SENSES Flashcards
(163 cards)
1
Q
means by which the brain receives information about the environment and body
A
senses
2
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process initiated by stimulating sensory receptors
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sensation
3
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conscious awareness of those stimuli
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perception
4
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what are the five senses
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smell, touch, taste, vision, and hearing
5
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two basic groups of senses
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general senses and special senses
6
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have receptors distributed over a large part of the body
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general senses
7
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divisions of general senses
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somatic and visceral senses
8
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provide sensory information about the body and environment
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somatic senses
9
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provide information about various internal organs primarily involving pain and pressure
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visceral senses
10
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the receptors of these senses are more specialized in structure and are localized to specific parts of the body
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special senses
11
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what are the special senses
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touch, taste, smell, vision, and balance
12
Q
are sensory nerve endings or specialized cells capable of responding to stimuli by developing action potentials
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sensory receptors
13
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respond to mechanical stimuli such as bending or stretching
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mechanoreceptors
14
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respond to chemicals such as odor molecules that allow us to perceive smell
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chemoreceptors
15
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respond to light
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photoreceptors
16
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respond to temperature changes
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thermoreceptors
17
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respond to stimuli that result in the sensation of pain
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nociceptors
18
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what are the general senses
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touch, pressure, pain, temperature, vibration, itch, and proprioception
19
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sense of movement and position of the body and limbs
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proprioception
20
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the simplest and most common types of sensory receptors are
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free nerve endings
21
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what are the receptors for temperature
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cold or warm receptors
22
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respond to decreasing temperatures but stop responding at temperatures below 12C or 54F
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cold receptors
23
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respond to increasing temperatures but stop responding at temperatures above 47C or 117F
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warm receptors
24
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structurally more complex than free nerve endings
A
touch receptors
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are small superficial nerve endings involved in detecting light touch and superficial pressure
merkel disks
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associated with hairs ; also involved in detecting light touch
hair follicle receptors
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receptors for fine, discriminative touch and are located just deep to the epidermis
meissner corpuscles
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deeper tactile receptors and play an important role in detecting continuous pressure in the skin
ruffini corpuscles
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deepest receptors and are associated with tendons and joints (proprioception)
pacinian corpuscles
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enables us to maintain an upright position even if our body is on uneven ground
righting reflex
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is characterized by a group of unpleasant perceptual and emotional experiences
pain
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two types of pain sensation
- localized, sharp, pricking, or cutting pain resulting from rapidly conducted action potentials
- diffuse, burning, or aching pain resulting from action potentials propagated slowly
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it suppresses action potentials from pain receptors in local areas of the body through the injection of chemical anesthetics near a sensory receptor or nerve
local anesthesia
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pain sensation suppressed by loss of consciousness ; treatment where chemical anesthetics that affect the reticular activating system are administered
general anesthesia
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perceived to originate in a region of body that is not the source of the pain stimulus
referred pain
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sense of smell is also called
olfaction
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olfaction occurs in response to airborne molecules called
odorants
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these are bipolar neurons within the olfactory epithelium
olfactory neurons
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it lines the superior part of the nasal cavity
olfactory epithelium
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axons from olfactory neurons form olfactory nerves which pass through foramina of the cribriform plate and enter the _
olfactory bulb
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there the olfactory neurons synapse with interneurons that relay action potentials to the brain through the _
olfactory tracts
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each olfactory tracts terminate an area of the brain called the _ ; located within the temporal and frontal lobes
olfactory cortex
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feedback loop plus temporary decreased sensitivity at the level of the receptors results in an
adaptation
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the sensory structures that detect stimuli are called
taste buds
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taste buds are oval structures located on the surface of certain _ which are enlargements on the surface of the tongue
papillae
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how many taste cells
40
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each taste cell contains hairlike processes called _ that extend through a tiny opening in the surrounding stratified epithelium
taste hairs
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the surrounding stratified epithelium is called
taste pore
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what are the five taste sensations
sour
salty
bitter
sweet
umami
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taste sensations are carried to the brain by three cranial nerves which are
the facial nerve
the glossopharyngeal nerve
the vagus nerve
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transmits taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue
