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Histology > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

The urinary system is responsible for _________.

A

Excretion of metabolic products

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2
Q

Parts of urinary system

A
  • Kidneys
  • Ureters
  • Urinary bladder
  • Urethra
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3
Q

Function of kidney: ______ blood concentrations of ions, wastes, nutrients, etc.

A

Regulate

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4
Q

Function of kidney: _____ the blood from wastes.

A

Clear

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5
Q

Function of kidney: ______ pH, body temperature, blood volume.

A

Regulate

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6
Q

Kidney’s endocrine functions includes production and release of _______ for erythropoiesis and ______ for regulation of blood pressure.

A
  • Erythropoietin

- Renin

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7
Q

In males, the urethra also has a ______ function.

A

Reproductive

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8
Q

The kidneys are paired, _______, and enclosed in a _____ made of dense CT.

A
  • Retroperioneal

- Capsule

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9
Q

The kidneys consist of:

A
  • Cortex
  • Medulla
  • Renal sinuses
  • Pelvis and columns
  • Major and minor calyces
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10
Q

The medulla of the kidney has 6-10 ______ with bases toward cortex and apex (papillae) in medulla.

A

Renal pyramids

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11
Q

Tip of papilla is called ______ with about 25 pores.

A

Area cribrosa

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12
Q

What composes a renal lobule?

A

One pyramid + surrounding tissue

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13
Q

Medulla of the kidney is differentiated into _______ each with a portion of _______.

A
  • Inner and outer medulla

- Uriniferous tubules

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14
Q

Medulla of the kidney also has medullary rays which are continuation of bundles of straight tubules from ________.

A

Renal pyramids

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15
Q

Two functional portions of the uriniferous tubule

A
  • Nephron (collects and filters blood and forms urine)

- Collecting tubules (absorb and concentrate the filtrate)

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16
Q

There are about _____ nephrons per kidney.

A

1.5 million

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17
Q

The nephron contains _____ morphologically distinct segments at different levels in the cortex and the medulla.

A

Six

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18
Q

The nephron contains _____ major subdivisions which are further subdivided - a terminology developed by the _________.

A
  • Four

- International Union of Physiological Sciences

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19
Q

Four Subdivisions of the Nephron

A
  • Proximal Tubule
  • Intermediate Tubule (Loop of Henle)
  • Distal Tubule
  • Collecting System
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20
Q

The Proximal Tubule consists of:

A
  • Pars convoluta (PCT)

- Pars recta (PST)

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21
Q

The Intermediate Tubule (Loop of Henle) consists of:

A
  • Descending thin limb (DTL) or pars descendens

- Ascending thin limb (ATL) or pars ascendens

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22
Q

The Distal Tubule consists of:

A
  • Distal straight tubule (DST)

- Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

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23
Q

Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus together are called ______.

A

Renal corpuscle

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24
Q

The Bowman’s capsule is a double walled cup of squamous epithelium enclosing a urinary or ________.

A

Bowman’s space

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25
Q

Bowman’s capsule also has a ______ where PCT originates and a _______ which houses (entry and exit of) afferent and efferent arterioles.

A
  • Urinary pole

- Vascular pole

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26
Q

During embryogenesis the glomerulus is pushed into a blind end of uriniferous tubule forming _______ and ________.

A
  • A layer of visceral or glomerular epithelium

- A layer of parietal or capsular epithelium

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27
Q

________ of Bowman’s capsule become cuboidal at the urinary pole and continue to form ________ of the PCT.

A
  • Squamous cells

- Cuboidal epithelium

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28
Q

During development the parietal epithelium remains ________ but the ________ is extremely modified.

A
  • Polygonal squamous

- Visceral epithelium

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29
Q

The cells of the visceral epithelium become _______ which are stellate cells with primary and secondary foot processes or pedicels. Interdigitating processes of podocytes form an elaborate system of intercellular clefts called ________, so the only barrier then is the basal lamina

A
  • Podocytes

- Filtration slits

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30
Q

Electron microscopy of the basal lamina of the Renal Corpuscle shows:

  • _________ toward epithelium of capsule
  • _________ toward glomerular endothelium
  • __________ – the central zone
A
  • Lamina rara externa
  • Lamina rara interna
  • Lamina densa
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31
Q

Glomerular epithelium of the Renal Corpuscle is ________.

A

Fenestrated

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32
Q

Intercapillary spaces of the Renal Corpuscle are occupied by ______ which consists of phagocytic mesangial cells that maintain basal lamina.

A

Mesangium

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33
Q

The _______ of the Renal Corpuscle consists of fenestrated endothelium, basal lamina and filtration slits between foot processes

A

Filtration barrier

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34
Q

The Proximal Tubule begins from urinary pole and has two parts:

A
  • Pars convoluta (PCT)

- Pars recta (PST)

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35
Q

The Proximal Tubule forms ______ of the renal cortex.

