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Histology > The Epithelium > Flashcards

The Epithelium Flashcards

1
Q

A fertilized egg _____ many times to produce many small cells.

A

Divides

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2
Q

These cells arrange themselves into _____ _____ _____–ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.

A

Three germ layers

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3
Q

These germ layers ______ into various kinds of tissues.

A

Differentiate

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4
Q

Ectoderm (8)

A
  • Epidermis of skin and derivatives (sweat glands, hair follicles)
  • Epithelial lining of mouth and anus
  • Cornea and lens of eye
  • Nervous system
  • Sensory receptors in epidermis
  • Adrenal medulla
  • Tooth enamel
  • Epithelium of pineal and pituitary glands
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5
Q

Mesoderm (10)

A
  • Notochord
  • Skeletal system
  • Muscular system
  • Muscular layer of stomach and intestine
  • Excretory system
  • Circulatory and lymphatic systems
  • Reproductive system (except germ cells)
  • Dermis of skin
  • Lining of body cavity
  • Adrenal cortex
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6
Q

Endoderm (7)

A
  • Epithelial lining of digestive tract
  • Epithelial lining of respiratory system
  • Lining of urethra, urinary bladder, and reproductive system
  • Liver
  • Pancreas
  • Thymus
  • Thyroid and parathyroid glands
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7
Q

A tissue is _____ as a group of cells of ____ ___ that perform a common function.

A

Defined; common origin

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8
Q

Tissues are ____ ____ of organs.

A

Building blocks

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9
Q

A sound knowledge of _____ is essential in understanding organ physiology.

A

Tissues

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10
Q

Basic types of tissues (5)

A
  • Epithelium
  • Connective Tissue
  • Blood
  • Muscle Tissue
  • Nervous Tissue
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11
Q

Most epithelia arise from _____ or _____.

A

Ectoderm; Endoderm

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12
Q

Skin and cornea are _____ in origin.

A

Ectodermal

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13
Q

Glands (sudoriferous or sweat, sebaceous or oil, and mammary) are formed by _______ or ______ of ectoderm.

A

Invagination; Evagination

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14
Q

_____ glands are ductless and _____ have ducts.

A

Endocrine; Exocrine

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15
Q

Alimentary canal is ______ in origin.

A

Endodermal

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16
Q

Functional Specialization of Epithelia (6)

A
  • Absorption
  • Secretion
  • Transport
  • Protection
  • Excretion
  • Sensory Reception
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17
Q

General Characteristics of Epithelium (6)

A
  • Little or no intercellular space
  • Avascular
  • Supplied with nerves
  • Held in position by connective tissue underneath
  • Basement membrane present
  • Subject to wear and tear and rapid proliferation
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18
Q

Epithelial cells have high ____ ____.

A

Mitotic index

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19
Q

Epithelial cells are exposed to the surface and hence access to _____ and _____.

A

Pathogens; Carcinogens

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20
Q

Most common types of cancerous or malignant tumors originate from _________ _____.

A

Epithelial cells

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21
Q

Tumors invade or metastasize to _____ _____.

A

Distant tissues

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22
Q

Carcinomas originate from ______ ______.

A

Surface epithelium

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23
Q

Adenocarcinomas originate from ______ ______.

A

Glandular epithelium

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24
Q

Some epithelial tumors are _____.

A

Benign

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25
Q

Papillomas originate from ____ _____.

A

Surface epithelium

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26
Q

Adenomas originate from _____ _____.

A

Glandular epithelium

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27
Q

Classification of epithelia according to cell shape.

A
  • Squamous
  • Cuboidal
  • Columnar
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28
Q

Classification of epithelia according to number of layers.

A
  • Simple
  • Stratified
  • Pseudostratified
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29
Q

Additional kinds of epithelia

A
  • Transitional or uroepithelium

- Germinal epithelium

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30
Q

Classification of epithelia according to location and function.

