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Histology > Lymphoid & Immune System > Flashcards

Lymphoid & Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

All organisms belonging to same species have a ______ molecular organization.

A

Unique

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2
Q

They have developed an _______ or _______ that protects them from macromolecules other than their own

A
  • Immune system

- Lymphoid system

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3
Q

The system consists of lymphoid tissues and organs whose main constituents are ______________ connected through lymphatic and cardiovascular system.

A

Lymphocytes and their aggregations

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4
Q

These cells are enmeshed in a supportive framework (______) of reticular cells and fibers

A

Stroma

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5
Q

Lymphoid organs

A
  • Thymus
  • Lymph nodes
  • Spleen
  • Tonsils
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6
Q

Thymus, bursa of Fabricius (in birds) and fetal liver (in mammals) are _________ for developing lymphocytes.

A

Training centers

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7
Q

Peripheral lymphoid tissues are _________.

A

Battle fields

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8
Q

The lymphoid tissues ________ invaders by directly attacking them or by producing _______ against them.

A
  • Dispose of

- Antibodies

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9
Q

Immune response involves ______ and _______.

A
  • Antigens

- Antibodies (immunoglobulins)

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10
Q

Immune system components

A
  • Lymphocytes
  • Lymphoid tissues
  • Lymphoid organs
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11
Q

Lymphocytes arise in _______ and are main warriors of immune system.

A

Bone marrow

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12
Q

Lymphocytes mature into 2 kinds of cells (____ and _____) and protect against antigens.

A

T & B lymphocytes

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13
Q

B cells produce _____.

A

Plasma cells

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14
Q

______ (macrophages) phagocytize foreign substances.

A

T cells

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15
Q

________ dominate and form connective tissue for support.

A

Reticular cells

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16
Q

Lymphoid tissues _____ and _______ a proliferation site for lymphocytes

A

House and provide

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17
Q

Lymphoid Tissue furnishes ideal surveillance point for ______ and ______.

A
  • Lymphocytes

- Macrophages

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18
Q

Lymphoid tissue comes in various packages such as ________ and ________.

A
  • Diffuse lymphoid tissue

- Lymphatic follicles (nodules)

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19
Q

Diffuse lymphoid tissue is a scattered reticular tissue element found in every organ and lacks ______.

A

-Capsule

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20
Q

Lymphatic follicles (nodules) also…

  • Lack ______ but are solid spherical bodies
  • Often have _______ (light staining)
  • Isolated aggregations of lymphoid follicles are called _______.
A
  • Capsule
  • Germinal centers
  • Peyer’s patches
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21
Q

Lymph nodes are small organs that occur in series along _______.

A

Lymphatic vessels

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22
Q

Lymph nodes recognize ________ and are rich in _______.

A
  • Antigenic material

- Macrophages

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23
Q

Lymph nodes are flattened, ovoid, or reniform in shape and have a slight indentation called ______.

A

Hilus

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24
Q

________ enter lymph nodes at many places through the capsule and have one way valves.

A

Afferent lymphatic vessels

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25
Q

________ exit lymph node through hilus.

A

Efferent lymphatic vessels

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26
Q

Blood vessels (arteries and veins) and nerves enter and exit through the _____ along with the efferent lymphatic vessels.

A

Hilus

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27
Q

The cortex of the lymph node has ____ areas of parenchymal cells.

A

Three - primary, secondary, diffuse

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28
Q

Primary lymph nodules are in the ______ and consist of tightly packed _____-.

A
  • Outer cortex

- B cells

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29
Q

Secondary lymph nodules are in the _______ and are formed after _______.

A
  • Outer cortex

- Antigentic stimulation

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30
Q

Diffused lymph nodules are in the _______.

A

Inner cortex

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31
Q

The medulla has aggregations of lymphoid tissue forming _______ and ______.

A
  • Medullary cords

- Sinuses

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32
Q

Histophysiology: lymph nodes are very effective ______.

A

Lymph filters

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33
Q 
Histophysiology: 
antigens --> 
lymph nodes --> 
activated T or B cells (produce antibodies) -->
release through \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A

Efferent lymphatic vessels or blood vessels

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34
Q

Lymph nodes are masses of ______________.

A

Parenchymal lymphoid tissue

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35
Q

Lymph nodes are traversed by specialized lymphatic vessels called _______.

A

Sinuses

36
Q

Lymph nodes are covered with a _________ which extends into the organ as _________.

A
  • Collagenous capsule

- Trabeculae

37
Q

Lymph nodes have two sinuses in the cortex - _________ under the capsule and one sinus in the medulla, the ________ sinus

A
  • Marginal or subcapsular and intermediary

- Medullary

38
Q

The cells in lymph nodes include…

A
  • Reticular cells
  • Plasma cells
  • Lymphocytes
  • Macrophages
39
Q

Lymphocytes undergo intense mitotic activity and ________ mutations are common

A

Neoplastic

40
Q

________ are solid tumors affecting lymph nodes and spreading from node to node

A

Lymphomas

41
Q

Hodgkin’s Disease is a major type of _________ characterized by presence of _____________.

A
  • Lymphoma

- Reed-Sternberg cells

42
Q

Origin of Reed-Sternberg cells is not known but they have unique morphology: ______ nuclei, ______ nucleoli resembling _________.

