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NSG 10 > NERVOUS SYSTEM: SPINAL NERVES > Flashcards

NERVOUS SYSTEM: SPINAL NERVES Flashcards

1
Q

arise along the spinal cord from the union of the dorsal roots and ventral roots

A

spinal nerves

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2
Q

all the spinal nerves contain axons of both sensory and somatic motor neurons and thus called

A

mixed nerves

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3
Q

what are the regions of the vertebral column

A

cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
coccygleal

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4
Q

the area of the skin supplied with sensory innervation by a pair of spinal nerves

A

dermatome

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5
Q

what are the three major plexuses

A

cervical plexus
brachial plexus
lumbosacral plexus

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6
Q

this small plexus supplies motor innervation to the muscles of the pelvic floor and sensory cutaneous innervation to the skin over the coccyx

A

coccygleal plexus

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7
Q

originates from the spinal nerves C1 to C4 ; branches from this plexus innervate several of the muscles attached to the hyoid bone

A

cervical plexus

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8
Q

one of the most important cervical plexus is the

A

phrenic nerve

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9
Q

originates from the C5 to T1 ; five major nerves emerge from the brachial plexus to supply the upper limb and shoulder

A

brachial plexus

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10
Q

innervates two shoulder muscles and the skin over part of the shoulder

A

axillary nerve

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11
Q

innervates all muscles in the posterior arm and forearm as well as the skin over the posterior surface of the arm, forearm, and hands

A

radial nerve

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12
Q

innervates the anterior muscles of the arm and the skin over the radial surface of the forearm

A

musculocutaneous nerve

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13
Q

innervates two anterior forearm muscles and most of the intrinsic hand muscles ; also innervates the skin over the ulnar side of the hand

A

ulnar nerve

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14
Q

innervates most of the anterior forearm muscles and some of the intrinsic hand muscles ; also innervates the skin over the radial side of the hand

A

median nerve

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15
Q

what are the 5 nerves that branch from the brachial plexus

A

median nerve
ulnar nerve
musculocutaneous nerve
radial nerve
axillary nerve

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16
Q

this plexus originates form the spinal nerves L1 to S4 ; four major nerves exit this plexus

A

lumbosacral plexus

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17
Q

nerve that innervates the muscles of the medial thigh and the skin over the same region

A

obturator nerve

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18
Q

nerve that innervates the anterior thigh muscles and the skin over the anterior thigh and medial side of the leg

A

femoral nerve

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19
Q

nerve that innervates the posterior thigh muscles , the anterior and posterior leg muscles, and most of the intrinsic foot muscles

A

tibial nerve

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20
Q

nerve that innervates the muscles of the lateral thigh and leg and some intrinsic foot muscles

A

common fibular nerve

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21
Q

the tibial and common fibular nerves are bound together within a connective tissue sheath and called

A

sciatic nerve

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22
Q

what are the major regions of the brain

A

brainstem
cerebellum
diencephalon
cerebrum

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23
Q

connects the spinal cord to the remainder of the brain ; contains several nuclei involved in vital body functions, such as control of the heart, blood pressure, and breathing

A

brainstem

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24
Q

three parts of the brainstem

A

medulla oblongata
pons
midbrain

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25
Q

the most inferior portion of the brainstem and is continuous with the spinal cord ; contains ascending and descending nerve tracts which convey signals to and from other regions of the brain

A

medulla oblongata

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26
Q

on the anterior surface of the medulla oblongata are two prominent enlargements called __ ; consists of descending nerve tracts which transmit action potentials from the brain to the somatic motor neurons

A

pyramids

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27
Q

immediately superior to the medulla oblongata is the __ ; contains ascending and descending nerve tracts as well as several nuclei

A

pons

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28
Q

superior to the pons, is the smallest region of the brainstem

A

midbrain

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29
Q

the dorsal part of the midbrain consists of four mounds of tissue called

A

colliculi

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30
Q

the two _ colliculi are major relay centers for the auditory nerve pathways in the CNS

A

inferior

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31
Q

the two _ colliculi are involved in visual reflexes and receive touch and auditory inout

A

superior

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32
Q

the midbrain also contains a black nuclear mass called the __ which is part of the basal nuclei

A

substantia nigra

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33
Q

scattered throughout the brainstem is a group of nuclei called the __ ; involved in regulating cyclical motor functions such as respiration and walking

A

reticular formation

34
Q

the reticular formation is a major component of the __ which plays an important role in arousing and maintaining consciousness and in regulating the sleep-wake cycle

A

reticular activating system

35
Q

part of brain which is attached to the brainstem by several large connections

A

cerebellum

36
Q

cerebellum is attached to the brainstem by several large connections called __ ; provide routes of communication

A

cerebellar peduncles

37
Q

part of the brain between the brainstem and the cerebrum

A

diencephalon

38
Q

3 main components of the diencephalon

A

thalamus
epithalamus
hypothalamus

39
Q

component of the diencephalon that is by far the largest part ; consists of a cluster of nuclei and is shaped like a yoyo

