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Histology > Upper Digestive System > Flashcards

Upper Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Two main groups of digestive organs

A
  • Alimentary canal

- Accessory organs

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2
Q

Alimentary canal is also called _______, a continuous muscular tube that digests and absorbs food.

A

Gastrointestinal (GI) tract

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3
Q

______ of the GI tract include mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine, which terminates in anus.

A

Organs

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4
Q

_______ include teeth, tongue, gall bladder, and glands such as salivary glands, liver, and pancreas. Glands produce saliva, bile, and digestive enzymes.

A

Accessory digestive organs

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5
Q

Function of Digestive system

A
  • Propulsion
  • Secretion
  • Absorption
  • Excretion
  • Immunologic protection
  • Hormone production
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6
Q

For convenience, the digestive system can be divided into _____ and ______.

A

Upper and lower tracts

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7
Q

The ________ includes the oral cavity (lips, teeth, palate, tongue, cheeks), pharynx, and esophagus.

A

Upper digestive tract

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8
Q

The ________ deals mostly with digestion, absorption, and excretion, and includes stomach, small and large intestines, and anal canal.

A

Lower tract

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9
Q

The oral cavity is the ______ the the digestive system. It is a ______ in which the food is mechanically fragmented by teeth, chemically modified by enzymes, and lubricated by saliva.

A
  • Entrance

- Chamber

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10
Q

The oral cavity contains a narrow space between lips and teeth called ______. It is bounded by _____ and _____ palates above, back of _____ and _____ anteriorly, and ________ of cheeks laterally.

A
  • Vestibule
  • Hard and Soft
  • Gums and teeth
  • Palatoglossal folds
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11
Q

Four layers of the GI wall

A
  • Mucosa (epithelium, lamina propia, muscularis mucosae)
  • Submucosa
  • Tunica muscularis or muscularis externa
  • Serosa (in esophagus=adventitia)
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12
Q

Three types of oral mucosa

A
  • Lining
  • Masticatory
  • Specialized
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13
Q

_______ forms inner lining of lips, cheeks, soft palate, floor of mouth, and undersurface of tongue. The specific tissue is _______.

A
  • Lining mucosa

- Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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14
Q

_______ is found in gingivae (gums) and hard palate. The specific tissue is ________.

A
  • Masticatory

- Lightly keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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15
Q

_____ is found on the dorsal surface of tongue. The specific tissue is _______.

A
  • Specialized mucosa

- Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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16
Q

Much of the oral cavity is occupied by _____, a highly mobile muscular structure.

A

Tongue

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17
Q

In humans, the tongue engages in _____, ______, ______, and ______.

A
  • Mastication
  • Swallowing
  • Speech
  • Taste
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18
Q

The epithelium of the tongue is ________.

A

Smooth nonkeratinized stratified squamous

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19
Q

The tongue consists of ______ oriented vertically, horizontally and longitudinally and intersecting at right angles providing _________.

A
  • Striated muscles

- High degree of mobility

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20
Q

The tongue has a V-shaped groove called ______ between the anterior (oral) 2/3rd and the posterior (pharyngeal) 1/3rd.

A

Sulcus terminalis

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21
Q

The three main types of surface projections called _______ that are seen on the roughened _____ surface of the ________ of the tongue are ______, ______, and ______.

A
  • Lingual papillae
  • Dorsal
  • Anterior two-thirds
  • Filiform
  • Fungiform
  • Circumvallate
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22
Q

_______ are the most numerous, slender and conical projections, have heavily keratinized cells. The grey color is due to keratin.

A

Filiform

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23
Q

_______ have narrow base, widely scattered among filiform papillae and have connective tissue core.

A

Fungiform

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24
Q

_______ is one row of 8-12 on the posterior side of tongue, largest in size, epithelium nonkeratinized or incompletely keratinized, with _________.

A
  • Circumvallate

- Serous glands of von Ebner

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25
Q

The taste buds are small ________ organs embedded in lateral surfaces of the epithelium of _______ and _______ papillae.

A
  • Intraepithelial
  • Fungiform
  • Circumvallate
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26
Q

In humans there are about ____ taste buds on tongue, about _____ on soft palate, _____ on epiglottis, and _____ in larynx and pharynx.