A
  • Covering or lining epithelium - lines surfaces

- Glandular epithelium - glands

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31
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium: Description

A

Single layer of flattened cells

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32
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium: Functions

A
  • Filtration
  • Absorption
  • Protection
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33
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium: Location

A
  • Tympanic membrane
  • Bowman’s capsule
  • Lung epithelium
  • Mesothelium
  • Endothelium
  • Endocardium
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34
Q

Mesothelium

A

Lines the contents of the closed body cavities such as abdominal, pericardial, and pleural

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35
Q

Endothelium

A

Lining of blood and lymphatic vessels

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36
Q

Endocardium

A

Lining of ventricles and atria of the heart

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37
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium: Clinical Point

A

Mesothelioma

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38
Q

Mesothelioma

A
  • Aggressive tumors of parietal and visceral serous membranes
  • Caused by exposure to asbestos
  • Shortness of breath, chest pain, accumulation of pleural
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39
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium: Description

A

Single layer of cells with roughly equal height and width–box like

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40
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium: Functions

A
  • Absorption

- Secretion

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41
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium: Location

A
  • Thyroid gland
  • Free surface of ovaries
  • Ducts of glands
  • Kidney tubules
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42
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium: Description

A
  • Single layer of cells that are taller than they are wider
  • Often have microvilli
  • Lateral surfaces with various kinds of junctions
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43
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium: Functions

A
  • Absorption

- Secretion

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44
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium: Location

A
  • Lining of hollow organs
  • Digestive tract
  • Uterus
  • Oviduct
  • Bronchi
  • Gallbladder
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45
Q

Modified Simple Columnar Epithelium

A
  • Goblet cells

- Simple columnar ciliated

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46
Q

Goblet cells

A
  • Mucus secretion

- Digestive tract

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47
Q

Simple columnar ciliated

A
  • Dust protection in respiratory tract

- Oviduct

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48
Q

Stratified Squamous: Functions and Locations

A
  • Protection - epidermis, mouth, esophagus, conjunctiva, cornea, vagina, portions of female urethra
  • Keratinized - protection - epidermis
  • Nonkeratinized - protection - mouth, tongue, vagina
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49
Q

Stratified Cuboidal: Functions and Locations

A

Protection - ducts of glands, urethra

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50
Q

Stratified Columnar: Functions and Locations

A

Protection, secretion - male urethra, pharynx, epiglottis

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51
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar: Functions and Locations

A

Protection - male urethra, excretory ducts of parotid, and other glands

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52
Q

Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar: Functions and Locations

A

Dust trapping, moving mucus - greater part of trachea and bronchi, Eustachian tube

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53
Q

Transitional (Uroepithelium): Functions and Locations

A

Prevent organ rupture - urinary bladder, ureter

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54
Q

Epithelial cells are ______; basal and distal surface differ in structure

A

Polarized

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55
Q

Golgi complex ______ or _______

A

Adluminal; supranuclear

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56
Q

Polarity less evident in ________ epithelium

A

Stratified

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57
Q

Apical Plasma Membrane

A

Rich in glycolipids, cholesterol, H+ ATPase, hydrolytic enzymes, transport proteins for release of secretory products

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58
Q

Lateral Plasma Membrane

A

Has Na+/K+ ATPase and receptors for hormones and neurotransmitters

59
Q

Basal Plasma Membrane

A

Has binding sites for basal lamina

60
Q

Cell cohesion depends on a family of glycoproteins called ________ or ________.

A

Cell adhesion molecules (CAM); Integrins

61
Q

One such protein ______ is responsible for mutual cell to cell recognition.

A

Cadherin

62
Q

Six or more surface glycoproteins are identified and one class depends on ______.

A

Ca++

63
Q

Other molecules called _____ bind to CAM–examples–fibronectin, laminin, and collagen.

A

Ligands

64
Q

Zonula Occludens or Tight Junctions

A
  • A belt around PM of adjacent cells
  • Function is to maintain osmotic pressure
  • Found among columnar epithelial cells
65
Q

Zonula Adherens

A
  • Function is to maintain osmotic pressure

- Found among columnar epithelial cells

66
Q

Desmosomes or Macula Adherens

A
  • Function is to maintain osmotic pressure
  • Found among columnar epithelial cells
  • Consist of central lamina, attachment plaques, transmembrane linkers, and tonofilaments
67
Q

Gap Junctions or Nexus

A
  • Involved in electrical coupling and hormonal actions
  • Found commonly in nerve and muscle cells
  • Consist of six subunits of proteins
  • Contain hydrophilic pores
  • Allow ions, water, cAMP, etc.
68
Q

Basal Lamina Functions

A

Physical supports by attachments; ultrafiltration (kidney endothelium)

69
Q

Basal Lamina Layers

A
  • Lamina rara or lucida

- Lamina densa

70
Q

Lamina rara or lucida

A

-Adjacent to epithelium–consists of proteoglycans laminin and type IV collagen secreted by epithelium

71
Q

Lamina densa

A

-Adjacent to connective tissue–consists of type VII collagen and fibronection

72
Q

Brush border or Microvilli (Function, Location, Description)

