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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

the heart of a healthy adult at rest pumps approximately how many liters of blood

A

5 liters per minute

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2
Q

the right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart through vessels of the

A

pulmonary circulation

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3
Q

the left side of the heart pumps blood to all other tissues of the body and back to the right side of the heart through vessels of the

A

systemic circulation

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4
Q

the functions of the heart are

A

generating blood pressure
routing blood
ensuring one way blood flow
regulating blood supply

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5
Q

the heart is shaped like a

A

blunt cone

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6
Q

the heart is larger in adults who are

A

physically active

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7
Q

the heart decreases in size after the age of

A

65

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8
Q

the blunt rounded part of the heart is called the __

A

apex

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9
Q

the larger flat part at the opposite end of the heart is called the

A

base

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10
Q

the heart, trachea, esophagus, and associated structures form a midline partition called the

A

mediastinum

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11
Q

the heart is surrounded by its own cavity called the

A

pericardial cavity

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12
Q

the pericardial cavity is formed by the

A

pericardium

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13
Q

the pericardium consists of two layers

A

fibrous
serous

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14
Q

the outer layer of the pericardium is called the

A

fibrous pericardium

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15
Q

the inner layer of the pericardium is the

A

serous pericardium

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16
Q

the two layers of the serous pericardium are the

A

parietal
visceral

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17
Q

this layer of the serous pericardium lines the fibrous pericardium

A

parietal

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18
Q

this layer of the serous pericardium covers the heart’s surface

A

serous

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19
Q

the pericardial cavity (in the middle of the visceral and parietal) is filled with

A

pericardial fluid created by the serous pericardium

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20
Q

what is the function of the pericardial fluid

A

helps reduce friction as the heart moves

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21
Q

a groove called the __ extends around the heart, separating the artia from the ventricles

A

coronary sulcus

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22
Q

extends inferiorly from the coronary sulcus on the anterior surface of the heart

A

anterior interventricular sulcus

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23
Q

eds inferiorly from the coronary sulcus on the posterior surface of the heart

A

posterior interventricular sulcus

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24
Q

these veins carry blood from the body to the right atrium

A

superior vena cava and inferior vena cava

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25
Q

these veins carry blood from the lungs to the left atrium

A

four pulmonary veins

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26
Q

these two arteries carry blood away from the ventricles of the heart

A

great vessels or great arteries

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27
Q

arteries which carry blood into the lungs

A

right and left pulmonary arteries

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28
Q

arising from the left ventricle, carries blood to the rest of the body

A

aorta

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29
Q

what are the 4 chambers of the heart

A

right and left atria
right and left ventricle

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30
Q

these chambers function as reservoirs where blood returning from veins collects before it enters the ventricles

A

right and left atria

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31
Q

these chambers pump or eject blood into the arteries and force it to flow through the circulatory system

A

right and left ventricles

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32
Q

receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sulcus

A

right atrium

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33
Q

receives blood from the 4 pulmonary veins

A

left atrium

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34
Q

the right and left atrium are separated by the

A

interatrial septum

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35
Q

pumps blood into the pulmonary trunk ; lungs

A

right ventricle

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36
Q

pumps blood into the aorta ; other tissues in the body

A

left ventricle

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37
Q

the right and left ventricle are separated by the

A

interventricular septum

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38
Q

the one way flow of blood through the heart chambers is maintained by the

A

heart valves

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38
Q

what are the two types of heart valves

A

atrioventricular valve
semilunar valve

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38
Q

each ventricle contains cone shaped, muscular pillars called

A

papillary muscles

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39
Q

two types of atrioventricular valve

A

tricuspid
bicuspid or mitral

40
Q

the papillary muscles are attached by thin, strong, connective tissue strings called

A

chordae tendineae

41
Q

this type of heart valve is located between each ventricle and its associated great artery

A

semilunar valve

42
Q

what are the two types of semilunar valves

A

pulmonary semilunar valve
aortic semilunar valve

43
Q

a plate of connective tissue consists mainly of fibrous rings that surround the atrioventricular and semilunar valve and give them solid support

A

cardiac skeleton or fibrous skeleton

44
Q

these arteries supply blood to the wall of the heart ; originate from the base of the aorta above the semilunar valves

A

coronary arteries

45
Q

types of coronary arteries

A

left and right coronary arteries

46
Q

what are the three major branches of the left coronary artery

A

anterior interventricular
circumflex artery
left marginal artery

47
Q

these veins drain blood from the cardiac muscle into the coronary sinus

A

cardiac veins

48
Q

a large vein located within the coronary sulcus on the posterior aspect of the heart

A

coronary sinus

49
Q

what are the layers of the heart wall

A

epicardium
myocardium
endocardium

50
Q

layer of the heart which is also called the visceral pericardium, it is the outer surface of the heart

A

epicardium

51
Q

the thick middle layer of the heart composed of cardiac muscle cells

A

myocardium

52
Q

the smooth inner surface of the heart chambers which allows blood to move easily through the heart

A

endocardium

53
Q

the surfaces of the interior walls of the ventricles are modified by ridges and columns of cardiac muscle called

