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NSG 10 > SENSES > Flashcards

SENSES Flashcards

1
Q

means by which the brain receives information about the environment and body

A

senses

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2
Q

process initiated by stimulating sensory receptors

A

sensation

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3
Q

conscious awareness of those stimuli

A

perception

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4
Q

what are the five senses

A

smell, touch, taste, vision, and hearing

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5
Q

two basic groups of senses

A

general senses and special senses

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6
Q

have receptors distributed over a large part of the body

A

general senses

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7
Q

divisions of general senses

A

somatic and visceral senses

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8
Q

provide sensory information about the body and environment

A

somatic senses

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9
Q

provide information about various internal organs primarily involving pain and pressure

A

visceral senses

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10
Q

the receptors of these senses are more specialized in structure and are localized to specific parts of the body

A

special senses

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11
Q

what are the special senses

A

touch, taste, smell, vision, and balance

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12
Q

are sensory nerve endings or specialized cells capable of responding to stimuli by developing action potentials

A

sensory receptors

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13
Q

respond to mechanical stimuli such as bending or stretching

A

mechanoreceptors

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14
Q

respond to chemicals such as odor molecules that allow us to perceive smell

A

chemoreceptors

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15
Q

respond to light

A

photoreceptors

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16
Q

respond to temperature changes

A

thermoreceptors

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17
Q

respond to stimuli that result in the sensation of pain

A

nociceptors

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18
Q

what are the general senses

A

touch, pressure, pain, temperature, vibration, itch, and proprioception

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19
Q

sense of movement and position of the body and limbs

A

proprioception

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20
Q

the simplest and most common types of sensory receptors are

A

free nerve endings

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21
Q

what are the receptors for temperature

A

cold or warm receptors

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22
Q

respond to decreasing temperatures but stop responding at temperatures below 12C or 54F

A

cold receptors

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23
Q

respond to increasing temperatures but stop responding at temperatures above 47C or 117F

A

warm receptors

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24
Q

structurally more complex than free nerve endings

A

touch receptors

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25
Q

are small superficial nerve endings involved in detecting light touch and superficial pressure

A

merkel disks

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26
Q

associated with hairs ; also involved in detecting light touch

A

hair follicle receptors

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27
Q

receptors for fine, discriminative touch and are located just deep to the epidermis

A

meissner corpuscles

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28
Q

deeper tactile receptors and play an important role in detecting continuous pressure in the skin

A

ruffini corpuscles

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29
Q

deepest receptors and are associated with tendons and joints (proprioception)

A

pacinian corpuscles

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30
Q

enables us to maintain an upright position even if our body is on uneven ground

A

righting reflex

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31
Q

is characterized by a group of unpleasant perceptual and emotional experiences

A

pain

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32
Q

two types of pain sensation

A
  • localized, sharp, pricking, or cutting pain resulting from rapidly conducted action potentials
  • diffuse, burning, or aching pain resulting from action potentials propagated slowly
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33
Q

it suppresses action potentials from pain receptors in local areas of the body through the injection of chemical anesthetics near a sensory receptor or nerve

A

local anesthesia

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34
Q

pain sensation suppressed by loss of consciousness ; treatment where chemical anesthetics that affect the reticular activating system are administered

A

general anesthesia

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35
Q

perceived to originate in a region of body that is not the source of the pain stimulus

A

referred pain

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36
Q

sense of smell is also called

A

olfaction

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37
Q

olfaction occurs in response to airborne molecules called

A

odorants

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38
Q

these are bipolar neurons within the olfactory epithelium

A

olfactory neurons

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39
Q

it lines the superior part of the nasal cavity

A

olfactory epithelium

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40
Q

axons from olfactory neurons form olfactory nerves which pass through foramina of the cribriform plate and enter the _

A

olfactory bulb

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41
Q

there the olfactory neurons synapse with interneurons that relay action potentials to the brain through the _

