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Histology > The Nervous System > Flashcards

The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Basic function of the nervous system is _________.

A

Communication

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2
Q

The two fundamental properties of nervous tissue protoplasm are _______ and _______.

A
  • Irritability

- Conductivity

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3
Q

The capacity to react to various physical or chemical stimuli is called ________.

A

Irritability

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4
Q

The ability to transmit excitation rapidly is called ________. It is _______ along axons and ________ across synapse.

A
  • Conductivity
  • Electrical
  • Chemical
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5
Q

The nervous system consists of the _________ and _________.

A
  • Central Nervous System

- Peripheral Nervous System

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6
Q

The Central Nervous System is composed of the ______ and _______.

A

Brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

The Peripheral Nervous System is composed of ___________.

A

All nervous tissue outside of CNS

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8
Q

Nerve cell

A

Neuron

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9
Q

Supporting cells

A

Neuroglia

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10
Q

The three basic types of neurons

A
  • Sensory or afferent
  • Integrative or interneuron
  • Motor or efferent
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11
Q

______ –> Neural plate –> _______ –> Neural folds –> ________

A
  • Ectoderm
  • Neural groove
  • Neural tube
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12
Q

Neural tube gives rise to _____ in the adult.

A

CNS

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13
Q

Isolated cells which do not participate in making neural tube form a strip called ________.

A

Neural crest

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14
Q

Neural crest gives rise to ______ including sensory neurons of cranial and spinal sensory ganglia, most sensory neurons, ________ cells, and autonomic ganglia.

A
  • PNS

- Schwann

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15
Q

Neural crest also gives rise to me______, od_______ (produce dentin), and cells of ar______ and pi____ _____.

A
  • Melanocytes
  • Odontoblasts
  • Arachnoid
  • Pia mater
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16
Q

The meninx layer _______ lies next to the periosteum and consists of loose CT, adipose cells, and venous plexuses.

A

Dura Mater

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17
Q

The meninx layer ______ is a thin, spider web like, no blood vessels, contains loose CT.

A

Arachnoid

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18
Q

The meninx layer ______ is thin, attached to brain and spinal cord, contains loose CT with fibroblasts, macrophages, and lymphocytes. Has numerous blood vessels.

A

Pia Mater

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19
Q

The ________ are protective CT layers covering the CNS.

A

Meninges

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20
Q

The meningeal space between the dura mater and vertebral column with clinical significance is called _________.

A

Epidural

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21
Q

The meningeal space between the dura mater and arachnoids that has minimum fluid is called ________.

A

Subdural

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22
Q

The meningeal space between the arachnoid and pia mater which circulates a large amount of fluid called _________ is called _________.

A
  • Cerebrospinal fluid

- Subarachnoid

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23
Q

_______ is an inflammation of the meninges most ofter caused by _______ or _______ but can also be caused by ______.

A
  • Meningitis
  • Bacteria
  • Viruses
  • Fungi
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24
Q

_______ meningitis is less common than ______.

A
  • Bacterial

- Viral

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25
Q

Meningitis is characterized by exudates of _______ in the _____. It can be life threatening and may occur at any age.

A
  • Neutrophils

- CNS

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26
Q

White matter

A

Myelinated axons

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27
Q

Gray matter

A

Nerve cell bodies

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28
Q

Aggregations of nerve cell bodies within CNS

A

Nucleus (nuclei)

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29
Q

Bundles of axons within CNS

A

Tracts

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30
Q

Bundles of axons outside CNS

A

Nerve fibers

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31
Q

Aggregations of nerve cell fibers outside of CNS

A

Ganglion (ganglia)

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32
Q

Characteristics of the neuron include extreme _______, _______, high _______ rate - needs continuous supply of oxygen and glucose.

A
  • Longevity
  • Amitotic
  • Metabolic
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33
Q

The neuron is a _____ cell with a _____ shape, more cytoplasm in ______ than in cell body, and a ______ or ______ outline.

A
  • Large
  • Complex
  • Processes
  • Polygonal or angular
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34
Q

The neuron has a ______ nucleus that is ______ or _____ shaped as well as a _____ and _____ nucleolus.

A
  • Large
  • Spherical or ovoid
  • Single and central
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35
Q

______ (cytoplasm exclusive of nucleus) contains filaments, granules, and membranes.

A

Perikaryon

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36
Q

The cytoskeleton of the neuron consists of three kinds of _______.

A

Neurofibrils

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37
Q

Three kinds of neurofibrils

A
  • Microtubules
  • Neurofilaments
  • Microfilaments
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38
Q

Cytoplasm of the neuron has _________, which are basophilic masses of rough ER.

