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Histology > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

CT are a diverse group of tissues that share common origin – the _______ of the embryo

A

mesenchyme

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2
Q

Specialized CT

A

Cartilage, Bone, Adipose tissues

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3
Q

CT consist of ____, _____, and ________ – relative abundance of these components are variable

A

cells, extracellular fibers and a ground substance

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4
Q

The CT are classified as:

A
  • Embryonic CT – mesenchyme – mucous CT
  • CT Proper – dense regular and irregular
  • Specialized CT – adipose, blood, cartilage and bone
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5
Q

Functions of CT (5)

A
  • bind together and support organ parenchyma
  • maintain polarity of epithelial cells
  • stabilize basal surface of epithelial cells
  • organize cytoskeleton of epithelial cells
  • help in metabolic functions of epithelial cells
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6
Q

__________ gives rise to other various CT of the body

A

Embryonic

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7
Q

________, the middle embryonic germ layer, gives rise to almost all kinds of CT in the body

A

Mesoderm

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8
Q

The primitive CT formed by mesoderm is called _________.

A

Mesenchyme

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9
Q

The _________ gives rise not only to the various CT of the adult but also to muscle, the vascular and urogenital systems, and the serous membranes of the body cavity hence sometimes called as ________ of all tissues

A

Mesenchyme; Mother cells

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10
Q

Embryonic CT is found in the _______ and within the _________.

A

Embryo; Umbilical cord

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11
Q

Embryonic CT is classified into two subtypes:

A
  • Mesenchyme

- Mucous CT or Wharton’s jelly

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12
Q

Mesenchyme

A

primarily found in embryo and contains small spindle shape cells

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13
Q

Mucous CT or Wharton’s jelly

A

found in the umbilical cord

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14
Q

______________ consists of cells, fibers and matrix (ground substance) – the most abundant type of CT

A

The loose CT or Areolar CT or CT proper

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15
Q

The loose CT is primarily located ____________ that cover the body surfaces

A

Beneath epithelia

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16
Q

The loose CT are also associated with epithelia of _____ and ______________.

A

Glands and small blood vessels

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17
Q

The loose CT is the initial site where ____________ are challenged and destroyed by the immune system

A

pathogenic agents

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18
Q

____________ is characterized by randomly and irregularly arranged fibers and is found in _________________.

A
  • Dense Irregular CT

- dermis, capsules of organs, sheath of tendons and nerves

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19
Q

_____________ is characterized by fibers precisely arranged in parallel array and is found in _______________________.

A
  • Dense Regular CT

- tendons, ligaments, fascia, cornea, aponeurosis (a flat tissue connecting a muscle to a muscle or to a bone

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20
Q

CT fibers

A
  • Collagen
  • Reticular
  • Elastic
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21
Q

__________ are found in all kinds of CT, are __________ (eosinophilic; stain _____ with H&E)

A

Collagen Fibers; Acidophilic; Pink

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22
Q

_______ are colorless without staining and slightly wavy in structure

A

Collagen Fibers

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23
Q

Each parallel fibril of collagen is called a ___________.

A

Collagen or Unit Fibril

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24
Q

The collagen or unit fibrils are polymers of ______________.

A

Collagen molecules

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25
Q

Each collagen molecule consists of _____________ known as ___________.

A

3 polypeptide chains; α chains

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26
Q

α chains are rich in ______ and two new unique amino acids, _________ and ________.

A

Glycine; hyroxyproline and hydroxylysine

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27
Q

Which fibrillar collagen is most ubiquitous (common), found in skin, bone, tendons, cornea

A

Type I

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28
Q

Which fibrillar collagen is found in hyaline and elastic cartilage

A

Type II

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29
Q

Which fibrillar collagen is traditionally reticular fibers, found in blood vessel walls, spleen, kidney, uterus]

A

Type III

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30
Q

Other classes of collagen (5)

A
  • Fibril-associated collagens
  • Hexagonal network-forming collagens
  • Transmembrane collagens
  • Multiplexins
  • Basement membrane – forming collagens (Types IV, VI and VII)
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31
Q

Collagen is synthesized as ______ by _______ that are rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Procollagen; fibroblasts

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32
Q

_______ is exocytosed to extracellular matrix

A

Procollagen

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33
Q

Procollagen is converted to ______ by ______________.