A

Bulk

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36
Q

Epithelium _________ or microvilli

  • Tips of brush border with _______
  • Nuclei ______
  • Brush border has _________
  • 3D structure shows ridges that continue underneath base of neighboring cells
A
  • Simple cuboidal with brush border
  • Glycocalyx
  • Spherical
  • Apical canaliculi
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37
Q

_____ absorbs nearly all of glucose and amino acids and nearly 70% of water and Na+.

A

Proximal Tubule

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38
Q

The principal pump of the Proximal Tubule is ________ in the _________.

A
  • Na+ / K+ ATPase

- Basolateral membrane

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39
Q

The three segments in the Proximal Tubule:

A
  • S1 (cells tall cuboidal in proximal PT with highest Na+ absorption)
  • S2 (cells medium cuboidal - distal PT)
  • S3 (cells cuboidal with tallest mv)
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40
Q

The Distal Tubule is shorter and somewhat thinner than the Proximal with two parts:

A
  • Medullary thick ascending limb (MTAL)

- Cortical thick ascending limb (CTAL)

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41
Q

CTAL of the Distal Tubule has plaques of cells called ______.

A

Macula densa

42
Q

Distal to macula densa, the DT is called distal convoluted tubule (DCT) or ________.

A

Pars convoluta

43
Q

The Epithelium of the Distal Tubule is _________.

  • Round or ovoid nucleus displaced toward lumen
  • Basal infoldings have very high ________.
  • Lumen is wider that that of PT
  • No _______ (some cells with short microvilli) or ________
A
  • Simple cuboidal
  • ATPase activity
  • Brush border or apical canaliculi
44
Q

The thick ascending limb of the Distal Tubule is nearly __________.

A

Impermeable to water

45
Q

Principal function of thick ascending limb of Distal Tubule is the ________ from the filtrate.

A

Absorption of Na+ and Cl-

46
Q

The ATPase activity of the _______ of the Distal Tubule is the greatest.

A

Thick ascending limb

47
Q

The cells of the Distal Convoluted Tubule are __________ and have a role in ________.

A
  • Cuboidal, thinner, lack microvilli

- Secreting solutes

48
Q

When the descending Pars Recta suddenly narrows from 60 to 15 micrometers, this segment is then called _________.

A

Descending thin limb

49
Q

The epithelium of the Intermediate tubules or Thin segments is _______ and ________ terminates.

A
  • Cuboidal to squamous

- Brush border

50
Q

Short Looped Nephrons predominantly have _______ which are polygonal with no interdigitations.

A

Type I cells

51
Q

Long Looped Nephrons have 3 squamous cell types identified:

A
  • Type II (cells with radiating processes and interdigitations)
  • Type III (cells with decreased radiating processes and no interdigitations)
  • Type IV (cells where both radiating processes and interdigitations resume)
52
Q

Zonation of collecting tubules following distal tubule

A
  • Short connecting tubule
  • Collecting duct with 3 successive segments (cortical collecting duct, outer medullary collecting duct, inner medullary collecting duct)
53
Q

About seven conversion of several inner medullary collecting ducts in the medulla form a papillary duct or _______.

A

Duct of Bellini

54
Q

Papillary duct open into ________ of renal pelvis through area cribrosa of each renal papilla.

A

Minor calyx

55
Q

Epithelium of the collecting tubule is ______.

A

Simple cuboidal

56
Q

Four cell types of the collecting tubules

A
  • DCT cells (similar to DT cells)
  • Connecting tubule cells (similar to DT cells, smooth apical surface, less lateral interdigitations)
  • Intercalated (I) cells (with many vesicles in cytoplasm)
  • Principal (P) cells (short mv, central flagellum, central ovoid nucleus)
57
Q

The _______ are large ducts resulting from fusion of collecting ducts.

A

Papillary Ducts

58
Q

The papillary ducts are composed of _____ cells with no _______.

A
  • Cuboidal

- Brush border

59
Q

The function of the papillary ducts is:

A

To collect urine from many nephrons

60
Q

The ______ occupies space external to renal tubules basal lamina.

A

Renal Intersititum

61
Q

The volume of the Renal Intersititum in the _____ is relatively small, but increases in ______.

A
  • Cortex

- Medulla

62
Q

The Renal Interstitium contains:

A
  • Fibroblast like cells
  • Mononuclear cells
  • Small bundles of collagen fibers in hydrated proteoglycan matrix
63
Q

In the Renal Cortex of the Renal Interstitium there are two types of cells identified:

A
  • Fibroblasts (with long tapering processes, abundant actin filaments and lipid droplets)
  • Mononuclear cells (with spherical large nuclei, thin rim of cytoplasm, closely associated with fibroblasts and free ribosomes)
64
Q

In the Renal Medulla of the Renal Interstitium there are two types of cells identified:

A
  • Slender pleomorphic fibroblast like cells (with long processes and multiple lipid droplets)
  • Mononuclear cells (similar to cortical mononuclear cells)
65
Q

Slender pleomorphic fibroblast like cells are believed to synthesize ________ which is later activated to _______, a ________ and an _______ substance.

A
  • Medullipin-I
  • Medullipin-II
  • Vasodilator
  • Antihypertensive
66
Q

The Juxtaglomerular Complex contributes to the kidney’s role in regulation of blood pressure by release of _____.