A
  • 5000
  • 2500
  • 900
  • 600
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27
Q

The taste buds are special sensory receptors that _____ chemical stimuli into nerve impulses which brain perceives as _____ sensations.

A
  • Transduce

- Gustatory

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28
Q

The taste buds are pale ovoid bodies with 50-75 _____ cells - wider on the base and narrower on the apex which has a ______.

A
  • Fusiform

- Taste pore

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29
Q

The three cell types of taste buds can be identified by ________.

A

Staining properties

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30
Q

_____ have long microvilli, apical cytoplasmic granules, found to be supporting cells and lie in periphery.

A

Dark cells (Type I)

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31
Q

______ lie centrally, have long microvilli, granules, abundant smooth ER and little rough ER.

A

Light cells (Type II)

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32
Q

______ are light staining, long apical processes that are several times the diameter of microvilli – believed to contain _______.

A
  • Pale cells (Type III)

- Gustatory cells

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33
Q

Four basic taste sensations

A
  • Sweet
  • Salty
  • Bitter
  • Sour
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34
Q

Taste buds abundant near tip of tongue are ________.

A

Sweet and Salty

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35
Q

Taste buds abundant in the back of tongue are ________.

A

Bitter and Sour

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36
Q

The adult human has ____ permanent teeth. - 4 incisors, 2 canines, 4 premolars, and 6 molar teeth in each jaw.

A

32

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37
Q

The _____ is the portion of tooth that projects above gum or gingiva.

A

Crown

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38
Q

The _____ is the portion in between crown and root(s).

A

Neck

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39
Q

The _____ is the portion that fits into the underlying bone, one or more roots are embedded in a bony socket or alveolus of the jaws.

A

Root

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40
Q

Teeth develop by a complex process called ________ derived from 2 embryonic sources: the ______ and _______.

A
  • Odontogenesis
  • Ectoderm
  • Mesenchyme
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41
Q

The ______ arises from oral ectoderm.

A

Enamel

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42
Q

Dentin, pump, cementum & periodontal membrane arise from _______.

A

Mesenchyme

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43
Q

Bulk of tooth consists of ______ that is covered by ______ in the crown area.

A
  • Dentin

- Enamel

44
Q

Enamel is ______ in root area and the dentin here is covered by a thin layer of ______ enclosed in a ________.

A
  • Absent
  • Cementum
  • Periodontal membrane
45
Q

The crown of tooth has a small ______ which continues down into the root as _______.

A
  • Central pulp cavity

- Root canal

46
Q

Acid forming bacteria that dissolve enamel cause tooth decay or _______.

A

Dental caries

47
Q

________ has dramatically reduced the incidence of caries. _______ containing substances are added to drinking water or oral hygiene products.

A
  • Fluoridation

- Fluoride

48
Q

Fluoride ions replace hydroxyl ions in the ______ crystals of enamel to form _______.

A
  • Hydroxyapatite

- Fluoroapatite

49
Q

________ is chemically more stable, less soluble, and more resistant to breakdown by acid bacteria in plaque.

A

Fluoroapatite

50
Q

The dentin is an _______, mineralized tissue, ______ than the bone mineral but similar in composition

A
  • Avascular

- Harder

51
Q

About 70% of the dentin’s mass is inorganic made of _______, about 18 % is organic made of mostly ________ and the rest about 12 % is _____.

A
  • Hydroxyapatite
  • Type I collagen
  • Water
52
Q

Dentin is synthesized by _______, which are _____ _____ cells that line the pulp cavity.

A
  • Odontoblasts

- Tall columnar

53
Q

Enamel is the _____ substance in the body. About 96% of it is ________, the rest (4%) is organic made of unique glycoproteins called ______ and _____ - it lacks collagen.

A
  • Hardest
  • Hydroxyapatite
  • Amelogenins
  • Enamelins
54
Q

Enamel is composed of ____ or _____ that radiate from dentin and is produced by a layer of columnar cells called _______, which ______ after the complete formation of enamel.

A
  • Rods or prisms
  • Ameloblasts
  • Degenerate
55
Q

The periodontal membrane or ligament is a layer of ______ enveloping roots of tooth. It is ______ between the cementum and the surrounding alveolar bone and it firmly _____ the tooth into its socket.