A

Collagen; Procollagen peptidase

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34
Q

Collagen then polymerizes in extracellular space forming __________ by _________.

A
  • collagen fibrils

- fibrillogenesis

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35
Q

Orientation of collagen fibers is either by ____________ of existing fibers or is _________ directed

A

Mechanical pressure; Fibroblast

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36
Q

Collagen fibers are degraded either by _______ or ________ pathway

A

proteolytic or phagocytic

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37
Q

Reticular fibers provide a __________ for the cellular constituents of various tissues and organs

A

supporting framework

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38
Q

Reticular fibers consists of _____ collagen fibrils

A

Type III

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39
Q

Reticular fibers are named so for their arrangement in a _______ pattern of network

A

meshlike

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40
Q

Reticular fibers are found surrounding…

A

adipose tissue, small blood vessels, nerves and muscle cells

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41
Q

Elastic fibers allow tissue to respond to ______ and _______.

A

stretch and distension

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42
Q

Elastic fibers are _______ than collagen fibers and arranged in a branching pattern

A

Thinner

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43
Q

Elastic fibers are _________.

A

Eosinophilic

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44
Q

Elastic property of elastin molecule is due to its ______________ that causes random coiling

A

unusual polypetide backbone

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45
Q

Elastic fibers are found in…

A
  • loose CT
  • walls of large arteries
  • smooth muscles
  • sarcolemma
  • endoneurium
  • glandular stroma
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46
Q

Elastic fibers appear _____ in color without staining

A

Yellow

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47
Q

Structural components of elastic fibers

A

Elastin and microfibrillin microfibrils

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48
Q

Elasin consists of _________ and is rich in ________ and two unique amino acids ______ and ______.

A

Nonpolar amino acids; Alanine; Desmosine and isodesmosine

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49
Q

Desmosine and isodesmosine are implicated in the development of a disease called ______.

A

lathyrism

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50
Q

In lathyrism the enzyme __________ is inhibited by substances such as ________________ resulting in an incomplete cross linking of collagen and elastic fibers

A
  • Lysyl oxidase

- β – aminopropionitrile

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51
Q

Microfibrillin microfibrils made of _______ and ______.

A

Fibrillin-1 and Elastin

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52
Q

Fibrillin-1 is a glycoprotein with _________, less _____.

A

Polar amino acids; Glycine

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53
Q

Fibrillin -1 is deficient in patients with __________ , a heritable disorder, characterized by _____________ and a progressive ____________.

A
  • Marfan Syndrome
  • Excessively long arms and legs
  • Dilatation of aorta
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54
Q

________ is a disease of poor communities in Central India, whose habitual staple food is the legume (pulse), Lathyrus sativus (kesari dal)

A

Lathyrism

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55
Q

The victims of the Lathyrism, usually young men, suffer irreversible __________ of their legs which incapacitate them for life

A

crippling paralysis

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56
Q

Lathyrism took its toll among poor _________ of Madhya Pradesh for nearly two centuries

A

agricultural laborers

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57
Q

The toxic factor which causes Lathyrism is _________.