A

olfactory tracts

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42
Q

each olfactory tracts terminate an area of the brain called the _ ; located within the temporal and frontal lobes

A

olfactory cortex

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43
Q

feedback loop plus temporary decreased sensitivity at the level of the receptors results in an

A

adaptation

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44
Q

the sensory structures that detect stimuli are called

A

taste buds

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45
Q

taste buds are oval structures located on the surface of certain _ which are enlargements on the surface of the tongue

A

papillae

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46
Q

how many taste cells

A

40

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47
Q

each taste cell contains hairlike processes called _ that extend through a tiny opening in the surrounding stratified epithelium

A

taste hairs

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48
Q

the surrounding stratified epithelium is called

A

taste pore

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49
Q

what are the five taste sensations

A

sour
salty
bitter
sweet
umami

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50
Q

taste sensations are carried to the brain by three cranial nerves which are

A

the facial nerve
the glossopharyngeal nerve
the vagus nerve

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51
Q

transmits taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue

A

facial nerves

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52
Q

carries taste sensations from the posterior one-third

A

glossopharyngeal nerve

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53
Q

carries some taste sensations from the root of the tongue

A

vagus nerve

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54
Q

the visual system includes the _

A

eyes, accessory neurons and sensory neurons

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55
Q

housed within bony cavities called orbits

A

eyes

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56
Q

what are the accessory structures of the eye

A

eyebrows, eyelids, conjunctiva, lacrimal apparatus, and extrinsic eye muscles

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57
Q

protect the eyes by preventing perspiration from running down the forehead and into the eyes causing irritation

A

eyebrows

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58
Q

protect the eyes from foreign objects

A

eyelids

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59
Q

is a thin, transparent mucous membrane covering the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior surface of the eye

A

conjunctiva

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60
Q

consists of lacrimal gland situated in the superior lateral corner of the orbit and a nasolacrimal duct and associated structure in the inferior medial corner

A

lacrimal apparatus

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61
Q

produces a fluid we call tears which pass over the anterior surface of the eye

A

lacrimal gland

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62
Q

excess tears are collected in the medial angle of the eyes by small ducts called

A

lacrimal canaliculi

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63
Q

canaliculi open into a _

A

lacrimal sac

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64
Q

lacrimal sac is an enlargement of the

A

nasolacrimal duct

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65
Q

how many extrinsic eye muscles are attached

A

6

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66
Q

two muscles located at an angle to the long axis of the eyeball

A

superior and inferior oblique muscles

67
Q

the wall of the eyeball is composed of three tissue layers or

A

tunics

68
Q

consists of the sclera and cornea

A

fibrous tunic

69
Q

consists of the choroid, ciliary body, and iris

A

vascular tunic

70
Q

consists of the retina

A

nervous tunic

71
Q

it is the firm, white, outer connective tissue layer of the posterior five-sixths of the fibrous tunic which helps maintain the shape of the eye, protects the internal structures and provide attachment sites for the extrinsic eye muscles

A

sclera

72
Q

the transparent anterior sixth of the eye which permits light to enter

A

cornea

73
Q

the middle tunic of the eye is called the _ because it contains most of the blood vessels of the eye

A

vascular tunic

74
Q

the posteriori portion of the vascular tunic is called the _ which consists of a vascular network and many melanin-containing pigments causing it to appear black

A

choroid

75
Q

vascular tunic consists of the

A

ciliary body, choroid and iris

76
Q

continuous with the anterior margin of the choroid ; it contains smooth muscles

A

ciliary body

77
Q

the smooth muscles in the ciliary body are called

A

ciliary muscles

78
Q

ciliary muscles attach to the perimeter of the lens by

A

suspensory ligaments

79
Q

it is a flexible biconvex, transparent disc

A

lens

80
Q

the colored part of the eye which is attached to the anterior margin of the ciliary body, anterior to the lends

A

iris

81
Q

the iris is a contractile structure consisting mainly of smooth muscle surrounding an opening called the