A
  • Collagen
  • Interposed
  • Anchors
56
Q

The gingiva is the _______ of the oral mucous membrane which is firmly bound to the periosteum.

A

Thicker portion

57
Q

Around the base of the crown of each tooth, gingiva is separated from enamel forming ________ with gingival squamous epithelium. The seal between epithelium and enamel prevents ________.

A
  • Gingival crevice

- Entry of bacteria

58
Q

The two categories of salivary glands are _____ and _____.

A

Minor and major

59
Q

______, which are numerous in mucosa, open directly or via short ducts on surface of oral epithelium, secrete continuously, and contribute to saliva that moistens and lubricates oral cavity.

A

Minor salivary glands

60
Q

_____ consists of three pairs ______, _____, and ______.

A
  • Major salivary glands

- Parotid, Submandibular, and Sublingual

61
Q

_____ are located away from oral epithelium and are connected to it by a branching system of ducts.

A

Major salivary glands

62
Q

_____ produce a large volume of secretions on mechanical and chemical stimulation of nerve endings in mucosa - some secrete in response to olfactory stimuli.

A

Major salivary glands

63
Q

Minor salivary glands are short consisting of _______.

A

Mucous cells

64
Q

Major salivary glands are ______ - mucous, serous, and sero-mucous - secretions from these salivary glands differ in composition.

A

Mixed glands

65
Q

Mucous _____ are single layers of pyramidal cells, cytoplasm filled with mucigen – a precursor of mucus; abundant RER – ______ secretion.

A
  • Acini

- Viscous

66
Q

Serous acini consist of columnar cells, apical cytoplasm filled with secretory granules, have intercellular secretory canaliculi, abundant RER – products: amylase, lysozyme, peroxidase, DNAse, RNAse – ______ secretion.

A

Watery

67
Q

Mixed acini have both _____ (proximal) and _____ (distal) acini.

A
  • Mucous

- Serous

68
Q

The saliva is a ____ of the products of several kinds of salivary glands. It is _____, colorless, and opalescent fluid.

A
  • Mixture

- Vicsous

69
Q

Saliva is composed of:

  • 97-99% _____,
  • ______ (Na+, K+, Ca++, Cl-, traces of Fe++),
  • ______ (mucoproteins, immunoglobulins (IgA), enzymes –salivary amylase or ptyalin for digestion of carbohydrates
  • ________(degenerating granulocytes and lymphocytes)
A
  • Water
  • Inorganic ions
  • Proteins
  • Salivary corpuscles
70
Q

The basal rate of salivary secretion is _____ ml / minute – but increases many fold in response to presence of food in mouth. The total daily secretion is _____.

A
  • 0.5 to 1

- 1 liter or more

71
Q

Functions of saliva:

  • ______ and lubricates mouth
  • ______ digestion of carbohydrates (starch)
  • ______ bacterial flora in oral cavity by lysozymes, thiocyanate and immunoglobulin A secreted by lymphocytes
A
  • Moistens
  • Initiates
  • Controls
72
Q

The tonsils are the _____ lymphoid organ with obvious ______.

A
  • Simplest

- Germinal centers

73
Q

5 tonsils form ____ of lymphatic tissue around entrance to the pharynx and are named according to their location.

A
  • A ring

- Location

74
Q

_____ are paired. They are the largest and most often infected.

A

Palatine tonsils

75
Q

_____ are paired at the base of the tongue.

A

Lingual tonsils

76
Q

______ are single and called adenoids if enlarged.

A

Pharyngeal tonsils

77
Q

The ______ surround the openings of the auditory tubes into the pharynx.

A

Tubal tonsils

78
Q

Tonsils are not fully _______ and have _____ that trap bacteria.

A
  • Encapsulated

- Crypts

79
Q

The pharynx is the _____ of the oral cavity, the merger of air and food tubes, and has 3 regions: ____, ____, and ____.

A
  • Posterior continuation

- Nasal, oral, laryngeal

80
Q

The 4 layers that compose the pharynx

A
  • Mucosa
  • Lamina propia
  • Submucosa
  • Muscularis externa
81
Q

The pharynx mucosa is composed of _______ in oral and laryngeal pharynx and ______ with _____ in the nasal pharynx.