A

BOAA (boxalyl amino alanine)

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58
Q

Collagen fiber components

A

Collagen with 3 polypeptide alpha chains

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59
Q

Collagen fiber amino acids

A

Rich in glycine and unique amino acids hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine

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60
Q

Collagen fiber disorders

A

Lathyrism

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61
Q

Collagen fiber types

A

I -VII important

62
Q

Fibrillin fiber components

A

glycoprotein fibrillin

63
Q

Fibrillin fiber disorders

A

Marfan Syndrome

64
Q

Elastic fiber components

A
  • Microfibrillar fibrillin

- Elastin

65
Q

Elastic fiber amino acids

A
  • Polar aa, less glycine

- Non-polar aa, rich in alanine and unique aa desmosine and isodesmosine

66
Q

Elastic fiber disorders

A

Lathyrism

67
Q

The ___________ is a complex structural network surrounding cells within the CT

A

extracellular matrix (ECM)

68
Q

In addition to fibers the ECM contains a variety of…

A
  • proteoglycans
  • multiadhesive glycoproteins
  • glycosaminglyccans (GAG)
69
Q

GAG constitutes the __________.

A

Ground substance

70
Q

ECM provides ____________ and also influences extracellular communications.

A

mechanical support

71
Q

Cells are embedded in an ______________.

A

amorphous ground substance

72
Q

The ground substance is a viscous, homogeneous, transparent and _____ gel.

A

PAS+

73
Q

The ground substance is a _______ and consists of _________ units.

A

proteoglycan; glycosaminglycans (GAG) units

74
Q

Common GAG include… (4)

A
  • Chondroitin sulfate
  • Keratan sulfate
  • Heparan sulfate
  • Hyaluronic acid – most abundant and is also found in joint fluid and vitreous humor of the eye
75
Q

The Adhesions Glycoproteins called fibronectin, are involved in ___________, also found in ________, and synthesized by ______ and _________.

A
  • Fibroblast adhesion
  • Plasma
  • Liver and Endothelium
76
Q

The Adhesions Glycoproteins called laminin are found in ___________.

A

Basal lamina

77
Q

The Adhesions Glycoproteins called Thrombospondin are synthesized by __________ and most abundant in __________.

A
  • CT, endothelium, smooth muscle cells

- Granules of platelets

78
Q

Adhesions Glycoproteins are involved in the interaction between ____ and ____.

A

Cells; ECM

79
Q

Fixed cells

A
  • Mensenchymal cells
  • Fibroblasts and fibrocytes
  • Adipose or fat cells
80
Q

Mesenchymal cells

A

Embryonic tissue cells

81
Q

Fibroblasts and fibrocytes

A
  • Principal cells, most common
  • Fusiform with several processes, eosinophilic cytoplasm, elliptical nucleus and rich in mitochondria
  • Produce ECM
82
Q

Adipose or fat cells

A

Store lipids, very little cytoplasm filled with fat droplets

83
Q

Categories of macropages and where they originate from

A
  • Fixed & Free

- Monocytes

84
Q

Macrophages are identified and classified using _______ and _______.

A

Surface markers and secretory products

85
Q

______ macrophages are within tissues, _______ are migratory from blood, and _______ are enhanced phagocytic activity.

A
  • Resident
  • Elicited
  • Activated
86
Q

In some pathological conditions macrophages assume a polygonal shape and are called ______ cells

A

Epithelioid

87
Q

Some time macrophges make make ________ or ___________.

A

multinucleate masses or foreign body giant cells

88
Q

Free Cells

A
  • Mononuclear Phagocyte System or Reticulo-endothelial Cells
  • Neutrophilic Leukocytes
  • Eosinophilic Leukocytes
  • Lymphocytes
  • Mast Cells
  • Plasma Cells
89
Q

Mononuclear Phagocyte System or Reticulo-endothelial Cells include all ______ in tissues and are named as ______ in CT, Kupffer cells in liver, alveolar macrophages in lungs, and macrophages in brain

A
  • Monocytes

- Histiocytes

90
Q

Neutrophilic Leukocytes usually in ________ but gather in ______ during inflammation

A
  • Circulation

- Tissues

91
Q

Eosinophilic Leukocytes increase during _________, release ________, and in _________ infection 90% of leukocytes are eosinophils.

A
  • Parasitic infections
  • Antihistimines
  • Schistosomiasis
92
Q

Lymphocytes are the ______ of all free cells and increase during ___________.

A
  • Smallest

- Inflammation

93
Q

Mast cell and basophils arise from _________.