A

trabeculae carneae

54
Q

these muscles cells are elongated branching cells that contain one or two centrally located nuclei ; they contain actin and myosin filaments organized to form sacromeres which are joined end to end to form microfibrils

A

cardiac muscle cells

55
Q

these are responsible for muscle contraction and their organization gives cardiac muscle a striated appearance

A

actin and myosin myofilaments

56
Q

cardiac muscle relies on __ and __ for contraction

A

Ca2+ and ATP

57
Q

cardiac muscle cells are bound end to end and laterally adjacent cell by specialized cell to cell contacts called

A

intercalated disks

58
Q

specialized cell membrane structure in the intercalated disks called __ allow cytoplasm to flow freely between cells

A

gap junctions

59
Q

action potentials in cardiac muscle exhibit a ___ period

A

refractory period

60
Q

what are the three phases of action potentials in cardiac muscle

A

depolarization phase
plateau phase
repolarization

61
Q

during this phase, this phase facilitates the sodium to go inside the cell or sodium influx

A

depolarization phase

62
Q

during this phase, the action potentials take a longer period because it keeps the calcium channels open

A

plateau phase

63
Q

during this phase, the sodium channels are exiting and going outside the cell

A

repolarization phase

64
Q

coordinated by specialized cardiac cell muscles in the heart wall form the

A

conduction system of the heart

65
Q

the conduction system of the heart includes the

A

sinoatrial node
atrioventricular node
atrioventricular bundle
right and left bundle branches
purkinje fibers

66
Q

this node functions as the heart’s pacemaker and is located in the superior wall of the right atrium and initiates the contraction of the heart ; it also produces action potentials at a faster rate than other areas of the heart and ha a larger number of Ca2+ channels than other cells in the heart

A

sinoatrial node

67
Q

located in the lower portion of the right atrium ; the AP from SA node are sent to this node and the AP spread slowly through it

A

atrioventricular node

68
Q

AP from the AV node travel to this bundle

A

atrioventricular bundle

69
Q

the AV bundle then divides into two branches of conducting tissue called the

A

left and right bundle branches

70
Q

these are found at the tips of the left and right bundle branches ; these pass to the apex of the heart then extend to the cardiac muscle of the ventricle wals

A

purkinje fibers

71
Q

when action potentials originate in an area of the heart other than the SA node, the result is called an

A

ectopic beat

72
Q

ectopic beat may cause very small portions of the heart to contract rapidly and independently of all areas, this condition is called

A

fibrillation

73
Q

to stop the process of fibrillation, what is done?

A

defibrillation wherein electrical shock is applied

74
Q

used to record electrical events in the heart and not a direct measurement of mechanical events

A

electrocardiogram

75
Q

what are the compositions of an ECG

A

P wave
QRS complex
T wave

76
Q

this composition of the ECG results from depolarization of the atrial myocardium and precedes the onset of atrial contraction

77
Q

this composition of the ECG consists of three individual waves ; results from depolarization of ventricles and precedes ventricular contraction

A

QRS complex

78
Q

this composition of the ECG represents the repolarization of the ventricles and precedes ventricular relaxation

79
Q

the time between the beginning of the P wave and the QRS complex is called the

A

PQ interval or PR interval

80
Q

this interval extends from the beginning of the QRS complex to the end of T wave and represents the length of time required for ventricular repolarization

A

QT interval

81
Q

this term refers to the repetitive pumping process that begins with the onset of cardiac muscle contraction and ends with the beginning of the next contraction

A

cardiac cycle

82
Q

this refers to contraction of the two atria

A

atrial systole

83
Q

this refers to the contraction of the two ventricles

A

ventricular systole

84
Q

this refers to the relaxation of the two atria

A

atrial diastole

85
Q

this refers to the relaxation of the two ventricles

A

ventricular diastole

86
Q

when a heart valve does not close completely, this is known as

A

incompetent valve

87
Q

abnormal heart sounds are called __ and a result of faulty valves

88
Q

when the opening of a valve is narrowed or __, a swishing sound precedes closure

89
Q

is the volume of blood pumped by either ventricle of the heart each minute

A

cardiac output

90
Q

is the volume of blood pumped per ventricle each time the heart contracts

A

stroke volume

91
Q

the number of times the heart contracts each minute

A

heart rate

92
Q

refers to mechanisms contained within the heart itself that control cardiac output

A

intrinsic regulation

93
Q

the degree to which the ventricular walls are stretched at the end of diastole

94
Q

the amount of blood that returns to the heart

A

venous return

95
Q

the relationship between preload and stroke volume is called

A

starling’s law of the heart

96
Q

refers to the pressure against which the ventricles must pump blood

97
Q

it is a mechanism of the nervous system that plays an important role in regulating heart function

A

baroreceptor reflex

98
Q

are stretch receptors that monitor blood pressure in the aorta and in the wall of the internal carotid arteries which carry blood to the brain

A

baroreceptors

99
Q

within the medulla oblongata is a __ which receives and integrates action potentials from the baroreceptors ; it controls the AP frequency

A

cardioregulatory center

NSG 10 (19 decks)

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