A

Nissl bodies or substances

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39
Q

Nissl bodies are the site of ______ and are found only in ______ and ______, not in _____.

A
  • Protein synthesis
  • Cytoplasm and dendrites
  • Axons
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40
Q

The neuron has a well developed _______ and has rod shaped mitochondria and centrioles present.

A

Golgi complex

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41
Q

Inclusions of the neuron include:

  • Dense core vesicles containing neurotransmitters such as _______ and _____.
  • _______ pigments
  • _______, which indicates advanced age
  • ______ droplets
  • ______ in embryonic neurons
A
  • Oxytocin, vasopressin
  • Melanin
  • Lipofuscin
  • Lipid
  • Glycogen
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42
Q

Alzheimer Disease is characterized by ______ in the elderly. The definitive diagnosis is by microscopic examination of ________.

A
  • Memory loss

- Cerebral cortex

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43
Q

A hallmark of Alzheimer Disease is increased numbers of _____ or _____ ______. Another important histologic feature is the presence of __________ ______.

A
  • Neuritic or senile plaques

- Neurofibrillary tangles

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44
Q

The dendrites are extensions of the perikaryon that provide a _______ surface. There are _______ per cell and they may be branched.

A
  • Receptive

- Several

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45
Q

Dendrites are covered with _____ or ______, the sites of synapse.

A

Spines or gemmules

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46
Q

________ of cerebellum have hundreds of dendrites.

A

Purkinje cells

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47
Q

Dendrites contain _________, ribosomes, and mitochondria.

A

Nissl bodies

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48
Q

There is only one ______ per neuron, which is attached to the _________.

A
  • Axon

- Axon hillock

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49
Q

The axon carries impulses ______ from neuron to another neuron, muscle, or gland.

A

Away

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50
Q

The axon has no ________, and is usually thinner and longer. Many are _____, which alters their physical properties, but may be ________ also.

A
  • Nissl bodies
  • Myelinated
  • Unmyelinated
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51
Q

The axon depends on _______ ______ for nutrition and metabolism.

A

Perikaryonic transport

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52
Q

Transport from perikaryon to axon is called _________ and includes ______ and _______, which can further be divided into _____ and ______.

A
  • Anterograde
  • Fast transport and Slow transport
  • Slow component ‘a’ and Slow component ‘b’
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53
Q

Fast transport travels ______ mm/day, transports smooth ER tubules, vesicles, mitochondria, sugars, amino acids, nucleotides, calcium.

A

200-400

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54
Q

Slow transport travels _____ mm/day. Slow component ‘a’ transports cytoskeletal proteins such as _________ and ________, while slow component ‘b’ transports cytoplasmic matrix proteins such as ___, _____, ____, and ____.

A
  • 0.2-4
  • Microtubules and neurofibrils
  • Actin, clathrin, calmodulin, and enzymes
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55
Q

Transport from axon to perikaryon is called _______ and transports everything from anterograde plus substances picked up by axons, such as _____ (tetanus) and ______ (herpes, rabies). The speed is about _____ of anterograde.

A
  • Retrograde
  • Toxins and Neurotropic viruses
  • Half
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56
Q

Types of neurons based on axons

A
  • Golgi type I

- Golgi type II

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57
Q

Golgi type I has _____ axons, cell bodies in ____ and axons in _____. Ex. Neurons of PNS

A
  • Very long
  • CNS
  • Periphery
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58
Q

Golgi type II has _____ axons and is found in _____ and ______ _____ as well as the _____.

A
  • Short
  • Cerebral and cerebellar cortex
  • Retina
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59
Q

Types of neurons based on perikaryon: sp_____, ov___, py___, fu____, po____, size _____ (ex. Pyramidal cells of cerebral cortex)

A
  • Spherical
  • Ovoid
  • Pyriform
  • Fusiform
  • Polyhedral
  • Variable
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60
Q

Types of neurons based upon processes

A
  • Unipolar
  • Bipolar
  • Pseudo-unipolar
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61
Q

Unipolar are ___, except in _____.

A
  • Rare

- Embryo

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62
Q

Bipolar have one _____ and one _____, such as in _____.

A
  • Axon
  • Dendrite
  • Retina
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63
Q

Pseudo-unipolar can be found in _________.

A

Craniosacral ganglia

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64
Q

Types of neurons based upon dendrites

A
  • Stellate
  • Pyramidal cells of cerebral cortex
  • Purkinje cells of cerebellar cortex
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65
Q

Stellate cells are star shaped and compose the ______ neurons of the ______ ____ ___.

