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NSG 10 > DIGESTIVE SYSTEM > Flashcards

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

the layers of the tract wall are called

A

tunics

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2
Q

what are the 4 layers of the digestive tract

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa

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3
Q

this is the innermost tunic and it secretes mucus

A

mucosa

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4
Q

this lies outside the mucosa

A

submucosa

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5
Q

this lies outside the submucosa

A

muscularis

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6
Q

inner layer of muscularis

A

circular smooth muscle

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7
Q

outer layer of muscularis

A

longitudinal smooth muscle

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8
Q

an extensive network of cell processes forms a __ within the submucosa

A

plexus

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9
Q

the outermost layer of the digestive tract

A

serosa

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10
Q

two types of peritoneum

A

visceral
parietal

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11
Q

the peritoneum that covers the organs

A

visceral

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12
Q

the peritoneum that lines the wall of the abdominal cavity

A

parietal

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13
Q

it is a potentially life threatening inflammation of the peritoneal membranes

A

peritonitis

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14
Q

many of the organs of the abdominal cavity are held in place by connective tissue sheets called __ ; also provide a route for blood vessels and nerves

A

mesentries

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15
Q

types of mesentries

A

mesentry proper
lesser omentum
greater omentum

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16
Q

type of mesentry associated w small intestine

A

mesentry proper

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17
Q

mesentry connecting the lesser curvature of stomach to liver and diaphragm

A

lesser omentum

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18
Q

mesentry connecting the greater curvature of stomach to transverse colon and posterior body wall

A

greater omentum

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19
Q

the greater omentum creates a cavity or pocket called

A

omental bursa

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20
Q

abdominal organs with no mesentries are called

A

retroperitoneal

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21
Q

are muscular structures formed mostly by orbicularis oric muscle

A

lips

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22
Q

this structure form the lateral walls of the oral cavity. the buccinator muscles are located within these ; important in the process of mastication or chewing

A

cheeks

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23
Q

begins the process of mechanical digestion which breaks down large food particles into smaller ones

A

mastication

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24
Q

this structure is a large muscular organs that occupies most of the oral cavity

A

tongue

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25
Q

thin fold of tissue in floor of the mouth

A

frenulum

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26
Q

how many teeth are in the normal adult mouth

A

32

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27
Q

in each quadrant of teeth there are

A

central
lateral incisor
canine
premolar
molar

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28
Q

the third molars are called

A

wisdom teeth

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29
Q

the teeth of adults are called

A

permanent teeth or secondary teeth

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30
Q

permanent teeth are replacements for

A

primary teeth or deciduous teeth

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31
Q

what are the three regions of teeth

A

crown
neck
root

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32
Q

the bulk of the tooth is formed by a living, cellular, calcified tissue called

A

dentin

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33
Q

in the crown region, the dentin is covered by an extremely hard acellular substance called __ which protects the teeth against abrasions

A

enamel

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34
Q

the surface of the dentin is covered with __ which helps anchor the tooth in the jaw

A

cementum

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35
Q

within the center of the tooth is a hollow space called

A

pulp cavity

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36
Q

the pulp cavity is filled with a material called __ which consists of blood vessels and nerves

A

pulp

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37
Q

the teeth are held in place within pockets in the bone called

A

alveoli

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38
Q

the alveolar processes are covered by

A

gingiva or gums

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39
Q

they secure the teeth in the alveoli by embedding them in cementum

A

periodontal ligaments

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40
Q

this is the result of the breakdown of enamel by acids produced by bacteria

A

dental caries or tooth decay

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41
Q

this is the inflammation and degeneration of periodontal ligaments, gingiva, and alveolar bone

A

periodontal disease

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42
Q

this is the roof of the oral cavity which separated the oral from the nasal cavity

A

palate

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43
Q

two parts of the palate

A

soft
hard

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44
Q

the anterior part of the palate and contains bone

A

hard palate

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45
Q

the posterior part of the palate and consists of skeletal muscles and connective tissue