facial nerves
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carries taste sensations from the posterior one-third
glossopharyngeal nerve
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carries some taste sensations from the root of the tongue
vagus nerve
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the visual system includes the _
eyes, accessory neurons and sensory neurons
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housed within bony cavities called orbits
eyes
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what are the accessory structures of the eye
eyebrows, eyelids, conjunctiva, lacrimal apparatus, and extrinsic eye muscles
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protect the eyes by preventing perspiration from running down the forehead and into the eyes causing irritation
eyebrows
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protect the eyes from foreign objects
eyelids
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is a thin, transparent mucous membrane covering the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior surface of the eye
conjunctiva
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consists of lacrimal gland situated in the superior lateral corner of the orbit and a nasolacrimal duct and associated structure in the inferior medial corner
lacrimal apparatus
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produces a fluid we call tears which pass over the anterior surface of the eye
lacrimal gland
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excess tears are collected in the medial angle of the eyes by small ducts called
lacrimal canaliculi
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canaliculi open into a _
lacrimal sac
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lacrimal sac is an enlargement of the
nasolacrimal duct
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how many extrinsic eye muscles are attached
6
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two muscles located at an angle to the long axis of the eyeball
superior and inferior oblique muscles
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the wall of the eyeball is composed of three tissue layers or
tunics
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consists of the sclera and cornea
fibrous tunic
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consists of the choroid, ciliary body, and iris
vascular tunic
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consists of the retina
nervous tunic
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it is the firm, white, outer connective tissue layer of the posterior five-sixths of the fibrous tunic which helps maintain the shape of the eye, protects the internal structures and provide attachment sites for the extrinsic eye muscles
sclera
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the transparent anterior sixth of the eye which permits light to enter
cornea
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the middle tunic of the eye is called the _ because it contains most of the blood vessels of the eye
vascular tunic
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the posteriori portion of the vascular tunic is called the _ which consists of a vascular network and many melanin-containing pigments causing it to appear black
choroid
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vascular tunic consists of the
ciliary body, choroid and iris
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continuous with the anterior margin of the choroid ; it contains smooth muscles
ciliary body
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the smooth muscles in the ciliary body are called
ciliary muscles
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ciliary muscles attach to the perimeter of the lens by
suspensory ligaments
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it is a flexible biconvex, transparent disc
lens
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the colored part of the eye which is attached to the anterior margin of the ciliary body, anterior to the lends
iris
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the iris is a contractile structure consisting mainly of smooth muscle surrounding an opening called the
pupil
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it covers the posterior five-sixths of the eye and is composed of two layers
retina
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two layers of retina include
pigmented retina and sensory retina
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keeps light from reflecting back to the eyes
pigmented retina
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contains photoreceptor cells as well as numerous interneurons
sensory retina
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what are the photoreceptor cells
rods and cone
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20 times more common than cones ; can function in dim light because they are very sensitive, they require low levels of light to be stimulated ; dont provide color vision
rods
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require much more light and they do provide color vision
cones
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three types of cones sensitive to different colors such as
blue
green
red
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is a small spot near the center of the posterior retina
maculae
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the center of the macula is a small pit called _ ; it is the part of the retina where light is most focused when the eye is looking directly at an object ; it contains only cone cells ; discriminate fine images
fovea centralis
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white spot just medial to the macula through which a number of blood vessels enter the eye and spread over the surface of the retina ; also the spot at which axons from the retina meet ; no photoreceptor cells and does not respond to light
optic disc
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the optic disc contains no photoreceptor cells and does not respond to light, it is therefore called
blind spot of the eye
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interior of eyeball is divided into three areas called
anterior chamber
posterior chamber
vitreous chamber
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the anterior and posterior chambers are filled with _ which help maintain pressure within the eye, refracts light, and provides nutrients to the inner surface of the eye ; produced by ciliary body as a blood filtrate ; keeps the eye inflated
aqueous humor
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if the pressure of the eye increases it results to a condition called
glaucoma
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the vitreous chamber of the eye is filled with a transparent jellylike substance called _ which help maintain pressure within the eye and holds the lens and the retina in place ; it also refracts light
vitreous humor
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as light passes from air to some other denser transparent substance, the light rays are
refracted
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if the surface of the lens are concave the light rays are _
bent
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if the surface is convex, the light rays _
converge
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the crossing point is called the _ ; it occurs anterior to the retina
focal point
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causing light to converge is called
focusing
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process of changing the shape of the lens is called
accommodation
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rod photoreceptors contain a photosensitive pigment called
rhodopsin
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rhodopsin consists of a protein called
opsin
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opsin is loosely bound to a yellow pigment called
retinal
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the manufacture in rods requires what vitamin
vitamin A
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what forms rhodopsin?
