech
sensory speech area
located in frontal lobe, controls the movement necessary for speech
motor speech area
damage to these parts of the brain or to associated brain regions may result in
aphasia
electrodes placed on a person’s scalp and attached to a recording device can record the brain’s electrical activity producing as
electroencephalogram
EEG patterns can be detected as wavelike patters known as
brain waves
these waves are observed in a normal person who is awake but in a quiet, resting state with the eyes closed
alpha waves
these waves have a higher frequency than alpha waves and occur during intense mental activity
beta waves
these waves occur during sleep, in infants, and in patients with severe brain disorders, but can also appear in patients with severe brain disorders
delta waves
this wave is usually observed in children, but can also occur in adults who are experiencing frustration or who have a certain brain disorder
theta waves
what are the stages of memory
working
short-term
long-term
types of long-term memory
dealing with facts (declarative)
dealing with skills (procedural)
the brain briefly stores information required for the immediate performance of a task ; task-associated memory
working memory
lasts longer than working memory and can be retained for a few minutes to a few days
short-term memory
short term memory is transferred to this kind of memory where it may be stored for only a few minutes or become permanent by consolidation
long-term memory
a gradual process involving the formation of new and stronger synaptic connections
consolodation
its involved the retention of facts, such as names, dates, and places as well as related emotional undertones
declarative memory or explicit memory
involved the development of motor skills such as riding a bicyle
procedural or reflexive memory
a whole series of neurons called __ are involved in the long-term retention of a given piece of information, a thought, or an idea
memory engrams or memory traces
the olfactory cortex and deep cortical regions and nuclei of the cerebrum and the diencephalon are grouped together under
limbis system
three connective tissue membranes which surround and protect the brain and spinal cord
meninges
what are the three meninges
dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater
this meninges is the most superficial and thickest ; it consists of two layers which are in contact over much their surface
dura mater
damage to the veins between the cerebral cortex and dural venous sinuses can cause bleeding into the subdural space resulting in
subdural hematoma
the space between the dura meter and the vertebrae
epidural space
the epidural space of the vertebral canal is clinically important as the injection site for _ anesthesia of the spinal nerves which is given to females during childbirth
epidural anesthesia
the second meningeal membrane is the very thin, wispy __
arachnoid mater
the space between the dura mate and the _ is the subdural space which is normally only a potential space containing a very small amount of serous fluid
arachnoid mater
health professionals use such a needle to inject anesthetic into the area as a _ _
spinal block
to take a sample of cerebrospinal fluid into the
spinal tap
the third meningeal membrane _ ; very tightly bound to the surface of the brain and spinal cord
pia mater
between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater is the _ which is filled with cerebrospinal fluid and contains blood vessels
subarchnoid space
the CNS contains fluid filled cavities called __ which are small in some areas and large in others
ventricles
each cerebral hemisphere contains a relatively large cavity called the
lateral ventricle
is a smaller, midline cavity located in the center of the diencephalon between the two halves of the thalamus and connected by foramina to the lateral ventricles
third ventricle
located at the base of the cerebellum and connected to the third ventricle by a narrow canal called
cerebral aqueduct
the fourth ventricle is continuous with the
central canal of the spinal cord
bathes the brain and spinal cord providing a protective cushion around the CNS
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
produced the CFS
choroid plexuses
blockage of the openings in the fourth ventricle or the cerebral aqueduct can cause the CSF to accumulate in the ventricles, a condition known as
hydrocephalus
2 divisions of cranial nerves
sensory and motor
division of cranial nerves: special senses, vision, general senses, touch and pain
sensory
division of cranial nerves: somatic motor and parasympathetic
motor functions
4 cranial nerves considered a somatic motor only
trochlear
abducens
accessory
hypoglossal
3 cranial nerves considered sensory only
optic
olfactory
vestibulocochlear nerves
has sensory and somatic functions
trigeminal nerve
is somatic motor and parasympathetic
oculomotor nerve
3 nerves that have all three functions (sensory, somatic motor, and parasympathetic)
facial
glossopharyngeal nerve
vagus nerve
most important parasympathetic nerve in the body
vagus nerve
what are the cranial nerves in order:
olfactory
optic
oculomotor
trochlear
trigeminal
abducens
facial
vestibulocochlear
glossopharyngeal
vagus
hypoglossal
specific function of the cranial nerve: smell
olfactory
specific function of the cranial nerve: vision
optic
specific function of the cranial nerve: motor to four of six extrinsic eye muscles and upper eyelid ; parasympathetic, constricts pupil and thicken lens
oculomotor
specific function of the cranial nerve: motor to one extrinsic eye muscle
trochlear
specific function of the cranial nerve: sensory to face and teeth ; motor to muscles of mastication or chewing
trigeminal
specific function of the cranial nerve: motor to one extrinsic eye muscle
abducens
specific function of the cranial nerve: sensory, taste, and touch to back of tongue
glossopharyngeal
specific function of the cranial nerve: sensor to phraynx
VAGUS
specific function of the cranial nerve: motor to two neck and upper back muscles
accessory nerve
move tongue muscles
hypoglossal
two neurons in series extend from the CNS to the effector organs
pregnaglionic neruon
the second neuron is the
postganglionic neurons
autonomic nervous system is composed of
sympathetic and
parasympathetis neuron
increased activity in sympathetic division prepares individual for
physical activity
increased parasympathetic division activates
involuntary action, digestion
are connected to one another and are so named because they form a long chain along both sides of the spinal cord
sympathetic chain ganglia
the axons of preganglionic fibers that do not synapse in the sympathetic chain ganglia form
splanchic nerves
are located nearer target organs
collateral ganglia
axons of the preganglionic neurons extend through spina or cranial nerves to
terminal ganglia
most of the thoracic and abdominal organs are supplied by preganglionic neurons of the
vagus nerve
fight or flight; prepares body for physical activity
sympathetic
rest and digest; stimulates involuntary activities of the body at rest
parasympathetic
neurotransmitter secreted
acetylcholine
postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division secrete
neropinephrine
most organs that receive autonomic neurons are innervated by both the parasympathetic and sympathetic division, a phenomenon known as
dual innervation