A
  • Functions: absorption, secretion
  • Location: digestive system and kidney tubules
  • Consist of actin, villin, and glycocalyx
73
Q

Stereocilia (Function, Location, Description)

A
  • Function: absorption
  • Location: found in pseudostratified columnar epithelium of epididymis
  • Are non-motile cilia
74
Q

Cilia (Functions, Description)

A
  • Functions: Rapid to and fro movement, transport of fluid over the surface of respiratory tract
  • 50-100 per cell and are motile
  • Have a core structure called axoneme
  • Axoneme consists of long microtubules
  • Microtubules arranged in 9 doublets + 2 singlets
  • Tubules slide over each other for movement
75
Q

Flagella (Functions, Location)

A
  • Function - Rapid and propelling movement
  • Found in spermatozoa
  • Usually one/cell–longest in mammalian spermatozoa
76
Q

Wear and tear of epithelium in skin, GI, and glands and respiratory passages

A
  • Skin: keratinization and shedding of cells
  • GI: very active loss and renewal
  • Glands and respiratory passages: loss is rare, cells are long lived
  • Loss of cells is balanced by active mitotic proliferation
77
Q

Some organs require _____ _____ composed of cells specialized for uptake of ions and small molecules.

A

Absorptive epithelium

78
Q

Absorptive epithelia contain ______ and _____ proteins.

A

Carrier; Channel

79
Q

Absorptive epithelia have ____ ____ and _____ _____ of basal cell membrane to increase surface area.

A

Brush border; multiple infoldings

80
Q

Secretion

A

Uptake of substances from blood and transformation into complex forms within cells for a later release (examples: hormones, gastric juices)

81
Q

Excretion

A

Simple diffusion of excretory (waste) products across epithelial membranes (examples: CO2)

82
Q

Cells or associations of cells specialized for secretion are called ______.

A

Glands

83
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Release their products into a system of ducts opening onto an external surface (example: digestive glands)

84
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Release their products into blood or lymph for transport to target cells

85
Q

Paracrine or Paraneurones

A

Release their products into extracellular spaces–transport by simple diffusion to target cells in the vicinity

86
Q

Glands can be _______ to synthesize and release proteins.

A

Stimulated

87
Q

Glands contain ______ granules in their cytoplasm.

A

Zymogen

88
Q

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

A

DNA (Replication) –> (Transcription) RNA –> (Translation) ribosomes –> Protein

89
Q

Merocrine glands

A

Release of products from cell membrane while cell being intact (example: goblet cells, sweat glands)

90
Q

Apocrine glands

A

Involves loss of a part of apical cell cytoplasm; less common (example: mammary glands)

91
Q

Holocrine glands

A

Involves complete loss of cells discharging product (example: oil glands, spermatozoa)

92
Q

Unicellular Exocrine Gland

A

Goblet cells are the only example

93
Q

Multicellular exocrine glands

A
  • Sheet of epithelium or secretory sheet (ex. gastric mucosa)
  • Intraepithelial gland (ex. nasal mucosa, male urethra)
94
Q

Classes of Simple Exocrine Glands

A
  • Simple tubular
  • Simple coiled tubular
  • Simple branched tubular
  • Simple acinar
  • Branched acinar
95
Q

Simple Exocrine Glands Characteristic

A

Open by one duct

96
Q

Example of Simple Tubular

A

Crypts of Liberkuhn

97
Q

Example of Simple Coiled Tubular

A

Sweat glands

98
Q

Example of Simple Branched Tubular

A

Uterine, esophageal, and Brunner’s glands

99
Q

Example of Simple Acinar

A

No example in mammals

100
Q

Example of Branched Acinar

A

Sebaceous or oil glands

101
Q

How are Compound Exocrine Glands Classified?

A
  • According to shape

- According to nature of secretion

102
Q

Compound Exocrine Gland Shapes

A
  • Tubular
  • Acinar or alveolar
  • Saccular
103
Q

Compound Exocrine Gland Secretions

A
  • Mucous (thick)
  • Serous (watery)
  • Mixed (both, ex. salivary glands)
104
Q

Tubular Compound Exocrine Gland Example

A

Mucus glands of oral cavity

105
Q

Acinar or Alveolar Compound Exocrine Gland Example

A

Salivary glands

106
Q

Saccular Compound Exocrine Gland Example

A

Mammary and prostate glands

107
Q

Exocrine glands are enclosed in ____ and divided into _____ and lobules.

A

Sacs; lobes

108
Q

Exocrine glands have _______ tissue, _____ and lymphatic vessels, _____ supply, and ______ and ductules.