A

Same stem cells

94
Q

Mast cells contain ________ nuclei and ______ cytoplasmic granules.

A
  • Round or Oval

- Coarse

95
Q

Mast cells have numerous ______ and are rich in _____ and ____.

A
  • Villi

- ER and GC

96
Q

Mast cells secrete

A
  • Heparin (an anticoagulant)
  • Histamine (a vasodilator)
  • Proteases (tryptase and chymase)
  • Eosinophil chemotactic factor
97
Q

Plasma cells are _____ with _____ cytoplasm.

A

Ovoid; basophilic

98
Q

Plasma cells have an ______ and ______ nucleus and are rich in _____ and _____.

A
  • Eccentric and spherical

- RER and GC

99
Q

Plasma cells principal production is ________ or ________ for humoral immunity.

A

antibodies or immunoglobulins (Ig)

100
Q

Plasma cells are modified forms of ______.

A

B cell

101
Q

Some plasma cells have glycoprotein inclusions called ________, which are accumulations of unused Ig chains

A

Russell Bodies

102
Q

Serous membranes, a form of LCT, include _____, ______, and ______.

A

peritoneum, plurae and pericardium

103
Q

Serous membranes are covered by layers of ________.

A

Mesothelium

104
Q

In ________ (SM covering stomach) and _________ (SM covering intestines) mesothelium covers both surfaces.

A
  • Omentum

- Mesentery

105
Q

Spaces lined by serous membrane contain _______.

A

Fluids (peritoneal, plural or pericardial)

106
Q

Free cells of SM include…

A
  • Macrophages
  • Mesothelial cells
  • Small lymphocytes
  • Eosinophils
  • Mast cells
  • Neutrophils
107
Q

The ________ is a membrane that covers and protects most of the internal organs of the body. It is composed of two layers of cells, _____ and _____.

A
  • Mesothelium

- Pleural and Parietal

108
Q

_________ (cancer of the mesothelium) is a disease in which cells of the mesothelium become abnormal and divide without control or order.

A

Mesothelioma

109
Q

Working with _______ is the major risk factor for mesothelioma.

A

Asbestos

110
Q

Asbestos is the name of a group of _____ that occur naturally as masses of strong, flexible fibers that can be separated into thin threads and woven.

A

minerals

111
Q

Normal functions of CT

A
  • Mechanical support
  • Exchange of metabolites
  • Storage of energy in fat cells
  • Protection against infection by leukocytes
  • Repair after injury – called fibrogenesis
112
Q

Role of CT in Inflammation

A

All blood cells in tissues involved

113
Q

Glucocorticoids (hormone) _______ protein synthesis resulting in decreased _____.

A

Decreased; GAG

114
Q

Sex hormones have dramatic effect in monkeys (less in humans) as they cause _______ protein synthesis resulting in increased ______.

A

Increase; GAG

115
Q

Role of CT in Tissue Repair

A

Play important role in remodeling of bones

116
Q

Disturbances of collagen metabolism are affected by _____ and _______.

A

age and nutrition

117
Q

CT Diseases: Scurvy

A

vitamin C deficiency – inability to synthesize collagen

118
Q

CT Diseases: Lathyrism

A

No cross-linking of fibers

119
Q

______ is a form of CT specialized for fat storage.

A

Fat or Adipose Tissue

120
Q

Fat or adipose tissue comprises ____ of body weight in males and _____ of body weight in females.

A
  • 12-14%

- 25%+

121
Q

Adipose tissue was long considered an _____ tissue, but it is in face a very _____ tissue.

A

Inert; Active

122
Q

Fat cells or adipocytes actively synthesize _______ from ________ in diet.

A

Lipids from Carbohydrates

123
Q

Fat cells are highly responsive to _______ and _____ stimulation.

A
  • Hormonal

- Nervous

124
Q

Two distinct types of adipose tissue

A
  • White: widespread, bulk of body fat

- Brown: less abundant, limited to specific areas in humans, most common in hibernating animals

125
Q

White (unilocular) AT makes up the _____ of body fat and is _____ to ________ (due to diet, carotinoids).