A

Renin

67
Q

The Juxtaglomerular Complex consists of:

A
  • Macula densa
  • Juxtaglomerular cells
  • Extraglomerular mesangial cells
68
Q

Macula densa is composed of ________ with numberous microvilli.

A

Epithelial cells of DT

69
Q

Juxtaglomerular cells are modified ________ called myoepithelial cells with granules and sites of _____ formation and release.

A
  • Smooth muscles of afferent arterioles

- Renin

70
Q

Renal Blood supply

A
  • Renal a.
  • Two inter lobar a.
  • Several interlobular a.
  • Several arcuate a.
  • Afferent arterioles
  • Efferent arterioles
  • Vasa recta (hair pin loop)
  • Capillaries
  • Arcuate v.
  • Interlobular v.
  • Interlobar v.
  • Renal v.
71
Q

Renal Lymphatics are found both in ______ and ______ but not in glomeruli and medullary rays.

A

Capsule and parenchyma

72
Q

Renal ______ are found but not completely worked out.

A

Nerves

73
Q

Two categories of kidney function:

A
  • Excretory – wastes, water etc

- Conservative – water, electrolytes, nutrients etc

74
Q

Kidney functions involve:

A
  • Filtration
  • Passive diffusion
  • Active secretion
  • Selective reabsorption
75
Q

Types of pressures that govern kidney functions

A
  • Hydrostatic
  • Colloid osmotic
  • Capsular
76
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure

A

70 mm Hg forces filtrate to Bowman’s capsule

77
Q

Colloid osmotic pressure

A

32 mm Hg opposes hydrostatic pressure

78
Q

Capsular pressure

A

20 mm Hg opposes hydrostatic pressure

79
Q

Under the influence of three types of pressure the net filtration pressure is ________.

A

70 – (32+20) = 18 mm Hg

80
Q

Net result is filtration of _______ which is called _________. 124 ml of this 125 ml filtrate is reabsorbed and 1 ml is excreted as urine.

A
  • 125 ml fluid / min

- Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

81
Q

Kidneys have a ___________ mechanism.

A

Counter current multiplier

82
Q

________ forms small amounts of concentrated urine in summer and large volumes of dilute urine in winter.

A

Counter current multiplier mechanism

83
Q

In the presence of __________ the CT walls become permeable to water and a concentrated urine is formed.

A

Vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

84
Q

In the absence of _____, CT are not permeable to water and dilute urine is produced.

A

ADH

85
Q

The medullary interstitium maintains a high concentration of NaCl (range is ________).

A

300-1,200 mOsmoles

86
Q

This medullary osmotic gradient is made possible by the following structural features of intermediate tubules (IT):

A
  • Descending IT is impermeable to solutes and freely permeable to water
  • Ascending IT is impermeable to water and actively excretes NaCl
  • Collecting duct is deep medulla are permeable to urea
  • Vasa recta function as counter current exchangers
87
Q

Kidneys have _____ blood pressure control mechanisms.

A

Dual

88
Q

One blood pressure control mechanism is ________ from renal interstitium fibroblast like cells, an _______ substance.

A
  • Medullipin

- Antihypertensive

89
Q

One blood pressure control mechanism is _______ from renal juxtaglomerular cells, a _______ substance.

A
  • Renin

- Prohypertensive

90
Q

In the scheme of blood pressure regulation, decreased arterial pressure → plasma globulin ________ from liver is converted into ________ by _____ from kidney.

A
  • Angiotensinogen
  • Angiotensin-I
  • Renin
91
Q

In the scheme of blood pressure regulation, a _________ from lungs converts _______ into _______ which is a potent vasoconstrictor. Result is increased arterial pressure.

A
  • Converting enzyme

- Angiotensin – I into angiotensin-II

92
Q

Calyces → ______ → ureter → ______ → urethra

A
  • Pelvis

- Bladder

93
Q

Calyces, pelvis, ureter, bladder, and urethra all have similar histological organization with _________.

A

Transitional epithelium

94
Q

Calyces, pelvis and ureter all have well developed layers of ________ which are not arranged in circular or longitudinal pattern. Smooth muscles help in _______ in ureter.

A
  • Smooth muscles

- Peristalsis

95
Q

The urinary bladder has 6-8 layers of ________.

Epithelium is a barrier against osmosis to avoid dilution of urine.

A

Transitional epithelium

96
Q

In the urinary bladder, _______ of membrane at luminal surface which gives an ______.

A
  • Stiff plaques

- Angular outline

97
Q

The urinary bladder has three layers of smooth muscles:

A

Outer longitudinal, middle circular or spiral and inner longitudinal or oblique

98
Q

Base of the bladder has an _______ made of smooth muscles. Blood and lymph vessels and nerves are all supplied.

A

Internal sphincter

99
Q

The male urethra has three segments distinguishable:

A
  • Prostatic – epithelium transitional to pseudostratified columnar with goblet cells
  • Membranous – epithelium stratified columnar
  • Penile – epithelium stratified columnar
100
Q

The female urethra

A

Epithelium stratified squamous

Histology (18 decks)

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