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NSG 10 > NERVOUS SYSTEM > Flashcards

NERVOUS SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the nervous system

A

receiving sensory input
integrating information
controlling muscles and glands
maintaining homeostasis
establishing and maintaining mental activity

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2
Q

two major divisions of the nervous system

A

central nervous system (CNS)
peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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3
Q

consists of the brain and spinal cord

A

CNS

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4
Q

consists of all the nervous tissue outside CNS including nerves and ganglia

A

PNS

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5
Q

the communication link between CNS and the various parts of the body ; carries information about the different tissues of the body to the CNS and delivers commands

A

PNS

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6
Q

PNS can be divided into 2 parts

A

sensory division or afferent (toward)
motor division or efferent (away)

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7
Q

conducts action potentials from sensory receptors to the CNS

A

sensory division

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8
Q

conducts action potentials from the CNS to effector organs such as muscles and glands

A

motor division

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9
Q

the neurons that transmit action potentials from the CNS toward the periphery are called the

A

motor neurons

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10
Q

the effectors controlled by motor division include

A

muscle tissue and glands

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11
Q

components of motor division

A

somatic nervous system
autonomic nervous system

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12
Q

transmits action potentials from the CNS to skeletal muscles

A

somatic nervous system

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13
Q

transmits action potentials from the CNS to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

A

autonomic nervous system

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14
Q

divisions of autonomic nervous sytem

A

sympathetic divison
parasympathetic division

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15
Q

a unique part of the peripheral nervous system ; has both sensory and motor neurons contained wholly within the digestive tract

A

enteric nervous system (ENS)

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16
Q

two types of cells that make up the nervous system

A

neurons
glial cells

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17
Q

type of cell that receives stimuli, conduct action potentials, and transmit signals to other neurons or effector organs

A

neurons or nerve cells

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18
Q

3 parts of a neuron

A

cell body
dendrites and axons (2 types of processes)

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19
Q

contains a single nucleus

A

cell body

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20
Q

each neuron has an _, a single long cell process extending from the neuron cell body

A

axon

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21
Q

the area where the axon leaves the neuron cell body is called the

A

axon hillock

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22
Q

an axon may remain unbranched or may branch to form

A

collateral axons

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23
Q

axons can be surrounded by a highly specialized insulating layer of cells called the

A

myelin sheaths

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24
Q

axons of __ conduct action potentials towards the CNS

A

sensory neurons

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25
Q

axons of __ conduct action potentials away from the CNS

A

motor neurons

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26
Q

3 categories of neurons based on the arrangement of their processes

A

multipolar neurons
bipolar neurons
pseudo-unipolar neurons

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27
Q

have many dendrites and a single axon

A

multipolar neurons

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28
Q

has two processes– one dendrite and one axon ; located in some sensory organs such as the retina of the eye and nasal cavity

A

bipolar neurons

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29
Q

have a single process extending from the cell body ; this process divides into two extensions a short distance from the cell body

A

psuedo-unipolar neurons

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30
Q

are the supportive cells of the CNS and PNS, meaning these cells do not conduct action potentials instead carry out different activities that enhance neuron function and maintain normal conditions within nervous tissue

A

glial cells or neuroglia

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31
Q

4 types of glial cells in the CNS

A

astrocytes
ependymal cells
microglia
oligodendrocytes

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32
Q

2 types of glial cells in the PNS

A

schwann cells
satellite cells

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33
Q

type of glial cells in the CNS that serve as the major supporting cells ; can stimulate or inhibit the signaling activity of nearby neurons ;

A

astrocytes

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34
Q

astrocytes participate with blood vessel endothelium to form a permeability barrier called the __ between the blood and the CNS

A

blood-brain barrier

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35
Q

type of glial cells in the CNS that line the fluid-filled cavities (ventricles and canals) ; some produce cerebrospinal fluid or help move the fluid

A

ependymal cells

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36
Q

type of glial cells in the CNS that acts as immune cells ; they help protect the brain by removing bacteria and cell debris

A

microglia

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37
Q

type of glial cells in the CNS that provide insulating material that surrounds axons

A

oligodendrocytes

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38
Q

type of glial cells in the PNS that provide insulating material around axons

A

schwann cells

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39
Q

type of glial cells in the PNS that are found around the cell bodies of certain neurons of the PNS ; these cells provide support and nutrition to the neurons from heavy-metal poisons such as lead and mercury

A

satellite cells

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40
Q

are specialized layers that wrap around the axons of some neurons ; formed by the processes of oligodendrocytes in the CNS and schwann cells in the PNS

A

myelin sheaths

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41
Q

axons with these myelin sheaths are called

A

myelinated axons

42
Q

gaps in the myelin sheath are called __ that occur about every millimeter between the myelinated areas

A

nodes of ranvier

43
Q

nervous tissues exist as what colors

A

gray and white matter

44
Q

this type of matter consists of groups of neuron cell bodies and their dendrites where there is little myeline

A

gray matter

45
Q

in the CNS, gray matter on the surface of the brain is called the

A

cortex

46
Q

in the CNS, clusters of gray matter located deeper within the brain are called

A

nuclei

47
Q

in the PNS, a cluster of neuron cell bodies is called a

A

ganglion

48
Q

type of matter that consists of parallel axon with their myelin sheath which are whitish in color

A

white matter

49
Q

white matter of the CNS forms _ which propagate action potentials from one area of the CNS to another

A

nerve tracts of conduction pathways

50
Q

white matter of the PNS consists of bundles of axons and associated connective tissue that form

