BLOOD Flashcards
1
Q
what are the different functions of blood
A
- transport of gases, nutrients, and waste products
- transport of processed molecules
- transport of regulatory molecules
- regulation of pH and osmosis
- maintenance of body temperature
- protection against foreign substances
- clot formation
2
Q
a type of connective tissue that consists of a liquid matrix containing cells and cell fragments
A
blood
3
Q
the liquid matrix in blood is called the
A
plasma
4
Q
the cells and cell fragments in blood is called the
A
formed elements
5
Q
the total blood volume is about
A
4-5 liters in female
5-6 liters in male
6
Q
blood makes up about _ of the total body weight
A
8%
7
Q
a pale yellow fluid that consists of about 91% water, 7% proteins, and 2% other components such as ions, nutrients, gases, waste products, and regulatory substances
A
plasma
8
Q
plasma includes
A
albumin
globulins
fibrinogen
9
Q
makes up 58% of the plasma proteins
A
albumin
10
Q
account for 38% of the plasma proteins
A
globulins
11
Q
a clotting factor that constitutes 4% of plasma proteins
A
fibrinogen
12
Q
a threadlike protein that forms blood clots is plasma without the clotting factors
A
fibrin
13
Q
is plasma without the clotting factors
A
serum
14
Q
acts as a solvent and suspending medium for blood components
A
water
15
Q
maintain osmotic pressure, destroy foreign substances, transport molecules, and form clots
A
proteins
16
Q
involved in osmotic pressure, membrane potentials, and acid base balance
A
ions
17
Q
source of energy and building blocks or more complex molecules
A
nutrients
18
Q
involved in aerobic respiration
A
gases
19
Q
breakdown products of protein metabolism
A
waste products
20
Q
catalyze chemical reactions and stimulate or inhibit many body functins
A
regulatory substances
21
Q
what are the formed elements of blood
A
red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets
22
Q
are the most abundant of the formed elements ; constitute 95% of all formed elements
A
red blood cells or erythrocytes
23
Q
the remaining 5% of the volume of the formed elements consists of
A
white blood cells or leukocytes
24
Q
cell fragments are called
A
platelets
25
the process that produces formed elements ; continuous throughout our lives
hematopoiesis
26
all formed elements of blood are derived from a single population of cells called
hematopoietic stem cells or hemocytoblasts
27
hematopoietic stem cells give rise to two types of intermediate stem cells
myeloid cells
lymphoid stem cells
28
lymphoid stem cells give rise to _, a type of white blood cell
lymphocytes
29
disk-shaped with edges that are thicker than the center of the cell
normal red blood cells
30
increases the cell's surface area, thereby allowing gases to move into and out of the red blood cell more rapidly as compared to flat disc of the same size
biconcave shape
31
red blood cells can live up to __
120 days in males
110 days in females
32
one third of a red blood cell's volume is the pigmented protein _ , which is responsible for the cell's red color
hemoglobin
33
each protein chain called a
globin
34
globin is bound to one _ , a red pigmented molecule
heme
35
the enzyme __ is primarily found inside red blood cells, catalyzes a reaction that converts carbon dioxide and water into a hydrogen ion and a bicarbonate ion
carbonic anhydrase
36
stem cells form __ which give rise to the red blood cell line
proerythroblasts
37
stimulates red bone marrow to produce more red blood cells
erythropoietin
38
spherical cells with a nucleus
white blood cells
39
5 types of white blood cells
(granulocytes)
neutrophil
basophil
eosinophil
(agranulocytes)
lymphocyte
monocyte
40
nucleus with two to four lobes connected by thin filaments ; cytoplasmic granules stain a light pink or reddish purple
neutrophil
41
nucleus with two indistinct lobes ; cytoplasmic granules stain blue purple
basophil
42
nucleus often bilobed ; cytoplasmic granules stain orange red or bright red
eosinophil
43
round nucleus ; cytoplasm forms a thin ring around the molecules ; smallest of the WBC
lymphocyte
44
nucleus round, kidney shaped, or horseshoe shaped ; contains more cytoplasm than does lymphocytes ; largest of WBC
monocyte
45
cell fragment surrounded by a cell membrane and containing granules
platelet
46
phagocytizes microorganisms and other substances ; most common type of WBC ; remain in the blood for a short time (10-12hrs)
neutrophil
47
release histamine, which promotes inflammation, and heparin which prevents clot formation ; the least common of all WBC
basophil
48
participates in inflammatory response of allergic reactions and asthma ; attacks certain worm parasites
eosinophils
49
produces antibodies and other chemicals responsible for destroying microorganisms ; contributes to allergic reactions, graft rejection, tumor control, and regulation of immune system
lymphocyte
50
phagocytic cell in the blood ; leaves the blood and becomes a macrophage which phagocytizes bacteria, dead cells, cell fragments, and other debris
monocyte
51
forms platelet plugs ; releases chemicals necessary for blood clotting
platelet
52
a thin white layer of cells between plasma and red blood cells
buffy coat
53
white blood cells can leave the blood and travel the __ through the tissues
ameboid movement
54
what are the two functions of white blood cells
to protect the body against invading microorganisms and other pathogens
to remove dead cells and debris from the tissues by phagocytosis
55
WBC that contain large cytoplasmic granules
granulocytes
56
