Connective Tissue Flashcards
CT are a diverse group of tissues that share common origin – the _______ of the embryo
mesenchyme
Specialized CT
Cartilage, Bone, Adipose tissues
CT consist of ____, _____, and ________ – relative abundance of these components are variable
cells, extracellular fibers and a ground substance
The CT are classified as:
- Embryonic CT – mesenchyme – mucous CT
- CT Proper – dense regular and irregular
- Specialized CT – adipose, blood, cartilage and bone
Functions of CT (5)
- bind together and support organ parenchyma
- maintain polarity of epithelial cells
- stabilize basal surface of epithelial cells
- organize cytoskeleton of epithelial cells
- help in metabolic functions of epithelial cells
__________ gives rise to other various CT of the body
Embryonic
________, the middle embryonic germ layer, gives rise to almost all kinds of CT in the body
Mesoderm
The primitive CT formed by mesoderm is called _________.
Mesenchyme
The _________ gives rise not only to the various CT of the adult but also to muscle, the vascular and urogenital systems, and the serous membranes of the body cavity hence sometimes called as ________ of all tissues
Mesenchyme; Mother cells
Embryonic CT is found in the _______ and within the _________.
Embryo; Umbilical cord
Embryonic CT is classified into two subtypes:
- Mesenchyme
- Mucous CT or Wharton’s jelly
Mesenchyme
primarily found in embryo and contains small spindle shape cells
Mucous CT or Wharton’s jelly
found in the umbilical cord
______________ consists of cells, fibers and matrix (ground substance) – the most abundant type of CT
The loose CT or Areolar CT or CT proper
The loose CT is primarily located ____________ that cover the body surfaces
Beneath epithelia
The loose CT are also associated with epithelia of _____ and ______________.
Glands and small blood vessels
The loose CT is the initial site where ____________ are challenged and destroyed by the immune system
pathogenic agents
____________ is characterized by randomly and irregularly arranged fibers and is found in _________________.
- Dense Irregular CT
- dermis, capsules of organs, sheath of tendons and nerves
_____________ is characterized by fibers precisely arranged in parallel array and is found in _______________________.
- Dense Regular CT
- tendons, ligaments, fascia, cornea, aponeurosis (a flat tissue connecting a muscle to a muscle or to a bone
CT fibers
- Collagen
- Reticular
- Elastic
__________ are found in all kinds of CT, are __________ (eosinophilic; stain _____ with H&E)
Collagen Fibers; Acidophilic; Pink
_______ are colorless without staining and slightly wavy in structure
Collagen Fibers
Each parallel fibril of collagen is called a ___________.
Collagen or Unit Fibril
The collagen or unit fibrils are polymers of ______________.
Collagen molecules
Each collagen molecule consists of _____________ known as ___________.
3 polypeptide chains; α chains
α chains are rich in ______ and two new unique amino acids, _________ and ________.
Glycine; hyroxyproline and hydroxylysine
Which fibrillar collagen is most ubiquitous (common), found in skin, bone, tendons, cornea
Type I
Which fibrillar collagen is found in hyaline and elastic cartilage
Type II
Which fibrillar collagen is traditionally reticular fibers, found in blood vessel walls, spleen, kidney, uterus]
Type III
Other classes of collagen (5)
- Fibril-associated collagens
- Hexagonal network-forming collagens
- Transmembrane collagens
- Multiplexins
- Basement membrane – forming collagens (Types IV, VI and VII)
Collagen is synthesized as ______ by _______ that are rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum
Procollagen; fibroblasts
_______ is exocytosed to extracellular matrix
Procollagen
Procollagen is converted to ______ by ______________.
Collagen; Procollagen peptidase
Collagen then polymerizes in extracellular space forming __________ by _________.
- collagen fibrils
- fibrillogenesis
Orientation of collagen fibers is either by ____________ of existing fibers or is _________ directed
Mechanical pressure; Fibroblast
Collagen fibers are degraded either by _______ or ________ pathway
proteolytic or phagocytic
Reticular fibers provide a __________ for the cellular constituents of various tissues and organs
supporting framework
Reticular fibers consists of _____ collagen fibrils
Type III
Reticular fibers are named so for their arrangement in a _______ pattern of network
meshlike
Reticular fibers are found surrounding…
adipose tissue, small blood vessels, nerves and muscle cells
Elastic fibers allow tissue to respond to ______ and _______.
stretch and distension
Elastic fibers are _______ than collagen fibers and arranged in a branching pattern
Thinner
Elastic fibers are _________.
Eosinophilic
Elastic property of elastin molecule is due to its ______________ that causes random coiling
unusual polypetide backbone
Elastic fibers are found in…
- loose CT
- walls of large arteries
- smooth muscles
- sarcolemma
- endoneurium
- glandular stroma
Elastic fibers appear _____ in color without staining
Yellow
Structural components of elastic fibers
Elastin and microfibrillin microfibrils
Elasin consists of _________ and is rich in ________ and two unique amino acids ______ and ______.
Nonpolar amino acids; Alanine; Desmosine and isodesmosine
Desmosine and isodesmosine are implicated in the development of a disease called ______.
lathyrism
In lathyrism the enzyme __________ is inhibited by substances such as ________________ resulting in an incomplete cross linking of collagen and elastic fibers
- Lysyl oxidase
- β – aminopropionitrile
Microfibrillin microfibrils made of _______ and ______.
Fibrillin-1 and Elastin
Fibrillin-1 is a glycoprotein with _________, less _____.
Polar amino acids; Glycine
Fibrillin -1 is deficient in patients with __________ , a heritable disorder, characterized by _____________ and a progressive ____________.
- Marfan Syndrome
- Excessively long arms and legs
- Dilatation of aorta
________ is a disease of poor communities in Central India, whose habitual staple food is the legume (pulse), Lathyrus sativus (kesari dal)
Lathyrism
The victims of the Lathyrism, usually young men, suffer irreversible __________ of their legs which incapacitate them for life
crippling paralysis
Lathyrism took its toll among poor _________ of Madhya Pradesh for nearly two centuries
agricultural laborers
The toxic factor which causes Lathyrism is _________.
BOAA (boxalyl amino alanine)
Collagen fiber components
Collagen with 3 polypeptide alpha chains
Collagen fiber amino acids
Rich in glycine and unique amino acids hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine
Collagen fiber disorders
Lathyrism