A

Connective; blood; nerve; ducts

109
Q

Connective tissues work as ______, the _______ cells or tissues.

A

Stroma; supporting

110
Q

Epithelium works as ______, the ______ cells or tissues.

A

Parenchyma; functional

111
Q

Physiological (nervous) Control of Exocrine Secretion

A

Varies from gland to gland, mostly via Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)–acetylcholine also involved
(example: smell–entirely nervous through vagus nerve)

112
Q

Hormonal Control of Exocrine Secretion

A

Involves gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin

113
Q

Dual Control of Exocrine Secretion

A

Involving both physiological and hormonal

example: food placed in stomach

114
Q

Endocrine glands are ______–they release hormones into the blood which stimulate target cells somewhere else.

A

Ductless

115
Q

Endocrine glands develop by ________ of epithelia and lose connection.

A

Evagination

116
Q

Examples of endocrine glands

A

pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, adrenal, pineal, testes, ovaries, and placenta

117
Q

Polypeptide (Protein) Secreting Endocrine Glands have cells rich in ______, _______, and ______. They _____ capable of storing hormones before release.

A

Ribosomes; Rough endoplasmic reticulum; Golgi complex; ARE

118
Q

Steroid Secreting Endocrine Glands have little ______, few ______, rich in _____, abundant ______________, and numerous ________. They store __________ hormones & store the precursor cholesterol.

A

RER; ribosomes; SER; lipid droplets; mitochondria; very little

119
Q

Polypeptide (Protein) Secreting Endocrine Gland Examples

A

Pancreas–Islets of Langerhans–insulin

120
Q

Steroid Secreting Endocrine Gland Examples

A

Adrenal, Ovaries, Testes

121
Q

In protein or water soluble hormones, the hormone, or _____ ______, binds to membrane ___ and ___ protein.

A

First messenger; Receptor and G

122
Q

In protein or water soluble hormones, binding activates membrane _____ ______.

A

Adenylate cyclase (AC)

123
Q

In protein or water soluble hormones, Adenylate Cyclase hydrolyzes _____ to _____, which is the _____ _____,

A

ATP to cAMP; second messenger

124
Q

In protein or water soluble hormones, cAMP activate intracellular _____ _____ to initiate a chain of events for cellular response.

A

Enzyme kinase

125
Q

Example of protein or water soluble hormones

A

Conversion of glycogen to glucose by liver cells by hormone epinephrine from adrenal glands

126
Q

In steroid hormones, there is no _____ on the plasma membrane–the hormone enters the cytoplasm and binds to ______ ______.

A

Receptor; Intracellular receptor

127
Q

In steroid hormones, the hormone-receptor complex binds to ____ and activates genes for cellular response.

A

DNA

128
Q

Steroid hormone examples

A

Testosterone, estrogens, and progesterone

129
Q

Endocrine cells are _____ ______ with extremely thin endothelium.

A

Richly vascular

130
Q

Both blood and lymph are capable of ______ transport.

A

Hormone

131
Q

Endocrine cells (EC) have essentially ___ _______–very thin basement membrane of EC and narrow intercellular spaces

A

No barrier

132
Q

Most hormones are released into the ______, the only examples for _____ are _____ and _____.

A

Blood; Lymph; Thyroid and testes

133
Q

Simplest form of hormonal control

A

Negative feedback system (output inhibits input)

134
Q

Rise in blood sugar level stimulates pancreas to release _____. This causes an uptake of glucose into cells. Resulting low blood sugar ______ the release of insulin. This an example of ________ feedback.

A

Insulin; Inhibits ; Negative

135
Q

_____ mobilizes Ca++ from bone and increased Ca++ ______ release of PTH.

A

PTH; Inhibits

136
Q

In the complex form of hormone control, the _____ ____ are under the control of the nervous system.

A

Endocrine cells

137
Q

In the complex form of hormone control, output _______ output.

A

Increases

138
Q

An example of ________ feedback, is _____ ________.

A

Positive; Milk ejection

139
Q

Two systems coordinate body activities– _________ and _______.

A

Nervous; Endocrine

140
Q

Neuro-endocrinology involves _________.

A

Paraneurons

141
Q

Some substances which act as neurotransmitters and hormones are _____________ and ______________.

A

Norepinephrine; Vassopressin (ADH)

142
Q

Chemical messengers in diffuse system are called ___________.

A

Neuropeptides

143
Q

There are ____ identified neuropeptides, including enteroendocrine or gastroenteropancreatic cells, gustatory cells, bronchial epithelium.

A

20

Histology (18 decks)

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