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NSG 10 > ENDOCRINE SYSTEM > Flashcards

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

is composed of endocrine glands and specialized endocrine cells located throughout the body

A

endocrine system

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2
Q

hormones circulate through the bloodstream to specific sites called

A

target tissues

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3
Q

allow cells to communicate with each other to regulate body activities

A

chemical messengers

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4
Q

what are the types of chemical messengers

A

autocrine chemical messengers
paracrine chemical messengers
neurotransmitters
endocrine chemical messengers

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5
Q

this type of chemical messenger stimulates the cell that originally secreted it . good examples are those secreted by white blood cells during an infection

A

autocrine chemical messengers

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6
Q

this type of chemical messenger act locally on neighboring cells ; secreted by one cell type into the extracellular fluid and affect surrounding cells. example is histamine

A

paracrine chemical messengers

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7
Q

this type of chemical messengers are secreted by neurons that activate an adjacent cell, whether neuron, muscle, or glandular cell ; secreted into the synaptic cleft rather than into the blood stream

A

neurotransmitters

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8
Q

this type of chemical messengers are secreted into the bloodstream by certain glands and cells ; travel through the blood to their target cells

A

endocrine chemical messengers

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9
Q

two categories of hormones

A

lipid soluble
water soluble

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10
Q

these type of hormones are nonpolar and include steroid, thyroid, and fatty acid derivative hormones

A

lipid soluble hormones

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11
Q

lipid soluble hormones travel into the bloodstream bound to _ which chaperone the hormone

A

binding proteins

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12
Q

because water soluble hormones can dissolve in blood, many circulate as __ meaning they are not attached by a binding protein

A

free hormones

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13
Q

water soluble hormones have _ lives

A

short half-lives

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14
Q

the life span of lipid soluble hormones in the blood ranges from

A

a few days to several weeks

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15
Q

what are the three types of stimuli that regulate hormone release

A

humoral
neural
hormonal

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16
Q

molecules and ions in the bloodstream can directly stimulate the release of some hormones. these chemicals are referred to as

A

humoral stimuli

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17
Q

specialized neuropeptides stimulate hormone secretion from other endocrine cells and are called

A

releasing hormones

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18
Q

occurs when a hormone is secreted that, in turn, stimulates the secretion of other hormones

A

hormonal stimuli

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19
Q

the most common examples of hormonal stimuli are hormones from the anterior pituitary gland called __ ; they stimulate the secretion of another hormone

A

tropic hormones

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20
Q

hormones from the hypothalamus that prevent the secretion of tropic hormones from the anterior pituitary gland are called

A

inhibiting hormones

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21
Q

hormones exert their actions by binding to target cell proteins called

A

receptors

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22
Q

the portion of each receptor molecule where a hormone binds is called a

A

receptor site

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23
Q

the tendency for each type of hormone to bind to one type of receptor and not to others is called

A

specificity

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24
Q

once lipid soluble hormones enter their target cell, they bind to

A

nuclear receptors

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25
Q

water soluble hormones are polar molecules and cannot pass through the cell membrane. instead, they interact with

A

membrane bound receptors

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26
Q

is produced inside a cell once a hormone or another chemical messenger binds to certain membrane bound hormones

A

second messengers

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27
Q

coordinated set of events is referred to as a

A

second messenger system

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28
Q

each receptor produces thousands of second messengers leading to a cascade effect and ultimately _ of the hormonal signal

A

amplification

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29
Q

also called the hypophysis ; a small gland about the size of a pea which is housed in a depression of the sphenoid bone inferior to the hypothalamus of the brain

A

pituitary gland

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30
Q

serves as a control center for the autonomic nervous system as well as the endocrine system

A

hypothalamus

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31
Q

the pituitary gland lies posterior to the optic chiasm and is connected to the hypothalamus by a stalk called