A

pupil

82
Q

it covers the posterior five-sixths of the eye and is composed of two layers

A

retina

83
Q

two layers of retina include

A

pigmented retina and sensory retina

84
Q

keeps light from reflecting back to the eyes

A

pigmented retina

85
Q

contains photoreceptor cells as well as numerous interneurons

A

sensory retina

86
Q

what are the photoreceptor cells

A

rods and cone

87
Q

20 times more common than cones ; can function in dim light because they are very sensitive, they require low levels of light to be stimulated ; dont provide color vision

A

rods

88
Q

require much more light and they do provide color vision

A

cones

89
Q

three types of cones sensitive to different colors such as

A

blue
green
red

90
Q

is a small spot near the center of the posterior retina

A

maculae

91
Q

the center of the macula is a small pit called _ ; it is the part of the retina where light is most focused when the eye is looking directly at an object ; it contains only cone cells ; discriminate fine images

A

fovea centralis

92
Q

white spot just medial to the macula through which a number of blood vessels enter the eye and spread over the surface of the retina ; also the spot at which axons from the retina meet ; no photoreceptor cells and does not respond to light

A

optic disc

93
Q

the optic disc contains no photoreceptor cells and does not respond to light, it is therefore called

A

blind spot of the eye

94
Q

interior of eyeball is divided into three areas called

A

anterior chamber
posterior chamber
vitreous chamber

95
Q

the anterior and posterior chambers are filled with _ which help maintain pressure within the eye, refracts light, and provides nutrients to the inner surface of the eye ; produced by ciliary body as a blood filtrate ; keeps the eye inflated

A

aqueous humor

96
Q

if the pressure of the eye increases it results to a condition called

A

glaucoma

97
Q

the vitreous chamber of the eye is filled with a transparent jellylike substance called _ which help maintain pressure within the eye and holds the lens and the retina in place ; it also refracts light

A

vitreous humor

98
Q

as light passes from air to some other denser transparent substance, the light rays are

A

refracted

99
Q

if the surface of the lens are concave the light rays are _

A

bent

100
Q

if the surface is convex, the light rays _

A

converge

101
Q

the crossing point is called the _ ; it occurs anterior to the retina

A

focal point

102
Q

causing light to converge is called

A

focusing

103
Q

process of changing the shape of the lens is called

A

accommodation

104
Q

rod photoreceptors contain a photosensitive pigment called

A

rhodopsin

105
Q

rhodopsin consists of a protein called

A

opsin

106
Q

opsin is loosely bound to a yellow pigment called

A

retinal

107
Q

the manufacture in rods requires what vitamin

A

vitamin A

108
Q

what forms rhodopsin?

A

retinal and opsin

109
Q

a person with vit A deficiency may have a condition called

A

night blindness

110
Q

night blindness can result from _ which is the separation of the sensory retina from the pigmented retina ; affects periphery of retina where rods are located

A

retinal detachment

111
Q

the image seen by the eye is the visual _ of that eye

A

field

112
Q

bipolar and horizontal cels synapse with ganglion cells to form the

A

optic nerve

113
Q

misalignment of two eyes is the most common cause of what condition

A

diplopia or double vision

114
Q

three areas of each ear

A

external ear
middle ear
inner ear

115
Q

part extending from the outside of the head to the tympanic membrane commonly called the eardrum

A

external ear

116
Q

air-filled chamber medial to the tympanic membrane

A

middle ear

117
Q

set of fluid-filled chambers medial to the middle ear

A

inner ear

118
Q

the fleshy part of the external ear on the outside of the head ; collects sound waves and directs them toward the external auditory canal which transmits them to he tympanic membrane

A

auricle

119
Q

auricle opens into the _ a passageway that leads to the eardrum

A

external auditory canal

120
Q

skin that lines the auditory canal has both hair and

A

ceruminous glands

121
Q

the ceruminous glands produce _ a modified sebum commonly called earwax

A

cerumen

122
Q

a thin membrane that separated the external ear from the middle ear ; consists of a thin layer of connective tissue sanwiched between two epithelial layers

