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Lymphoid & Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

All organisms belonging to same species have a ______ molecular organization.

A

Unique

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2
Q

They have developed an _______ or _______ that protects them from macromolecules other than their own

A
  • Immune system

- Lymphoid system

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3
Q

The system consists of lymphoid tissues and organs whose main constituents are ______________ connected through lymphatic and cardiovascular system.

A

Lymphocytes and their aggregations

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4
Q

These cells are enmeshed in a supportive framework (______) of reticular cells and fibers

A

Stroma

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5
Q

Lymphoid organs

A
  • Thymus
  • Lymph nodes
  • Spleen
  • Tonsils
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6
Q

Thymus, bursa of Fabricius (in birds) and fetal liver (in mammals) are _________ for developing lymphocytes.

A

Training centers

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7
Q

Peripheral lymphoid tissues are _________.

A

Battle fields

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8
Q

The lymphoid tissues ________ invaders by directly attacking them or by producing _______ against them.

A
  • Dispose of

- Antibodies

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9
Q

Immune response involves ______ and _______.

A
  • Antigens

- Antibodies (immunoglobulins)

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10
Q

Immune system components

A
  • Lymphocytes
  • Lymphoid tissues
  • Lymphoid organs
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11
Q

Lymphocytes arise in _______ and are main warriors of immune system.

A

Bone marrow

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12
Q

Lymphocytes mature into 2 kinds of cells (____ and _____) and protect against antigens.

A

T & B lymphocytes

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13
Q

B cells produce _____.

A

Plasma cells

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14
Q

______ (macrophages) phagocytize foreign substances.

A

T cells

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15
Q

________ dominate and form connective tissue for support.

A

Reticular cells

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16
Q

Lymphoid tissues _____ and _______ a proliferation site for lymphocytes

A

House and provide

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17
Q

Lymphoid Tissue furnishes ideal surveillance point for ______ and ______.

A
  • Lymphocytes

- Macrophages

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18
Q

Lymphoid tissue comes in various packages such as ________ and ________.

A
  • Diffuse lymphoid tissue

- Lymphatic follicles (nodules)

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19
Q

Diffuse lymphoid tissue is a scattered reticular tissue element found in every organ and lacks ______.

A

-Capsule

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20
Q

Lymphatic follicles (nodules) also…

  • Lack ______ but are solid spherical bodies
  • Often have _______ (light staining)
  • Isolated aggregations of lymphoid follicles are called _______.
A
  • Capsule
  • Germinal centers
  • Peyer’s patches
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21
Q

Lymph nodes are small organs that occur in series along _______.

A

Lymphatic vessels

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22
Q

Lymph nodes recognize ________ and are rich in _______.

A
  • Antigenic material

- Macrophages

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23
Q

Lymph nodes are flattened, ovoid, or reniform in shape and have a slight indentation called ______.

