Muscle Flashcards
Every cell in the human body is ________ to some extent.
Contractile
In muscle tissue, contractility is highly ________.
Developed
Muscles convert _______ energy into ________ energy.
- Chemical
- Mechanical
Three categories of muscle
- Smooth
- Skeletal
- Cardiac
Smooth muscle cells are fu_____, un______, responsive to _____, in_______, and found in _______.
- Fusiform
- Uninucleate
- ANS
- Involuntary
- Viscera
Skeletal muscle is associated with ________, vo______, and innervated by _____.
- Skeleton
- Voluntary
- CNS
In skeletal muscle, the cells are lo____, cy_____, mu_______, nuclei ______, contain large # of packed filaments called _______, and cells are called _______.
-long
-cylindrical
-multinucleate
-nuclei peripheral
myofibrils
-muscle fibers
In cardiac muscle, cells are similar to skeletal muscle cells but _____ and nuclei _____. It is found only in ______, in______, and au______.
- uninucleated
- central
- heart
- involuntary
- autorhythmic
Muscle cell
Muscle fiber
Cell membrane (plasmalemma)
Sarcolemma
Cytoplasm
Sarcoplasm
Endoplasmic reticulum
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Longitudinal endoplasmic reticulum tubules
Sarcotubule
Bundle of myofibrils
Sarcomere
Histological unit of skeletal muscle is a ______.
Fiber
A fiber is a long, cylindrical __________ cell.
Multinucleate
Large numbers of muscle fibers are grouped into ________.
Fascicles
Fascicles are arranged in several forms to form different ______, such as _______, _______, etc.
- Muscles
- Bipennate
- Unipennate
CT surrounding the entire muscle is called _______.
Epimysium
CT surrounding the fascicles is called ________.
Perimysium
CT surrounding individual muscle fibers is called _________.
Endomysium
CT allows ______ and individual ______ of movement.
- Firmness
- Freedom
Skeletal muscle is richly supplied with ______.
Blood
Normal thickness of muscle fiber is _______ micrometers.
10-70
Uninucleate mesenchymal cells differentiate into ______ which fuse to form multinucleate ______, which lengthen and incorporate more ______.
- Myoblasts
- Myotubes
- Myoblasts
Some myoblasts fail to fuse and form _____ or _______ cells.
- Satellite
- Myosatellite
Myotubules then synthesize _________ (actin and myosin).
Myofilaments
In adults, further growth of muscles is either ________ of use or ______ of disuse.
- Hypertrophy
- Atrophy
Repair is by ________ which are a residual population of myoblasts.
-Satellite cells
All muscle fibers in a muscle are ______.
Not identical
Muscle fibers vary in _______ and _______ and physiological properties.
- Diameter
- Cytochemical
Most muscles contain a ______ of three kinds of fibers. The ____ of each depends on type of muscle activity.
- Mixture
- Percent
Muscles of low intensity contractions such as muscles of back and legs that support body weight have ________.
Red muscles
Contraction time for:
- Type I or Red Fibers
- Type IIA or Intermediate Fibers
- Type IIB or White Fibers
- Slow
- Fast
- Very Fast
Size of motor neurons for:
- Type I or Red Fibers
- Type IIA or Intermediate Fibers
- Type IIB or White Fibers
- Small
- Large
- Very Large
Resistance to fatigue for:
- Type I or Red Fibers
- Type IIA or Intermediate Fibers
- Type IIB or White Fibers
- High
- Intermediate
- Low
Activity used for:
- Type I or Red Fibers
- Type IIA or Intermediate Fibers
- Type IIB or White Fibers
- Aerobic
- Long term anaerobic
- Short term anaerobic
Force production for:
- Type I or Red Fibers
- Type IIA or Intermediate Fibers
- Type IIB or White Fibers
- Low
- High
- Very high
Mitochondrial density of:
- Type I or Red Fibers
- Type IIA or Intermediate Fibers
- Type IIB or White Fibers
- High
- High
- Low
Capillary density of:
- Type I or Red Fibers
- Type IIA or Intermediate Fibers
- Type IIB or White Fibers
- High
- Intermediate
- Low
Oxidative capacity of:
- Type I or Red Fibers
- Type IIA or Intermediate Fibers
- Type IIB or White Fibers
- High
- High
- Low
Glycolytic capacity of:
- Type I or Red Fibers
- Type IIA or Intermediate Fibers
- Type IIB or White Fibers
- Low
- High
- High
Major storage fuel of:
- Type I or Red Fibers
- Type IIA or Intermediate Fibers
- Type IIB or White Fibers
- Triglycerides
- Glycogen
- Glycogen
The structural components of a typical skeletal muscle fiber are:
- sa_______, sa_____, sa_______
- myo_______, ________ bands or _______
- ________ and _______ cells
- ________ nuclei
- ______ nucleoli per nucleus
- Sarcolemma, sarcoplasm, sarcoplasmic reticulum
- Myofibrils, transverse bands or striations
- Multinucleate and elongated cells
- Peripheral nuclei
- 1-2 nucleoli per nucleus
Sarcolemma inside is coated with ________ for mechanical reinforcement.
Dystrophin
Genetic disorder due to dystrophin deficiency
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Duchenne muscular dystrophy affects ________ who are unable to walk and die before age 20. It’s manifestation is also reported in ________ muscle.
- Only boys and young men
- Cardiac
_____ droplets, ______ particles, and oxygen binding ______ are present in sarcoplasm.
- Lipid
- Glycogen
- Myoglobin
Myoglobin is of little significance in humans, but is important in ______ and ________.
- Birds
- Diving animals
In transverse sections, muscle fibers appear in polygonal shape termed __________.
Fields of Conheim
Anisotrophic or A bands
Dark bands
Isotrophic or I bands
Light bands
Length of A bands is _________ in all phases of contraction.
Constant
Length of I bands ______ during contraction.
Changes
Muscle fibers also contains __ and __ lines, __ zone, and ______.
- Z and M lines
- H zone
- Sarcomeres
SKM fiber contains all common ________, and the mitochondria are _______.
- Organelles
- Peripheral
SR is a system of membrane limited _______.
Sarcotubules
Sarcotubules from a close ________ canalicular network occupying narrow spaces between ________.
- Meshed
- Myofibrils
Sarcotubules are _________ in A band region but ________ in H region.
- Longitudinal
- Anastamose
In the ultrastructure of SKM fibers, ______ tubules, _______ cisternae, and _______ are present.
- Transverse tubules
- Terminal Cisternae
- Triads
______ are specialized complexes consisting of a narrow central T tubule flanked (bordered) on each side by the terminal cisternae.
Triads
Triads are located at the _____ junction in skeletal muscles and help provide ______ contractions.
- A-I
- Uniform
Transverse tubules do not belong to _________.
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Transverse tubules are invaginations of ________ and are continuous with extracellular space.
Sarcolemma
Longitudinal sarcotubules and terminal cisternae regulate _____ concentration in the microenvironment of myofibrils.
Ca++
Myofibrils are the _______ units of contractile material in a muscle fiber.
Smallest
Each myofibril consists of _____ or myosin filaments (A bands) and ____ or actin filaments (I bands).
- Thick
- Thin
Myosin filaments are ____ micrometers long, have a _____ central segment, but ends are projected by ________.
- 1.5
- Smooth
- Cross fibers
Myosin molecules are _____ shaped with ______ projections.
- Rod
- Globular
The two components of myosin filaments are __________ and ________.
- Heavy meromyosin
- Light meromyosin