A

thalamus

40
Q

small center in the diencephalon that connects thalamus

A

interthalamic adhesion

41
Q

component of the diencephalon that is a small area superior and posterior to the thalamus ; consists of few small nuclei involved in emotional and visceral response to odors and the pineal gland

A

epithalamus

42
Q

an endocrine gland in the epithalamus that may influence the onset of puberty and play a role in controlling some long term cycles that are influenced by the light-dark cycle

A

pineal galnd

43
Q

component of the diencephalon that is the most inferior part ; it contains several small nuclei that are important in maintaining homeostasis ; control of temperature, hunger, thirst etc

A

hypothalamus

44
Q

a funnel shaped stalk that extends from the floor of the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland

A

infundibulum

45
Q

form externally visible swellings on the posterior portion of the hypothalamus

A

mamillary bodies

46
Q

largest part of the brain ; divided into left and right hemispheres by a longitudinal fissure

A

cerebrum

47
Q

the most conspicuous features on the surface of each hemisphere are numerous folds called _ ; greatly increases the surface area of the cerebral cortex

A

gyri

48
Q

the most conspicuous features on the surface of each hemisphere are intervening grooves called

A

sulci

49
Q

each cerebral hemisphere is divided into 5 lobes:

A

frontal lobe
parietal lobe
occipital lobe
temporal lobe
insula

50
Q

this lobe is important in the control of motor functions, motivation, aggression, mood, and olfactory

A

frontal lobe

51
Q

this lobe is the principal center for receiving and consciously perceiving most sensory information such as touch, pain, temp, and balance

A

parietal lobe

52
Q

the frontal and parietal lobes are separated by the

A

central sulcus

53
Q

this lobe functions in receiving and perceiving visual input and is not distinctly separate from other lobes

A

occipital lobe

54
Q

this lobe is involved in olfactory and auditory sensations and plays an important role in memory

A

temporal lobe

55
Q

most of the temporal lobe is separated from the rest of the cerebrum by the

A

lateral fissure

56
Q

this lobe is deep within the lateral fissure and involved in the perception of taste

A

insula

57
Q

a small portion of the sensory input results in _ the conscious awareness of stimuli

A

perception

58
Q

the spinal cord and brainstem contain a number of __ that transmit information via action potentials from the periphery to various parts of the brain

A

ascending tracts

59
Q

two examples of ascending tracts are the

A

spinothalamic tract
dorsal column tract

60
Q

this tract transmits action potentials dealing with sensation such as pain and temperature to the thalamus and on to the cerebral cortex

A

spinothalamic tract

61
Q

this tract transmits action potentials dealing with sensations such as touch, pressure, and proprioception or body position

A

dorsal column tract

62
Q

the anterior and posterior __ transmit information about proprioception to the cerebellum

A

spinocerebellar tract

63
Q

ascending tracts project to specific regions of the cerebral cortex called the _ where sensations are perceived

A

primary sensory areas

64
Q

this is located in the parietal lobe posterior to the central sulcus

A

primary somatosensory cortex

65
Q

cortical areas immediately adjacent to the primary sensory areas are called

A

association areas

66
Q

they occur without conscious thought

A

involuntary movements

67
Q

consciously activated to achieve a specific goal such as walking or typing

A

voluntary movements

68
Q

voluntary movements result from the stimulation of neural circuits that consists of two motor neurons

A

upper motor neurons
lower motor neurons

69
Q

this motor neuron have cell bodies in the cerebral cortex

A

upper motor neurons

70
Q

this motor neuron have cell bodies in the ventral horn of the spinal cord gray matter or in the cranial nerve nuclei

A

lower motor neurons

71
Q

is located in the posterior portion of the frontal lobe directly anterior to the central sulcus

A

primary motor cortex

72
Q

this area of the front lobe is where motor functions are organized before they are actually initiated in the primary motor cortex

A

premotor area

73
Q

the motivation and foresight to plan and initiate movements occur in the portion of the frontal lobes called the

A

prefrontal area

74
Q

corticospinal tracts are considered _ because they extend directly from the upper motor neurons in the cerebral cortex to lower motor neurons

A

direct

75
Q

indirectly controlled by the cerebral cortex

A

indirect

76
Q

especially important in controlling the speed and precision of skilled movement of the hands

A

lateral corticospinal tracts

77
Q

group of functionally related nuclei

A

basal nuclei

78
Q

two primary nuclei of the basal nuclei

A

corus striatum
substantia nigra

79
Q

a primary nuclei of the basal nuclei that is located deep within the cerebrum

A

corus striatum

80
Q

a primary nuclei of the basal nuclei that is a group of darkly pigmented cells in the midbrain

A

substantia nigra

81
Q

attached by cerebellar peduncle to the brainstem

A

cerebellum

82
Q

major function of cerebellum is that of a _ ; it is a sensing device that compares the data from two sources

A

comparator

NSG 10 (19 decks)

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