retinal and opsin
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a person with vit A deficiency may have a condition called
night blindness
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night blindness can result from _ which is the separation of the sensory retina from the pigmented retina ; affects periphery of retina where rods are located
retinal detachment
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the image seen by the eye is the visual _ of that eye
field
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bipolar and horizontal cels synapse with ganglion cells to form the
optic nerve
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misalignment of two eyes is the most common cause of what condition
diplopia or double vision
114
three areas of each ear
external ear
middle ear
inner ear
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part extending from the outside of the head to the tympanic membrane commonly called the eardrum
external ear
116
air-filled chamber medial to the tympanic membrane
middle ear
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set of fluid-filled chambers medial to the middle ear
inner ear
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the fleshy part of the external ear on the outside of the head ; collects sound waves and directs them toward the external auditory canal which transmits them to he tympanic membrane
auricle
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auricle opens into the _ a passageway that leads to the eardrum
external auditory canal
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skin that lines the auditory canal has both hair and
ceruminous glands
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the ceruminous glands produce _ a modified sebum commonly called earwax
cerumen
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a thin membrane that separated the external ear from the middle ear ; consists of a thin layer of connective tissue sanwiched between two epithelial layers
tympanic membrane or eardrum
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two covered openings on the medial side of the middle ear which connect the middle ear with the inner ear
oval window
round window
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the middle ear contains three auditory ossicles which are
malleus
incus
stapes
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it is attached to the medial surface of the tympanic membrane
malleus
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it connects the malleus to the stapes
stapes
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opens into the pharynx and enables air pressure to be equalized between the outside air and the middle ear cavity
auditory tube or eustachian tube
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the inner ear consists of interconnecting tunnels and chambers within the temporal bone called the
bony labyrinth
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inside the bony labyrinth is smaller set of membranous tunnels and chambers called the
membranous labyrinth
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the membranous labyrinth is filled with a clear fluid called
endolymph
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the space between the membranous and bony labyrinths is filled with a fluid called
perilymph
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3 regions of the bony labyrinth
cochlea (hearing)
vestibule (balance)
semicircular canals (balance)
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shaped like a snail shell and contains a bony core shaped like a screw
cochlea
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the threads of the screw of cochlea are called
spiral lamina
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three channels of cochlea include:
scala vestibuli
scala tympani
cochlear duct
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extends fro the oval window to the apex of the cochlea
scala vestibuli
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extends in parallel with the scala vestibuli from the apex back to the round window
scala tympani
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wall of the membranous labyrinth that lines the scala vestibuli is called the
vestibular membrane
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wall of labyrinth that lines the scala tympani is the
basilar membrane
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formed by space between the vestibular membrane and the basilar membrane and is filled with endolymph
cochlear duct
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inside the cochlear duct ; specialized structure ; contains specialized sensory cells
spiral organ
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specialized sensory cells are called which have hairlike microvilli, often referred to as stereocilia
hair cells
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hair tips are embedded within an acellular gelatinous shelf called the
tectorial membrane
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cell bodies are located within the
cochlear ganglion
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2 major steps of the process of hearing
conduction of sound waves (outer, middle, inner)
stimulation of hearing receptors (inner)
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is the frequency or wavelength of sound
pitch
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related to the amplitude of the sound wave
volume
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categories of hearing impairment
conduction deafness
sensorineural hearing loss
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results from mechanical deficiencies
conduction deafness
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caused by deficiencies in the spiral organ or nerves
sensorineural hearing loss
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2 components of balance or equilibrium
static
dynamic
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associated with the vestibule and is involved in evaluating the position of the head relative to gravity
static
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associated with the semicircular canals and is involved in evaluating changes in the direction and rate of head movements
dynamic
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this is found in the inner ear
vestibule
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two chambers of vestibule
utricle
saccule
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specialized patches of epithelium found in each chamber of vestibule ; it contains hair cells
maculae
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tip of microvilli are embedded in a gelatinous mass called the
otolithic membrane
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membrane is weighted by this ; particles composed of protein and calcium carbonate
otoliths
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base of each semicircular canal is expanded into an
ampulla
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within ampulla, epithelium is specialized to form a
crista ampullaris
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each crista consists of a ridge of epithelium with a curved gelatinous mass
cupula
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continuous stimulation of the semicircular canals can cause
motion sickness
163
complex sensation involving sensory input to the vestibular nucleus
balance