A

infundibulum

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32
Q

what are the divisions of the pituitary gland

A

anterior
posterior

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33
Q

what are the hormones of the anterior pituitary gland

A

growth hormone
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
luteinizing hormone (LH) ; gonadotropin
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) ; gonadotropin
prolactin

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34
Q

what are the hormones of the posterior pituitary gland

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
oxytocin

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35
Q

increases gene expression, breakdown of lipids, and release of fatty acids from cells ; increases blood glucose levels

A

growth hormone

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36
Q

increase thyroid hormone secretion (thyroxine and triiodothyronine)

A

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

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37
Q

increases secretion of glucocorticoid hormones, such as cortisol ; increases skin pigmentation at high concentrations

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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38
Q

increases melanin production in melanocytes to make skin color darker

A

melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

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39
Q

promotes ovulation and progesterone production in ovary ; promotes testosterone synthesis and support for sperm cell production in testis

A

luteinizing hormone

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40
Q

promotes follicle maturation and estrogen secretion in ovary ; promotes sperm cell production in testis

A

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

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41
Q

stimulates milk production and prolongs progesterone secretion following ovulation and during pregnancy in women ; increases sensitivity to LH in males ; helps promote development of breast during pregnancy

42
Q

conserves water ; constricts blood vessels

A

antidiuretic hormone

43
Q

increases uterine contractions and increase milk letdown from mammary glands

44
Q

a young person suffering from deficiency of GH remains small, although normally proportioned is called a

A

pituitary dwarf

45
Q

the person becomes abnormally tall, a condition called

46
Q

the facial features and hands become abnormally large, a condition called

A

acromegaly

47
Q

the secretion of GH is controlled by __

A

two hormones from the hypothalamus

48
Q

part of the effect of GH is influenced by a group of protein hormones called

A

insulin like growth factors or somatomedins

49
Q

binds to membrane bound receptors on cells of thyroid gland and stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormone ; can stimulate growth of the thyroid gland ; increases metabolic rates essential for normal process of growth and maturation

A

thyroid stimulating hormone

50
Q

ACTH increases the secretion of a hormone from the adrenal cortex called

A

cortisol or hydrocortisone

51
Q

bind to membrane bound receptors on the cells of gonads ; regulate growth, development, and functions of the gonads

A

gonadotropins

52
Q

what are the two major gonadotropins

A

luteinizing hormone
follicle stimulating hormone

53
Q

in females, this gonadotropin hormone stimulates ovulation, promotes secretion of the reproductive hormones, estrogen, and progesterone. in males, it stimulates interstitial cells of the testes to secrete the reproductive hormone testosterone

A

luteinizing hormone

54
Q

stimulates the development of follicles in the ovaries and sperm in the testes

A

follicle stimulating hormone

55
Q

the thyroid gland synthesizes and secretes three hormones namely

A

triiodothyronine (T3)
thyroxine (T4)
calcitonin

56
Q

the thyroid gland is made up of two lobes connected by a narrow band called the

57
Q

the thyroid glands contains numerous __ which are small spheres with walls composed of simple cuboidal epithelium

A

thyroid follicles

58
Q

between the follicles is a network of loose connective tissue that contains capillaries and scattered

A

parafollicular cells or C cells

59
Q

contains four iodine atoms and is abbreviated T4

60
Q

contains three iodine atoms and is abbreviated T3

A

triiodothyronine

61
Q

a lack of thyroid hormones is called

A

hypothyroidism

62
Q

in infants, hyperthyroidism can result in __, characterized by a developmental delay, short stature, and abnormally formed skeletal muscles

63
Q

an elevated rate of thyroid hormone secretion is called __ ; causes an increased metabolic rate, extreme nervousness, and chronic fatigue

A

hyperthyroidism

64
Q

an autoimmune disease that causes hyperthyroidism

A

graves disease

65
Q

graves disease is often accompanied by bulging of eyes, a condition called

A

exophthalmia

66
Q

are embedded in the posterior wall of the thyroid gland

A

parathyroid glands

67
Q

the parathyroid glands secretes a hormone called __ which is essential for the regulation of blood calcium levels

