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NSG 10 > SKELETAL SYSTEM > Flashcards

SKELETAL SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

functions of skeletal system

A

body support
organ protection
body movement
mineral storage
blood cell production

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2
Q

strong bands of fibrous connective tissue, holds bones together

A

ligaments

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3
Q

provides flexibility buts resists pulling or compression

A

collagen

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4
Q

calcium phosphate crystal

A

hydroxyapatite

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5
Q

imperfect bone formation ; rare disorders caused by any one of a number of faulty genes that results in either too little collagen formation or poor quality collagen

A

brittle bone disease

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6
Q

bone building cells ; extensive endoplasmic reticulum and numerous ribosomes

A

osteoblasts

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7
Q

the formation of new bone by osteoblasts called

A

ossification

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8
Q

can occur multiple times during life; fetus and any time when a fracture is repaired

A

ossification or osteogenesis

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9
Q

osteoblasts become _ once osteoblasts have secreted sufficient bone matrix

A

osteocytes

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10
Q

osteocyte cell bodies are housed within the bone matrix in spaces called

A

lacunae

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11
Q

osteocyte cell extensions are housed in narrow, long spaces called

A

canaliculi

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12
Q

bone destroying cells ; break down bone ; develop in the red bone marrow

A

osteoclasts

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13
Q

breakdown of bone is called _ ; important for mobilizing calcium and phosphate ions used for metabolic processes

A

bone reabsorption

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14
Q

osteoclasts develop ; specialized reabsorption specific area of the membrane

A

ruffled border

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15
Q

mature bone

A

lamellar bone

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16
Q

lamellar bone is organized into thin, concentric sheets or layers

A

lamellae

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16
Q

functional unit of compact bone ; composed of concentric rings of matrix, which surround a central tunnel and contain osteocytes

A

osteon

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16
Q

eye of the osteon ; lined with endosteum and contain blood vessels, nerves, and loose connective tissue

A

central canal

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17
Q

solid, outer layer surrounding each bone ; has more matrix and is denser with fewer pores

A

compact or cortical bone

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17
Q

spongy bone consists of interconnecting rods or plates of bone called

A

trabeculae

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17
Q

appears porous, has less bone matrix and more space

A

spongy bone

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18
Q

the center portion of a long bone

A

diaphysis

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19
Q

composed primarily of compact bone tissue surrounding a hollow center called

A

medullary cavity

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20
Q

end of a long bone are called ; mostly spongy bone with an outer layer of compact bone

A

epiphyses

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21
Q

end of long bone is covered with hyaline cartilage

A

articular cartilage

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22
Q

located between epiphysis and diaphysis

A

epiphyseal plate or growth plate

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23
Q

when bone stops growing in length, the plate become ossified

A

epiphyseal line

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24
Q

site of blood cell formation

A

red marrow

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25
Q

mostly adipose tissue

A

yellow marrow

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26
Q

a connective tissue membrane covering the outer surface of a bone

A

periosteum

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27
Q

blood vessels and nerves

A

outer layer

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28
Q

bone cells; osteoblasts and osteoclasts

A

inner layer

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29
Q

single layer of connective tissue that lines the internal surfaces of all cavities within bones such as the medullary cavity of the diaphysis and smaller cavities in spongy and compact bone

A

endosteum

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30
Q

two processes of bone formation

A

intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification

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31
Q

locations in the membrane where intramembranous ossification begins

A

centers of ossification

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32
Q

soft spots ; membrane covered spaces between developing skull bones that have not yet been ossified ; close by 2 years old

A

fontanels

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33
Q

skull bones, part of the mandible, and diaphyses of clavicles (collarbones) develop by

A

intramembranous ossification

34
Q

based of the skull, part of mandible, epiphyses of clavicle, and remaining skeletal system develop through

A

endochondral ossification

35
Q

this type of bone grow by creating new cartilage in the epiphyseal plate

A

long bone

36
Q

bone that becomes old is replaced with new bone in a process called

A

bone remodeling

37
Q

living tissue that can repair itself if it is damaged

A

bone

38
Q

occurs when an open wound extends to the site of the fracture or protrudes through the skin

A

open fracture

39
Q

if skin is not perforated the fracture is called

A

closed fracture

40
Q

does not extend completely across the bone

A

incomplete fracture

41
Q

bone is broken into two fragments

A

complete fracture

42
Q

complete fracture in which the bone breaks into more than two pieces usually two major fragments and a smaller fragment

A

comminuted fracture

43
Q

one fragment is driven into the spongy portion of the other fragment

A

impacted fracture

44
Q

run parallel to the length of the bone

A

linear fracture

45
Q

right angles to the length of the bone

A

transverse fracture

46
Q

helical course around the bone

A

spiral fractures

47
Q

run obliquely in relation to the length of the bone

A

oblique fractures

48
Q

rough, toothed, broken ends

A

dentate fractures

49
Q

have breakage lines radiating from a central point

A

stellate fractures

50
Q

calcium homeostasis is regulated by three hormones

A

parathyroid hormone
calcitriol
calcitonin

51
Q

secreted by cells in the parathyroid gland ; essential for the maintenance of blood calcium levels within homeostatic levels

A

parathyroid hormones

52
Q

increases blood calcium levels ; steroid hormone derived from vitamin D

A

calcitriol

53
Q

secreted from C cells in the thyroid gland when blood calcium levels are too high

A

calcitonin

54
Q

average adult has how many bones

A

206 bones

55
Q

bones are segregated into two

A

axial skeleton
appendicular skeleton

56
Q

how many bones does the skull have

A

22 bones

57
Q

how many bones does the appendicular skeleton have

A

126

58
Q

how many bones does the vertebral column have

A

26

59
Q

how many bone does the thoracic cage have

A

25 bones

60
Q

upper limbs, lower limbs, and two girdles

A

appendicular skeleton

61
Q

two girdles

A

pectoral and pelvic

62
Q

4 categories of bones based on their shape

A

long, short, flat, and irregular

63
Q

longer than they are wide

A

long bones

64
Q

wide as they are long ; help transfer force between long bones

A

short bones

65
Q

relatively thin, flattened shape

A

flat bones

66
Q

have shaped that do not fit readily into the three other categories ; specialized functions

A

irregular bones

67
Q

hole in a bone

A

foramen

68
Q

elongated hole ; tunnel like passage through a bone

A

canal or meatus

69
Q

depression in a bone

A

fossa

70
Q

rounded projection

A

tubercle or tuberosity

71
Q

sharp projection from a bone ; most are sites of muscle attachment

A

process

72
Q

smooth, rounded end of the bone, where it forms a joint with another bone is called

A

condyle

73
Q

bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint to bring the articulating bones closer together

A

flexion

74
Q

straightening movement that increases the angle of the joint

A

extension

75
Q

usually defined as the extension beyond 180 degrees

A

hyperextension

76
Q

movement of foot toward the plantar surface

A

plantar flexion

77
Q

movement of foot toward the shin

A

dorsiflexion

78
Q

movement away from the median or midsaggital plane

A

abduction

79
Q

movement toward the median plane

A

adduction

80
Q

palm is down

A

pronation

81
Q

palm faces up

A

supination

82
Q

turning the foot so plantar faces laterally

A

eversion

83
Q

turning foot so that plantar faces medially

A

inversion

84
Q

turning of a structure around its long axis

A

rotation

85
Q

occurs at freely movable joints such as the shoulder

A

circumduction

86
Q

glides anteriorly

A

protraction

87
Q

glides posteriorly

A

retraction

88
Q
A

NSG 10 (19 decks)

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