A

Hilus

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24
Q

________ enter lymph nodes at many places through the capsule and have one way valves.

A

Afferent lymphatic vessels

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25
________ exit lymph node through hilus.
Efferent lymphatic vessels
26
Blood vessels (arteries and veins) and nerves enter and exit through the _____ along with the efferent lymphatic vessels.
Hilus
27
The cortex of the lymph node has ____ areas of parenchymal cells.
Three - primary, secondary, diffuse
28
Primary lymph nodules are in the ______ and consist of tightly packed _____-.
- Outer cortex | - B cells
29
Secondary lymph nodules are in the _______ and are formed after _______.
- Outer cortex | - Antigentic stimulation
30
Diffused lymph nodules are in the _______.
Inner cortex
31
The medulla has aggregations of lymphoid tissue forming _______ and ______.
- Medullary cords | - Sinuses
32
Histophysiology: lymph nodes are very effective ______.
Lymph filters
33
``` Histophysiology: antigens --> lymph nodes --> activated T or B cells (produce antibodies) --> release through ________. ```
Efferent lymphatic vessels or blood vessels
34
Lymph nodes are masses of ______________.
Parenchymal lymphoid tissue
35
Lymph nodes are traversed by specialized lymphatic vessels called _______.
Sinuses
36
Lymph nodes are covered with a _________ which extends into the organ as _________.
- Collagenous capsule | - Trabeculae
37
Lymph nodes have two sinuses in the cortex - _________ under the capsule and one sinus in the medulla, the ________ sinus
- Marginal or subcapsular and intermediary | - Medullary
38
The cells in lymph nodes include...
- Reticular cells - Plasma cells - Lymphocytes - Macrophages
39
Lymphocytes undergo intense mitotic activity and ________ mutations are common
Neoplastic
40
________ are solid tumors affecting lymph nodes and spreading from node to node
Lymphomas
41
Hodgkin’s Disease is a major type of _________ characterized by presence of _____________.
- Lymphoma | - Reed-Sternberg cells
42
Origin of Reed-Sternberg cells is not known but they have unique morphology: ______ nuclei, ______ nucleoli resembling _________.
- Bilobed - Prominent - Owl’s eyes
43
The thymus is located in the superior ________ anterior to the great blood vessels.
Mediastenum
44
The thymus attains greatest relative weight at the end of ______ and then grows up to 30-40 grams.
Fetal life
45
The thymus in adults is mostly replaced by ________.
Adipose tissue
46
The thymus is the only ________ identified in mammals.
Primary lymphoid organ
47
The thymus is the _____ organ to become lymphoid during embryonic life.
First
48
The thymus is seeded by _________ which differentiate into lymphocytes.
Blood borne stem cells
49
The thymus has ___ lobes enclosed in a _____, each divided into several thymic lobules - ______ below capsule
- Two - Capsule - No sinuses
50
Each lobe of the thymus has a _____ and ______.
- Cortex | - Medulla
51
Lobules are separated by septa and communicate by ___________.
Parenchymal bridges
52
Has _____ populations of cells – lymphocytes, reticular (epithelial) cells (6 types) and macrophages
Three
53
The main function of thymus is the maturation of ________- also called ________.
- T lymphocytes | - Thymocytes
54
_______ are concentric rings of _____ squamous epithelial cells – a unique feature of thymus. The function is not understood.
- Hassall’s or thymic corpuscles | - Type 6
55
The thymic cortex is dark staining, has abundant ________, fewer reticular acidophilic cells with large nuclei. Epithelial reticular cells, called ______, form part of ________ in the cortex.
- Lymphocytes - Nurse cells - Blood-thymus barrier
56
The thymic medulla is light staining, has fewer lymphocytes, abundant _______, Hassall’s corpuscles present.
-Reticular cells
57
Thymus _______ with age, involves decrease in lymphocyte production; cortex becomes thinner.
Involutes
58
The thymus is replaced by ________.
Adipose tissue
59
Age related involution coincides with_____; it ______ disappear completely.
- Puberty | - Does not
60
______ involution may be due to diseases, stress, diet, radiation, infection etc.
Accidental
61
______ involution may be due to diseases, stress, diet, radiation, infection etc.
Accidental
62
The thymus is essential for development of _________.
T lymphocytes
63
The thymus is generally _______ for immune response to various foreign bodies like microorganisms, fungi, viruses, grafting, hypersensitivity etc
Required
64
_______ from thymus include: thymosin, thymopoietin, thymic humoral factor and thymic serum factor
Secretions
65
The spleen is an _______ organ located beneath the diaphragm.
Abdominal
66
The spleen is _______ to the stomach by peritoneal membrane, diaphragm and the left kidney
Connected
67
The spleen is enclosed in a ______ forming _______ inside the organ
- Capsule | - Trabeculae
68
Spleen tissue is differentiated into a _______ (lymphocytes) and a ______ (venous sinuses).
- White pulp | - Red pulp
69
Tissue between venous sinuses is called _____________.
Splenic cords of Billroth
70
The White Pulp is similar to lymph nodules and forms _________ (PALS) around arteries.
Peri-arterial lymphoid sheath
71
The _______ is a network of venous sinuses and has collagen fibers, macrophages and blood vessels
Red Pulp
72
``` Blood supply – branching of arteries Splenic --> Trabecular --> Central (in white pulp) --> Penicillar (in red pulp) --> Sheathed capillaries (___________) [2-3 capillaries in a sheath] ```
Schweiger-Siedel sheaths
73
The spleen is a ________.
Blood reservoir
74
The spleen _____ and filters blood but ______ filter lymph because there are no afferent lymphatic vessels.
- Cleans | - Does not
75
The spleen _______ hemoglobin and _______ lymphocytes.
- Degrades | - Produces
76
Tonsils are the ______ lymphoid organs.
Simplest
77
The tonsils form a ________ of lymphatic tissue around entrance to the pharynx.
Waldeyer’s ring
78
The paired ______ tonsils, the largest and most often infected at the back of the mouth.
Palatine
79
The paired _______ tonsils at the base of the tongue.
Lingual
80
The single _______ tonsil (adenoids if enlarged).
Pharyngeal
81
The _____ tonsils surround openings of auditory tubes into the pharynx.
Tubal
82
The lymphoid tissue of tonsils contain follicles with obvious _________.
Germinal centers
83
Tonsils are _________ and have _____ that trap bacteria.
- Not fully encapsulated | - Crypts
84
_______, an inflammation of tonsils, is common in children and often accompanies _______.
- Tonsillitis | - Pharyngitis
85
Tonsillitis results from infection with bacteria such as _______ or viruses such as __________.
- Streptococcus | - Epstein-Barr virus
86
_________, surgical removal of tonsils, was standard treatment 20 years ago, but no longer advised unless necessary.
Tonsillectomy

Histology (18 decks)

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