A

nerves

51
Q

two basic types of ion channels

A

leak channels
gated channels

52
Q

are always open ; ions can leak across the membrane down their concentration gradient

A

leak channels

53
Q

are closed until opened by specific signals

A

gated channels

54
Q

are opened by specific chemicals

A

chemically gated channels

55
Q

are opened by a change in the electrical property of the cell membrane

A

voltage-gated channels

56
Q

inside of most cell membrane is _ charged while the outside is _ charged

A

negatively:positively

57
Q

this uneven charge distribution across the cell membrane means that the membrane is

A

polarized

58
Q

in an unstimulated cell, we refer to this as the

A

resting membrane potential

59
Q

in neuron communication, these changes can lead to _ which are electrical signals that are conducted along the cell membrane from one region of the cell to another

A

action potentials

60
Q

on stimulation, chemically gated channels are opened and initiate

A

local potentials

61
Q

if sufficiently strong, the local potentials activate voltage gated channels to initiate an _ potential

A

action

62
Q

action potentials occur in an

A

all-or-none fashion

63
Q

the pattern of action potential conduction along a neuron cell membrane may occur in one of two ways

A

continuous conduction
saltatory conduction

64
Q

in unmyelinated axons, _ conduction occurs ; action potential in one part of a cell membrane stimulates local currents in adjacent parts of the cell membrane

A

continuous

65
Q

in myelinated axons, _ conduction occurs ; action potential at one node of ranvier causes a local current to flow through the surrounding extracellular fluid and through the cytoplasm of the axon to the next node

A

saltatory

66
Q

is a junction where the axon of one neuron interacts with another neuron or with cells of an effector organs such as a muscle or gland

A

synapse

67
Q

3 major components of synapse

A

presynaptic terminal
postsynaptic terminal
synaptic cleft

68
Q

the end of axon forms __

A

presynaptic terminal

69
Q

the membrane of dendrite or effector cell is the

A

postsynaptic membrane

70
Q

the space separating the presynaptic and postsynaptic is the

A

synaptic cleft

71
Q

chemical substances called __ act as chemical signals

A

neurotransmitters

72
Q

neurotransmitters are stored in __ in the presynaptic terminal

A

synaptic vesicles

73
Q

if K+ or Cl- channels open, the inside of the postsynaptic cells tend to become more negative or __ and an action potential is inhibited from occurring

A

hyperpolarized

74
Q

of the many neurotransmitters or suspected neurotransmitter substances, the best known are

A

acetylcholine and norepinephrine

75
Q

in synapses where the acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter, such as in the neuromuscular junction, an enzyme called __ breaks down the acetylcholine

A

acetylcholinesterase

76
Q

the two simplest pathways in the CNS are

A

converging pathway
diverging pathway

77
Q

in this pathway, two or more neurons synapse with the same postsynaptic neuron ; allows information transmitted in more than one neuronal pathway to converge into a single pathway

A

converging pathway

78
Q

in this pathway, the axon from one neuron divides and synapses with more than one other postsynaptic neuron ; this allows information transmitted in one neuronal pathway to diverge into two or more pathways

A

diverging pathway

79
Q

many presynaptic action potentials are needed in a process called __ ; allows integration of multiple subthreshold local potentials

A

summation

80
Q

two types of summation

A

spatial summation
temporal summation

81
Q

type of summation that occurs when the local potentials originate from different locations on the postsynaptic neuron

A

spatial summation

82
Q

type of summation that occurs when local potentials overlap in time ; can occur from a single output rapidly which allows the resulting local potentials to overlap briefly

A

temporal summation

83
Q

the nerves of the PNS can be divided into how many groups

A

2 groups: 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves

84
Q

collects information from numerous sources both inside and on the surface of the body and relays it by way of sensory neurons to the CNS

A

PNS

85
Q

extends from the foramen magnum at the base of the skull to the second lumbar vertebra ; communicate between the spinal cord and the body

A

spinal cord

86
Q

the inferior end of the spinal cord and the spinal nerves exiting there resemble a horse’s tail and are collectively called

A

cauda equina

87
Q

the white matter consists of

A

myelinated axons

88
Q

the gray matter consists of a

A

collection of neuron cell bodies

89
Q

the white matter in each half of the spinal cord is organized into three columns

A

dorsal column
ventral column
lateral column

90
Q

consists of axons that conduct action potentials toward the brain

A

ascending tracts

91
Q

consists of axons that conduct action potentials away from the brain

A

descending tracts

92
Q

the gray matter is shaped like a letter

A

H

93
Q

components of gray matter

A

dorsal horns and ventral horns

94
Q

exist in the levels of the spinal cord associated with the autonomic nervous system

A

small lateral horns

95
Q

the ventral rootlets combine to form a

A

ventral root

96
Q

is a fluid filled space in the center of the spinal cord

A

central canal

97
Q

dorsal roots combine to form

A

dorsal root

98
Q

it contains the cell bodies of pseudo-unipolar sensory regions

A

dorsal root ganglion

99
Q

an involuntary reaction in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the CNS

A

relfex

100
Q

is the neuronal pathway by which a reflex occurs ; the basic functional unit of the nervous system

A

reflex arc

101
Q

the simplest reflex is the __ ; is a classic example of the stretch reflex involving the spinal cord

A

knee-jerk reflex or patellar reflex

102
Q

type of reflex that involves removing a limb or another body part from painful stimulus ; sensory receptors are pain receptors

A

withdrawal reflex

NSG 10 (19 decks)

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