A

soft palate

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46
Q

this is a posterior extension of the soft palate

A

uvula

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47
Q

these are located in the lateral posterior walls of the oral cavity, in the nasopharynx, and in the posterior surface of the tongue

A

tonsils

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48
Q

what are the three major pairs of salivary glands

A

parotid
submandibular
sublingual

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49
Q

salivary glands produce

A

saliva

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50
Q

saliva is a mixture of _ and _ fluids and has multiple roles

A

serous and mucous

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51
Q

the largest salivary gland which are serous gland located located just anterior to each ear

A

parotid gland

52
Q

this is an inflammation of the parotid gland caused by a viral infection

A

mumps

53
Q

this type of gland produce more serous than mucous secretions

A

submandibular glands

54
Q

this salivary gland is the smallest of the three paired salivary glands and these produce primarily mucous secretions

A

sublingual glands

55
Q

what is the normal rate of saliva secretions

A

0.5L to 1.5L

56
Q

the serous part of saliva produced mainly by the parotid and submandibular glands contains a digestive enzyme called

A

salivary amylase

57
Q

the mucous secretions of the submandibular and sublingual glands contain a large amount of

A

mucin

58
Q

this is the throat which connects the mouth with the esophagus

A

pharynx

59
Q

what are the three parts of the pharynx

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

60
Q

the posterior walls of the orophayrnx and laryngopharynx are formed by the superior, middle, and inferior

A

pharyngeal constrictor muscles

61
Q

it is a muscular tube lined with moist stratified squamous epithelium that extends from the pharynx to the stomach ; 25cm long

A

esophagus

62
Q

these regulate movement of food into and out of the esophagus

A

upper and lower esophageal sphincters

63
Q

what are the three phases of swallowing

A

voluntary
pharyngeal
esophageal

64
Q

what are the 4 regions of the stomach

A

cardiac part
fundus
body
pyloric part

65
Q

the pyloric part is surrounded by the __ and this helps regulate the movement of gastric contents into the small instestine

A

pyloric sphincter

66
Q

the muscular layers in the stomach produce a ___ action

A

churning

67
Q

the submucosa and mucosa of the stomach are arranged in large folds called __ when the stomach is empty ; allows to stretch

A

rugae

68
Q

the mucosal surface forms numerous tubelike __

A

gastric pits

69
Q

as food enters the stomach, the food is mixed with stomach secretion to become a semifluid mixture called

A

chyme

70
Q

it is a painful or burning sensation in the chest usually associated with an increase in gastric acid secretion

A

heartburn or gastritis

71
Q

regulation of stomach secretions can be divided into three phases which are

A

cephalic
gastric
intestinal

72
Q

this phase of regulation of stomach secretions is the brain phase of stomach secretion. it is controlled by the CNS and begins even before the bolus of food enters the stomach

A

cephalic phase

73
Q

this phase of regulation of stomach secretions produces the greatest volume of gastric secretions

A

gastric phase

74
Q

this phase of regulation of stomach secretions inhibits gastric secretions

A

intestinal phase

75
Q

uncomfortable sensations caused by peristaltic waves that lasts 2-3 minutes (stomach growling)

A

hunger pangs

76
Q

this is about 6m long and consists of three parts

A

small intestine

77
Q

what are the three parts of the small intestine

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

78
Q

what are the 4 major cell types in the small intestine

A

absorptive cells
goblet cells
granular cells
endocrine cells

79
Q

the epithelial cells are located within tubular glands of the mucosa called __ which open at the base of villi

A

intestinal glands or crypts of lieberkuhn

80
Q

the submucosa of the duodenum contains mucous glands called __ which open into the base of intestinal glands

A

duodenal glands

81
Q

clusters of lymphatic nodules are called __ ; these help protect the intestinal tract from harmful pathogens

A

peyer patches

82
Q

the site where the ileum connects to the large intestine is called the

A

ileocecal junction

83
Q

secretions from the mucosa of the small intestine contain mainly

A

mucus, ions and water

84
Q

what are the two major movements in the small intestine

A

peristaltic contractions
segmental contractions

85
Q

this type of contraction proceeds along the length of the intestine for variable distances and cause chyme to move along the small intestine