A
  • Motor

- Ventral gray horn

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66
Q

Purkinje cells of ______ cortex have ____ major dendrites and are _____ branched.

A
  • Cerebellar
  • Two
  • Highly
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67
Q

Pyramidal cells are found in the ____ cortex

68
Q

The nerve fiber is equal to the _____ and the ______ around it.

A
  • Axon

- Sheaths

69
Q

Many PNS axons are enveloped in a _______ with a sheath of Schwann, while other PNS axons are ________.

A
  • Myelin sheath

- Unmyelinated

70
Q

_____ is responsible for the _____ color of the PNS nerves.

A
  • Myelin

- White

71
Q

The Sheath of Schwann forms a thin sleeve around ____ which surrounds the _____. It is ______ in origin.

A
  • Myelin
  • Axon
  • Ectodermal
72
Q

________ is the outermost layer (plasmalemma) of Schwann cells.

A

Neurilemma

73
Q

________ is the plasmalemma of axon.

74
Q

Gaps in the myelination are called __________.

A

Nodes of Ranvier

75
Q

Incisures or clefts of _________ are areas of ________ of myelin sheath.

A
  • Schmidt-Lantermann

- Loose spirals

76
Q

The Myelin Sheath increases the ______ of ______ and provides _______ to nerve membranes.

A
  • Speed of conduction

- Insulation

77
Q

The Myelin Sheath is a _____ layer alternating with _________ _______.

A
  • Lipid

- Nonkeratogenic protein

78
Q

In electromicrographs, myelin sheath appears as _____ and ____ lines.

A

Light and dark

79
Q

_____ or _____ lines represent apposition of outer surface of unit membrane of Schwann cells.

A

Light or intraperiod

80
Q

_____ or _____ lines represent apposition of inner surface of unit membrane of Schwann cells.

A

Dark or major dense

81
Q

The Myelin Sheath is produced by _______ in PNS and certain ________ in CNS

A
  • Schwann cells

- Oligodendrocytes

82
Q

_______ is a chronic inflammatory disease of CNS characterized by loss of ______. There is no cure, but certain medications are used to manage the disease.

A
  • Multiple Sclerosis

- Myelin

83
Q

In Multiple Sclerosis, an ______ or ______ disease, damaged patches called _______ appear randomly in white matter.

A
  • Autoimmune or viral

- Plaques

84
Q

Connective tissue sheath around entire nerve

A

Epineurium

85
Q

Connective tissue sheath around entire bundles of axons

A

Perineurium

86
Q

Connective tissue sheath around individual neurons

A

Endoneurium

87
Q

Classifications of PNS nerves

A
  • Group A
  • Group B
  • Group C
88
Q

Group A is large, speed _____m/sec, examples - _____ and some _____ fibers

A
  • 15-120

- Motor and sensory fibers

89
Q

Group B is _____m/sec, visceral _______ fibers of ANS.

A
  • 3-15

- Sensory

90
Q

Group C is _____m/s and includes ____ and some _____ fibers.

A
  • 0.5-2

- Autonomic and sensory fibers

91
Q

Two spinal roots of spinal cord

A
  • Ventral or anterior

- Dorsal or posterior

92
Q

Ventral or anterior has _____ neurons

93
Q

Dorsal or posterior has ______ neurons

94
Q

Major functions of axons is to carry _____ signals.

A

Electrical

95
Q

Electrical signals depend on _______ ________ of specific ions across axonal membrane.

A

Differential Distribution

96
Q

There is high _____ outside of the nerve membrane and high ____ and negative _______ ions inside the nerve membrane.

A
  • Na+
  • K+
  • Protein
97
Q

Stimuli cause a drastic change in ionic _______ causing depolarization.

A

Permeability

98
Q

_______ of one site on an axon affects adjacent sites and a wave of depolarization progresses in one direction.

A

Depolarization

99
Q

This wave of depolarization is called a _____ _____.

A

Nerve impulse

100
Q

Transmission of impulses is ______ along an axon and ______ across the synapse.

A
  • Electrical

- Chemical

101
Q

Chemicals that transmit impulses across synapse are called __________.

A

Neurotransmitters

102
Q

______ are specialized sites for chemical or electrical transmission for communication between neurons or between neurons and effector cells.

103
Q

Synaptic transmission involves release of __________.

A

Neurotransmitters

104
Q

Types of Synapses

A
  • Axodendritic
  • Axosomatic
  • Axoaxonic
105
Q

Typical 3 components of a synapse

A
  • Presynaptic terminal
  • Synaptic cleft
  • Postsynaptic membrane
106
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters include ______, ______, and ______.