A
  • Stratified squamous epithelium

- Stratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells

82
Q

The pharynx _______ has loose CT and no muscularis mucosae.

A

Lamina propia

83
Q

The pharynx _______ has loose CT.

A

Submucosa

84
Q

The pharynx _________ has an inner longitudinal skeletal and outer oblique or longitudinal with fibroelastic tissue in between.

A

Muscularis externa

85
Q

Four layers of the GI wall

A
  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa
  • Tunica muscularis or muscularis externa
  • Serosa (adventitia in esophgus)
86
Q

Mucosa layers in GI wall

A
  • Epithelium
  • Lamina Propia
  • Muscularis Mucosae
87
Q

The GI wall Mucosa _____ varies in different parts of GI, is conductive, secretory or absorptive.

A

Epithelium

88
Q

The GI wall Mucosa _______ is a vascular loose CT with fibroblasts, reticular and elastic fibers, macrophages and lymphoid tissue.

A

Lamina Propia

89
Q

The GI wall Mucosa _______ has two layers of smooth muscle fibers – ________ and _______.

A
  • Muscularis mucosae
  • Inner circular
  • Outer longitudinal
90
Q

The ______ of the GI wall is moderately dense CT with many blood vessels and a plexus of sympathetic nerves – _______- for control of motility

A
  • Submucosa

- Meissner’s plexus

91
Q

The ______ of the GI wall has moderately thick smooth muscles – ________ and a plexus of sympathetic nerves in between these two layers– ________ for peristalsis.

A
  • Tunica Muscularis or Muscularis Externa
  • Inner circular and outer longitudinal
  • Auerbach’s plexus
92
Q

The ______ of the GI wall consists of mesothelium – squamous epithelium lining abdominal cavity and organs - _____ lines stomach and _____ lines intestine.

A
  • Omentum

- Mesentery

93
Q

The _______ is a muscular tube about 10 inches or 25 cm, greater portion in thorax (chest), terminal 2-4 cm in abdominal cavity that conveys food from pharynx to stomach.

A

Esophagus

94
Q

The Esophagus Wall layers

A
  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa
  • Muscularis externa
  • Tunica adventitia
95
Q

The Mucosa of the esophagus wall is made of ______ epithelium. At the junction of esophagus and stomach an abrupt transition from stratified squamous to ________. It also contains a _______ – loose CT with collagen and elastic fibers.

A
  • Stratified Squamous
  • Simple Columnar
  • Lamina propia
96
Q

The ______ of the esophagus wall is a dense CT with collagen and elastic fibers and many small blood vessels
that forms numerous folds that smooth out during transport of food.

A

Submucosa

97
Q

The _____ of the esophagus wall is inner circular and outer longitudinal, also oblique.
Upper third striated, middle third mixture of striated and smooth and lower third all smooth muscles.

A

Muscularis externa

98
Q

The ______ of the esophagus wall is loose CT, not serosa.

A

Tunic Adventitia

99
Q

Two kinds of esophageal glands

A
  • Mucosal

- Submucosal

100
Q

______ or cardiac esophageal glands are ______ and limited to lamina propria - Found only in upper esophagus and at esophagus-stomach junction.

A
  • Mucosal

- Simple tubular

101
Q

The _____ glands are ______, more widespread, and contain mucus droplets.

A
  • Submucosal

- Compound tubular

102
Q

The _______ exhibit great muscular tone, not anatomically distinct but physiological significant, and are important in preventing reflux of food.

A

Pharyngeo- and gastroesophageal sphincters

103
Q

Inflammation of the esophagus with damage to the epithelium is called _______.
Most common cause is __________ into lower esophagus.

A
  • Esophagitis

- Reflux of gastric contents

104
Q

_________ is a common chronic condition – common in adults over 40 years.

A

Gastroesophgeal reflux disease (GERD)

105
Q

GERD often accompanies _______ which causes failure of gastroesophageal sphincter to close resulting in reflux of acidic food into the esophagus causing ______.

A
  • Hiatal hernia

- Heart burns

Histology (18 decks)

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