A

peristaltic

86
Q

this type of contraction are propagated for only short distances and mix intestinal contens

A

segmental contractions

87
Q

this is the largest internal organ of the body and weight about 1.36 kg or 3 pounds

A

liver

88
Q

the liver consists of 4 lobes

A

right lobe
left lobe
caudate lobe
quadrate lobe

89
Q

the right and left lobe are separated by a connective tissue septum called the

A

falciform ligament

90
Q

visible from an inferior view of the liver is the __ ; where blood vessels, ducts, nerves enter and exit

A

porta

91
Q

what are the 2 blood sources of the liver

A

hepatic artery
hepatic portal vein

92
Q

delivers oxygenated blood to the liver, which supplies liver cells with oxygen

A

hepatic artery

93
Q

carries nutrient rich blood from the digestive tract to the liver

A

hepatic portal vein

94
Q

where blood exits the liver and empties into the inferior vena cava

A

hepatic vein

95
Q

hexagon shaped regions surrounded by connective tissue septa and defined by a portal triad at each corner and a central vein in the center of the lobule

A

hepatic lobules

96
Q

central veins of the lobules unite to form

A

hepatic veins

96
Q

are strings of cells that radiate out from the central vein of each lobule like the spokes of a wheel

A

hepatic cords

97
Q

the hepatic cords are composed of __, the functional cells of the liver

A

hepatocytes

97
Q

are blood channels in the spaces in between the hepatic cords

A

hepatic sinusoids

98
Q

is a cleftlike lumen that lies between the cells within each cord

A

bile canaliculus

99
Q

produced by hepatocytes flows through bile canaliculi toward the hepatic triad

A

bile

100
Q

the liver produces and secretes about __ of bile each day

A

600-1000mL of bile each day

101
Q

one common bile pigment is __ which results from breakdown of hemoglobin by hepatocytes

A

bilirubin

102
Q

these may form is the amount of cholesterol secreted by the liver becomes excessive and is not able to be dissolved by bile salts

A

gallstones

103
Q

it is a complex organ composed of both endocrine and exocrine tissues that perform several functions

A

pancreas

104
Q

the portion of the digestive tract extending from the ileocecal junction to the anus

A

large intestine

105
Q

how many hours are required for material to pas through the large intestine

A

18-24 hours

106
Q

in the colon, chyme is converted to

A

feces

107
Q

how many mL of feces are eliminated

A

80-150mL

108
Q

the proximal end of the large intestine where it joins with the small intestine ; a sac that extends inferiorly

A

cecum

109
Q

attached to the cecum is a tube about 9cm long called

A

appendix

110
Q

it is about 1.5-1.8m long and consists of 4 parts

A

colon

111
Q

the mucosal lining of the colon contains numerous straight, tubular glands called __ which contain many mucus producing goblet cells

A

crypts

112
Q

the longitudinal smooth muscle of the colon forms three bands called

A

teniae coli

113
Q

it is a straight muscular tube that begins at the termination of he sigmoid colon and ends at the anal canal

A

rectum

114
Q

the last 2-3cm of the digestive tract is the

A

anal canal

115
Q

the anal canal begins at the inferior end of the rectum and ends at the

A

anus

116
Q

these are enlarged or inflamed rectal or hemorrhoidal veins that supply the anal canal

A

hemorrhoids

117
Q

the colon stores the feces until they are eliminated by the process of

A

defecation

118
Q

every 8-12 hours, large parts of the colon undergo strong contractions called

A

mass movements

119
Q

this reflex consists of local and parasympathetic reflexes

A

defecation reflex

120
Q

this is the breakdown of food to molecules that are small enough to be absorbed into the blood

A

digestion

121
Q

what are the two types of digestion

A

mechanical
chemical

122
Q

this begins in the stomach where some small lipid soluble molecules can diffuse through the stomach epithelium

A

absorption

123
Q

this requires carrier molecules and includes facilitated diffusion, cotransport, and active transport

A

transport

NSG 10 (19 decks)

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