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

68
Q

what are the three effects of PTH

A

increases active vitamin D
increases blood Ca2+ levels
decreases loss of Ca2+ in the urine

69
Q

an abnormally high rate of PTH secretion is called

A

hyperparathyroidism

70
Q

an abnormally low rate of PTH secretion is called

A

hypoparathyroidism

71
Q

are two small glands located superior to each kidney

A

adrenal glands

72
Q

each adrenal gland has an inner part called the

A

adrenal medulla

73
Q

each adrenal gland has an outer part called the

A

adrenal cortex

74
Q

what hormones does the adrenal medulla secrete

A

epinephrine
norepinephrine

75
Q

this hormone in the adrenal medulla accounts for 80% of the adrenal medulla

A

epinephrine

76
Q

this hormone in the adrenal medulla accounts for 20% of the adrenal medulla

A

norepinephrine

77
Q

epinephrine and norepinephrine are called the __ hormones ; they prepare the body for intense physical activity

A

fight or flight

78
Q

what steroid hormones does the adrenal cortex secrete

A

mineralocorticoids
glucocorticoids
adrenal androgens

79
Q

a type of steroid hormone that is produced in the greatest amounts

A

aldosterone

80
Q

these steroid hormones cause lipid breakdown, reduce glucose and amino acid uptake in skeletal muscle

A

glucocorticoids

81
Q

these steroid hormones stimulate the development of male secondary sex characteristics

A

adrenal androgens

82
Q

the endocrine part of the pancreas consists of __ which are dispersed throughout the exocrine portion of the pancreas

A

pancreatic islets

83
Q

the pancreatic islets consists of three cell types which are

A

alpha cells
beta cells
delta cells

84
Q

secretes glucagon

A

alpha cellss

85
Q

secretes insulin

A

beta cells

86
Q

secretes somatostatin

A

delta cells

87
Q

as lipids are broken down, the liver converts some of the fatty acids to acidic _

88
Q

when blood glucose levels are very low, the breakdown of lipids can cause the release of enough fatty acids and ketones to reduce pH of the body fluids below normal, a condition called

89
Q

elevated blood glucose levels stimulate beta cells to secrete

90
Q

the major target tissues for insulin are the liver, adipose tissue, muscles, and the area of the hypothalamus that controls appetite, called the

A

satiety center

91
Q

a condition where the body cant regulate blood glucose levels within the normal range

A

diabetes mellitus

91
Q

in type 1 diabetes mellitus, tissues cannot take up glucose effectively, causing blood glucose levels to become very high, a condition called

A

hyperglycemia

92
Q

glucagon is released from the alpha cells when __

A

blood glucose levels are low

93
Q

binds to membrane bound receptors primarily in the liver causing glycogen stored in the liver to be converted to glucose

94
Q

somatostatin is released by the delta cells in response to __

A

food intake

95
Q

inhibits the secretion of insulin and glucagon and inhibits gastric tract activity

A

somatostatin

96
Q

the main reproductive hormone in the male is __ which is secreted by the testes ; it regulates the production of sperm cells by the testes and the development and maintenance of male reproductive organs an secondary sexual characteristics

A

testosterone

97
Q

in female, the two main classes of reproductive hormones secreted by the ovaries are

A

estrogen
progesterone

98
Q

organ that lies in the upper part of the thoracic cavity ; it is important in the function of the immune system

98
Q

the thymus secretes a hormone called

98
Q

organ that is small, pinecone shaped, located superior and posterior to the thalamus of the brain

A

pineal gland

99
Q

the pineal gland produces a hormone called __ which inhibit the reproductive hypothalamic releasing hormone, gonadotropin-releasing hormone

NSG 10 (19 decks)

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