A
  • Bulk

- White to Deep yellow

126
Q

White (unilocular) AT cells are large _____ or ______ and a single droplet of _____.

A
  • Polyhedral or spherical

- Oil

127
Q

White (unilocular) AT appear ______ or _____ with Sudan Black stain.

A

Blank or black

128
Q

Brown (multilocular) AT is present in ___________ and is ____ to _______ (due to cytochromes).

A
  • Hibernating animals

- Tan to rich brown

129
Q

Brown (multilocular) AT cells are relatively _____ and _____ and contain _____________.

A
  • Small and Polygonal

- Multiple lipid droplets

130
Q

Brown (multilocular) AT appear ______ or _____ with Sudan Black stain.

A

Blank or Black

Same as white AT

131
Q

White (unilocular) AT has a ______ nucleus, _____ cytoplasm, and ______ number of mitochondria.

A
  • Displaced
  • Little ring of cytoplasm
  • Average
132
Q

Brown (multilocular) AT has a ______ nucleus, _____ cytoplasm, and ______ number of mitochondria.

A
  • Central
  • Abundant
  • Extraordinary abundant
133
Q

White (unilocular) AT Distribution

A
  • Subcutaneous (Panniculus adiposus)
  • Retroperitoneal areas
  • Eye orbits
  • Major joints
  • Palms and soles
134
Q

Brown (multilocular) AT Distribution

A
  • Not in adults of all species
  • Prominent in new born
  • Abundant in hibernating animals
  • In humans it decreases gradually and may reappear in elderly at the same location
135
Q

Histogenesis: Prevailing view

A

Mesenchymal cells branch 3 ways

  • Fibroblasts –> CT
  • Fusiform lipoblasts –> UAT
  • Round or oval lipoblasts –> MAT
136
Q

In primary fat formation, _______ gather in gland like fashion, accumulate fat and form MAT.

A

Lipoblasts

137
Q

Secondary fat formation is _______ AT formation. There is no _________ and _____ is formed.

A
  • Postnatal
  • No glandular fashion
  • UAT
138
Q

________ occurs in adults, increased lipid accumulation in same UAT, no increase in # of cells

A

Hypertrophic obesity

139
Q

In ________ cells other than AT become AT, involves overfeeding during infancy

A

Hypercellular obesity

140
Q

AT is metabolically _____; lipids are actively _______ and _______; half life in rate is 8 days & not known in humans.

A
  • Active
  • Mobilized
  • Renewed
141
Q

Fatty acids synthesized from glucose in diet and triacylglycerols synthesized from carbohydrates

A

Lipid Deposits

142
Q

Enzyme hydrolysis – lipolysis through hormones and neurotransmitters

A

Lipid Withdrawals

143
Q

Which hormones cause lipolysis through cAMP system?

A

Epinephrine, adrenocorticotropic, thyroid stimulating and luteinizing hormones

144
Q

Which hormone causes lipogenesis by driving sugar into cells?

A

Insulin

145
Q

Norepinephrine from nerve endings of the Autonomic Nervous System has an influence in that it increases _________.

A

Lipolysis

146
Q

MAT is more abundant in ______.

A

hibernating animals

147
Q

_________ organisms maintain temperature by vasodilation or vasoconstriction.

A

Homeothermic

148
Q

In cold environment organisms exhibit _________.

A

shivering thermogenesis

149
Q

Many organisms and human infants generate heat by _____________.

A

non-shivering thermogenesis

150
Q

MAT is the site of _______________ (production of energy without muscle activity)

A

non-shivering thermogenesis

151
Q

When hibernating animals begin to arouse ________ released from nervous system initiates ______________.

A
  • norepinephrine

- lipolysis in MAT

152
Q

MAT is the source of energy in _____ as shown by thermography

A

Bats

Histology (18 decks)

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