A
  • Norepinephrine
  • Dopamine
  • Acetylcholine
107
Q

A clinical point of excitatory neurotransmitters is the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the brain which causes ___________.

A

Parkinson’s disease

108
Q

___________ is a progressive degenerative disease characterized by tremors, muscular rigidity, difficulty in initiating movements, etc.

A

Parkinson’s disease

109
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitters include _____________.

A

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

110
Q

Other neurotransmitters include substance ___, _________ releasing factor, end______, enk_______, vasoactive ________ peptide, cho_______, neu_______, etc.

A
  • Substance P
  • Hypothalamic releasing factor
  • Endorphins
  • Enkephalins
  • Vasoactive intestinal peptide
  • Cholecystokinin
  • Neurotensin
111
Q

The nervous system is composed of the _____ and ______.

A

CNS and PNS

112
Q

The Peripheral Nervous System is composed of the ______ and ______ nervous systems.

A
  • Somatic

- Autonomic

113
Q

The Somatic Nervous System controls ________.

A

Skeletal muscles

114
Q

The Autonomic Nervous System includes the _______ and _______ nervous systems.

A
  • Sympathetic

- Parasympathetic

115
Q

The Sympathetic ANS is located in the _________ region.

A

Thoracolumbar

116
Q

The Parasympathetic ANS is located in the __________ region.

A

Craniosacral

117
Q

The Autonomic Nervous System includes _____ neurons of PNS and CNS that are concerned with regulation of ______ activities.

A
  • Motor

- Visceral

118
Q

The Autonomic Nervous System includes numerous small _______, including ______, _______, and ______.

A
  • Ganglia
  • Vertebral Ganglia or Sympathetic Trunk
  • Collateral or Prevertebral Ganglia
  • Terminal Ganglia
119
Q

Vertebral Ganglia or Sympathetic Trunk is located ____________.

A

On either side of the spinal cord

120
Q

Collateral or Prevertebral Ganglia is located _______.

A

Away from CNS

121
Q

Terminal Ganglia is located _______.

A

In the organs

122
Q

The Somatic Nervous System has no _______.

123
Q

In the Autonomic Nervous System, the SANS ganglia is located _______ and the PANS ganglia is located _______.

A
  • Away from the organ

- In or close to the effector (organ)

124
Q

Each peripheral nerve ends in some peripheral area, either _______ or _______ endings.

A
  • Sensory

- Axons

125
Q

Sensory endings include ______ in ______.

A

Dendrites in receptors

126
Q

Axons endings include _____ in SKM and ______ in glands.

A
  • Motor

- Secretory

127
Q

Groups of nerve endings can be found in _____, _____, and ______.

A
  • Muscles
  • Epithelium
  • Connective tissue
128
Q

Motor nerve endings of smooth and cardiac muscle have no _____ _______, are un________ and ______ from organ.

A
  • Special junctions
  • Unmyelinated
  • Away
129
Q

Motor nerve endings of skeletal muscle have ______ _______ (motor end plate) and are ________.

A
  • Specialized junctions

- Myelinated

130
Q

In sensory nerve endings of smooth muscle, visceral fibers branch between _______ and _______.

A

Connective tissue and smooth muscle

131
Q

In sensory nerve endings of skeletal muscle, ______ termination occurs in CT, _______ termination occurs in muscle fiber, and _______ occurs in muscle-tendon junction.

A
  • Interstitial
  • Epilemmal
  • Neuromuscular spindle
132
Q

In nerve endings in tendons there are ________, which spread in tendon fibers and carry pain sensation.

A

Golgi tendon organs

133
Q

Nerve endings of epithelium are all ______ and can be found in co____, re________, or______, ha_____, etc.

A
  • Sensory
  • Cornea
  • Respiratory passages
  • Oral cavity
  • Hair follicle
134
Q

Epithelial glands are partly ______ and partly ______.

A
  • Secretory

- Sensory

135
Q

Nerve endings of connective tissue have ______ forms, but are mostly _______ and can be found in de____, under ep______, me______, mu____ and se____ membranes, and en______.

A
  • Numerous
  • Secretory
  • Dermis
  • Epithelium
  • Mesothelium
  • Mucus and serous
  • Endocardium
136
Q

Nerve endings of connective tissue may be ____ or _______, respond to ______, ______, etc.

A
  • Free or encapsulated

- Touch, stretch

137
Q

Neuroglia are ______ supporting cells are there are ___ times more than neurons.