A
  • Bilobed
  • Prominent
  • Owl’s eyes
43
Q

The thymus is located in the superior ________ anterior to the great blood vessels.

A

Mediastenum

44
Q

The thymus attains greatest relative weight at the end of ______ and then grows up to 30-40 grams.

A

Fetal life

45
Q

The thymus in adults is mostly replaced by ________.

A

Adipose tissue

46
Q

The thymus is the only ________ identified in mammals.

A

Primary lymphoid organ

47
Q

The thymus is the _____ organ to become lymphoid during embryonic life.

A

First

48
Q

The thymus is seeded by _________ which differentiate into lymphocytes.

A

Blood borne stem cells

49
Q

The thymus has ___ lobes enclosed in a _____, each divided into several thymic lobules - ______ below capsule

A
  • Two
  • Capsule
  • No sinuses
50
Q

Each lobe of the thymus has a _____ and ______.

A
  • Cortex

- Medulla

51
Q

Lobules are separated by septa and communicate by ___________.

A

Parenchymal bridges

52
Q

Has _____ populations of cells – lymphocytes, reticular (epithelial) cells (6 types) and macrophages

A

Three

53
Q

The main function of thymus is the maturation of ________- also called ________.

A
  • T lymphocytes

- Thymocytes

54
Q

_______ are concentric rings of _____ squamous epithelial cells – a unique feature of thymus. The function is not understood.

A
  • Hassall’s or thymic corpuscles

- Type 6

55
Q

The thymic cortex is
dark staining, has abundant ________, fewer reticular acidophilic cells with large nuclei.
Epithelial reticular cells, called ______, form part of ________ in the cortex.

A
  • Lymphocytes
  • Nurse cells
  • Blood-thymus barrier
56
Q

The thymic medulla is light staining, has fewer lymphocytes, abundant _______, Hassall’s corpuscles present.

A

-Reticular cells

57
Q

Thymus _______ with age, involves decrease in lymphocyte production; cortex becomes thinner.

A

Involutes

58
Q

The thymus is replaced by ________.

A

Adipose tissue

59
Q

Age related involution coincides with_____; it ______ disappear completely.

A
  • Puberty

- Does not

60
Q

______ involution may be due to diseases, stress, diet, radiation, infection etc.

A

Accidental

61
Q

______ involution may be due to diseases, stress, diet, radiation, infection etc.

A

Accidental

62
Q

The thymus is essential for development of _________.

A

T lymphocytes

63
Q

The thymus is generally _______ for immune response to various foreign bodies like microorganisms, fungi, viruses, grafting, hypersensitivity etc

A

Required

64
Q

_______ from thymus include: thymosin, thymopoietin, thymic humoral factor and thymic serum factor

A

Secretions

65
Q

The spleen is an _______ organ located beneath the diaphragm.

A

Abdominal

66
Q

The spleen is _______ to the stomach by peritoneal membrane, diaphragm and the left kidney

A

Connected

67
Q

The spleen is enclosed in a ______ forming _______ inside the organ

A
  • Capsule

- Trabeculae

68
Q

Spleen tissue is differentiated into a _______ (lymphocytes) and a ______ (venous sinuses).

A
  • White pulp

- Red pulp

69
Q

Tissue between venous sinuses is called _____________.

A

Splenic cords of Billroth

70
Q

The White Pulp is similar to lymph nodules and forms _________ (PALS) around arteries.

A

Peri-arterial lymphoid sheath

71
Q

The _______ is a network of venous sinuses and has collagen fibers, macrophages and blood vessels

A

Red Pulp

72
Q 
Blood supply – branching of arteries
Splenic -->
Trabecular -->
Central (in white pulp) -->
Penicillar (in red pulp) -->
Sheathed capillaries (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_) [2-3 capillaries in a sheath]
A

Schweiger-Siedel sheaths

73
Q

The spleen is a ________.

A

Blood reservoir

74
Q

The spleen _____ and filters blood but ______ filter lymph because there are no afferent lymphatic vessels.

A
  • Cleans

- Does not

75
Q

The spleen _______ hemoglobin and _______ lymphocytes.

A
  • Degrades

- Produces

76
Q

Tonsils are the ______ lymphoid organs.

A

Simplest

77
Q

The tonsils form a ________ of lymphatic tissue around entrance to the pharynx.

A

Waldeyer’s ring

78
Q

The paired ______ tonsils, the largest and most often infected at the back of the mouth.

A

Palatine

79
Q

The paired _______ tonsils at the base of the tongue.

A

Lingual

80
Q

The single _______ tonsil (adenoids if enlarged).

A

Pharyngeal

81
Q

The _____ tonsils surround openings of auditory tubes into the pharynx.

A

Tubal

82
Q

The lymphoid tissue of tonsils contain follicles with obvious _________.

A

Germinal centers

83
Q

Tonsils are _________ and have _____ that trap bacteria.

A
  • Not fully encapsulated

- Crypts

84
Q

_______, an inflammation of tonsils, is common in children and often accompanies _______.

A
  • Tonsillitis

- Pharyngitis

85
Q

Tonsillitis results from infection with bacteria such as _______ or viruses such as __________.

A
  • Streptococcus

- Epstein-Barr virus

86
Q

_________, surgical removal of tonsils, was standard treatment 20 years ago, but no longer advised unless necessary.

A

Tonsillectomy

Histology (18 decks)

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