WBC with very small granules that cannot be seen easily with the light microscope are
agranulocytes
57
three kinds of granulocytes
neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils
58
dead neutrophil, cell debris, and fluid can accumulate as _ at sites of infections
pus
59
two kinds of agranulocytes
lymphocytes
monocytes
60
after monocytes leave the blood and enter tissues, they enlarge and become __ which phagocytize bacteria
macrophages
61
minute fragments of cell each consisting of a small amount of cytoplasm surrounded by a cell membrane ; play an important role in preventing blood
platelets
62
platelets are produced in the red bone marrow from large cells called
megakaryocytes
63
loss of blood is minimized by three processes
vascular spasm
platelet plug formation
blood clotting
64
an immediate but temporary constriction of a blood vessel that results when smooth muscle within the wall of the blood vessel contracts
vascular spasm
65
what substances stimulate vascular spasm
thromboxanes
endothelin
66
an accumulation of platelets that can seal up a small break in a blood vessel ; very important in maintaining integrity of blood vessels of the cardiovascular system
platelet plug
67
when a blood vessel is severely damaged, __ results in the formation of a clot
blood clotting or coagulation
68
a clot is a network of threadlike protein fibers called _ that traps blood cells, platelets, and fluid
fibrin
69
the formation of blood clots depends on a number of proteins found within plasma called _ ; are inactive and do not cause clotting
clotting factors
70
blood contains several _ , which prevent clotting factors from forming clots under normal conditions
anticoagulants
71
what inactivates thrombin
antithrombin
heparin
72
when platelets encounter damaged or diseases areas of blood vessels or heart walls, an attached clot, or __ can form
thrombus
73
a thrombus that breaks loose and begins to float through the circulation is called an
embolus
74
after a clot has formed, it begins to condense into a more compact structure through a process known as
clot retraction
75
clots are dissolved by a process called
fibrinolysis
76
an inactive plasma protein is called
plasminogen
77
plasminogen is converted to its active form called
plasmin
78
what stimulates the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin
thrombin
other clotting factors
tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)
79
a bacterial enzyme, and t-PA, produced through genetic engineering have been successful to dissolve clots
streptokinase
80
the transfer of blood or blood components from one individual to another
transfusion
81
the introduction of a fluid other than blood, such as gasoline solution into the blood
infusion
82
early attempts to transfuse blood were often unsuccessful because they resulted in
transfusion reactions
83
the surfaces of red blood cells have molecules called
antigens
84
plasma includes proteins called ; bind to antigens
antibodies
85
the clumping of cells is called
agglutination
86
the combination of the antibodies with the antigens can also initiate reactions that cause _ rupture of the red blood cells
hemolysis
87
the antigens on the surface of red blood cells have been categorized into
blood groups
88
system used to categorize human blood
ABO blood group
89
another important blood group ; named because it was first studied in the rhesus monkey
Rh blood group
90
any anti-Rh antibodies produced by the mother may cross the placenta and destroy fetal red blood cells. this disorder is called
hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
91
contains antibodies against Rh antigens
Rho(D) immune globulin (RhoGAM)
92
determines the ABO and Rh blood groups of a blood sample
blood typing
93
the donor's blood cells are mixed with the recipient's cells
crossmatch
94
an analysis of blood that provides much useful information ; consists of red blood cell count, hemoglobin and hematocrit measurements, and a white blood cells count
complete blood count (CBC)
95
normal red blood count for male is
4.6-6.2 million per microliter
96
normal red blood count for female is
4.2-5.4 million per microliter
97
a condition which is an overabundance of red blood cells leading to increase blood viscosity, reduced blood flow rates, and plugged capillaries
erythrocytosis
98
normal hemoglobin amount for males
14-18 grams
99
normal hemoglobin amount for females is
12-16 grams
100
an abnormally low hemoglobin measurement is an indication of.
anemia
101
the percentage of the total blood volume that is composed of red blood cells is the
hematocrit
102
measures the total number of WBC in the blood
white blood count
103
there are normally __ WBC per microliter of blood
5000-9000
104
a lower than normal WBC resulting from decreased production or destruction of the red marrow ; radiation, drugs, tumors, viral infections, or deficiency of B12 can cause this
leukopenia
105
an abnormally high WBC ; bacterial infections can cause this
leukocytosis
106
cancer of red marrow characterized by abnormal production of one or more of the WBC types, can cause leukocytosis
leukemia
107
determines the percentage of each of the five kinds of white blood cells
differential white blood count
108
there are two common ways to measure the blood's ability to clot
platelet count
prothrombin time measurement
109
a normal platelet count is
250 000 - 400 000 platelets per microliters of blood
110
in this condition, the platelet count is greatly reduced, resulting in chronic bleeding through small vessels and capillaries
thrombocytopenia
111