A
  • Non-neuronal

- 5

138
Q

CNS neuroglia include the _______ and neuroglial cells, such as _____, ______, and ______.

A
  • Ependyma

- Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Microglia

139
Q

The ependyma is located in the _____ cells of the _______. It lines brain ______, _______ of spinal cord (spinal canal), ch____ _____, etc.

A
  • Epithelial
  • Embryonic neural tube
  • Ventricles
  • Central canal
  • Choroid plexus
140
Q

Astrocytes can be _______, which have a large nucleus, abundant granules, and numerous thick processes, or they can be _______, which have long, thin smooth processes.

A
  • Protoplasmic

- Fibrous

141
Q

_______ are small with few branches and form myelin in CNS.

A

Oligodendrocytes

142
Q

_______ are very small with an elongated nucleus and short processes.

143
Q

PNS Neuroglia include _______ or Capsular cells and ______ cells.

A
  • Satellite

- Schwann

144
Q

Functions of Neuroglia include establishment of ______ between neurons, mediate _____ activities of neurons, help in ____, involved in _______ and ______ of neurons, are chief sources of ____ ______, and ph_______.

A
  • Contacts
  • Metabolic
  • Repair
  • Regeneration and degeneration
  • CNS tumors
  • Phagocytosis
145
Q

_______ are extensions of embryonic neural tube with two lateral and a third and fourth.

A

Ventricles

146
Q

______ are continuous with the spinal central canal and cerebrospinal fluid flows through them.

A

Ventricles

147
Q

The _____ ______ is non -nervous epithelium that makes CSF and is located at 4 places - roofs of 3rd and 4th ventricles and walls of lateral ventricles.

A

Choroid plexus

148
Q

The choroid plexus consists of a t____ of c______, l_______ e______, and t_____ c______ (part of pia mater)

A
  • Tuft of capillaries
  • Lamina epithelialis
  • Tela choroidea
149
Q

The CNS is bathed in CSF for protection from ______ and ______.

A
  • Shocks

- Injuries

150
Q

The CSF quantity is about _____ mL, is ______, formed from ______, and constantly ______ and _______.

A
  • 150
  • Viscous
  • Blood
  • Renewed and circulated
151
Q

CSF contains p_____, d_____, and i______ s____.

A
  • Proteins
  • Dextrose
  • Inorganic salts
152
Q

The arachnoid villi are finger like projections of arachnoid extending into ___________.

A

Endocranial venous sinus

153
Q

The arachnoid villi provide the main pathway of CSF outflow into _________.

A

Venous circulation

154
Q

The Blood Brain Barrier applies to both _____ and ______. Dyes do not stain brain tissue.

A
  • Brain

- Spinal cord

155
Q

The Blood Brain Barrier is not an _______ and _______ cannot cross it.

A
  • Absolute barrier

- Large molecules

156
Q

The Blood Brain Barrier is formed by ________ with ________ with no transendothelial transport.

A
  • Endothelial cells

- Tight junctions

157
Q

The Blood Brain Barrier protects CNS from abrupt changes in _________ in body fluids.

A

Ionic concentrations

158
Q

In response to injury, a portion of the nerve fiber (axon) distal to a site of injury degenerates because of interrupted axonal transport, which is called ____________.

A

Wallerian degeneration

159
Q

In the ____, axon becomes beaded and fragments into discontinuous segments within a few days. In the _____ it takes several weeks.

160
Q

Schwann cells proliferate and remain enclosed in _______ forming a tubular ___________ awaiting regeneration of new axon.

A
  • Endoneurium

- Nucleated band of Bungner

161
Q

If is is a motor neuron, the respective muscle fiber shows pronounced ________.

A

Atrophy of disuse

162
Q

In response to injury the cell body (perikaryon) of an injured nerve ______ and its nucleus moves to _______.

A
  • Swells

- Periphery

163
Q

The perikaryon loses Nissl bodies or substances, which is called ________.

A

Chromatolysis

164
Q

The changes in the perikaryon are called ________ and are proportional to the amount of axoplasm lost.

A

Axon reaction

165
Q

During regeneration in the PNS, _____ of the _____ divide and develop a bridge covering the scar.

A
  • Schwann cells

- Band of Bungner

166
Q

The bridge serves as a guide for formation of new nerve processes, called _____ or _____.

A

Neurites or sprouts

167
Q

Many sprouts degenerate, but sprouts that encounter a ______ re-establish sensory and motor connections. In a motor connection, the ______ also regenerates.

A
  • Cylinder

- Muscle fiber

Histology (18 decks)

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