A

tympanic membrane or eardrum

123
Q

two covered openings on the medial side of the middle ear which connect the middle ear with the inner ear

A

oval window
round window

124
Q

the middle ear contains three auditory ossicles which are

A

malleus
incus
stapes

125
Q

it is attached to the medial surface of the tympanic membrane

A

malleus

126
Q

it connects the malleus to the stapes

A

stapes

127
Q

opens into the pharynx and enables air pressure to be equalized between the outside air and the middle ear cavity

A

auditory tube or eustachian tube

128
Q

the inner ear consists of interconnecting tunnels and chambers within the temporal bone called the

A

bony labyrinth

129
Q

inside the bony labyrinth is smaller set of membranous tunnels and chambers called the

A

membranous labyrinth

130
Q

the membranous labyrinth is filled with a clear fluid called

A

endolymph

131
Q

the space between the membranous and bony labyrinths is filled with a fluid called

A

perilymph

132
Q

3 regions of the bony labyrinth

A

cochlea (hearing)
vestibule (balance)
semicircular canals (balance)

133
Q

shaped like a snail shell and contains a bony core shaped like a screw

A

cochlea

134
Q

the threads of the screw of cochlea are called

A

spiral lamina

135
Q

three channels of cochlea include:

A

scala vestibuli
scala tympani
cochlear duct

136
Q

extends fro the oval window to the apex of the cochlea

A

scala vestibuli

137
Q

extends in parallel with the scala vestibuli from the apex back to the round window

A

scala tympani

138
Q

wall of the membranous labyrinth that lines the scala vestibuli is called the

A

vestibular membrane

139
Q

wall of labyrinth that lines the scala tympani is the

A

basilar membrane

140
Q

formed by space between the vestibular membrane and the basilar membrane and is filled with endolymph

A

cochlear duct

141
Q

inside the cochlear duct ; specialized structure ; contains specialized sensory cells

A

spiral organ

142
Q

specialized sensory cells are called which have hairlike microvilli, often referred to as stereocilia

A

hair cells

143
Q

hair tips are embedded within an acellular gelatinous shelf called the

A

tectorial membrane

144
Q

cell bodies are located within the

A

cochlear ganglion

145
Q

2 major steps of the process of hearing

A

conduction of sound waves (outer, middle, inner)
stimulation of hearing receptors (inner)

146
Q

is the frequency or wavelength of sound

A

pitch

147
Q

related to the amplitude of the sound wave

A

volume

148
Q

categories of hearing impairment

A

conduction deafness
sensorineural hearing loss

149
Q

results from mechanical deficiencies

A

conduction deafness

150
Q

caused by deficiencies in the spiral organ or nerves

A

sensorineural hearing loss

151
Q

2 components of balance or equilibrium

A

static
dynamic

152
Q

associated with the vestibule and is involved in evaluating the position of the head relative to gravity

A

static

153
Q

associated with the semicircular canals and is involved in evaluating changes in the direction and rate of head movements

A

dynamic

154
Q

this is found in the inner ear

A

vestibule

155
Q

two chambers of vestibule

A

utricle
saccule

156
Q

specialized patches of epithelium found in each chamber of vestibule ; it contains hair cells

A

maculae

157
Q

tip of microvilli are embedded in a gelatinous mass called the

A

otolithic membrane

158
Q

membrane is weighted by this ; particles composed of protein and calcium carbonate

A

otoliths

159
Q

base of each semicircular canal is expanded into an

A

ampulla

160
Q

within ampulla, epithelium is specialized to form a

A

crista ampullaris

161
Q

each crista consists of a ridge of epithelium with a curved gelatinous mass

A

cupula

162
Q

continuous stimulation of the semicircular canals can cause

A

motion sickness

163
Q

complex sensation involving sensory input to the vestibular nucleus

A

balance

NSG 10 (19 decks)

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