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Histology > Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Internal Genetailia

A
  • Ovaries
  • Oviducts
  • Uterus
  • Vagina
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2
Q

External Genetailia

A
  • Mons pubis
  • Labia majora and minora
  • Clitoris
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3
Q

The development of female reproductive system is not complete until _______ from anterior pituitary initiate puberty.

A

Gonadotropic hormones

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4
Q

Somatic changes associated with puberty include __________.

A
  • Increased growth
  • Muscle mass
  • Adipose tissue
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5
Q

Thelarche

A

Development of breasts

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6
Q

Pubarche

A

Growth of axillary and public hair

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7
Q

Menarche

A

First menstrual flow (Thereafter throughout the woman’s reproductive life the ovaries and uterus undergo repeating 28-day cycles of hormonally controlled histological changes)

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8
Q

Menopause

A

Stop of menstrual flow - age about 50

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9
Q

The ovary is a slightly flattened ______ organs.

A

-Paired

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10
Q

The _____ of the ovary is attached to a ligament by a _______.

A
  • Hilus

- Mesovarium

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11
Q

Outermost layer of the ovary is called _______ followed by _______ made of dense CT.

A
  • Germinal epithelium

- Tunica albuginea

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12
Q

The ovary has distinct cortex and medulla (_______).

A

Zona vasculoza

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13
Q

Ovarian follicles are found both in cortex and medulla, vast majority of them are __________.

A

Primordial follicles

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14
Q

Follicles contain female sex cells called oocytes and at maturity the follicles release a __________.

A

Secondary oocyte

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15
Q

Primordial follicles grow into _____ followed by ____ (antral) and then _____ (Graafian) follicles.

A
  • Primary
  • Secondary
  • Mature
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16
Q

At ______ the Graafian follicle ruptures and a _______ is released into the abdominal cavity.

A
  • Ovulation

- Secondary oocyte

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17
Q

Other follicles undergo degeneration called _________.

A

Follicular atresia

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18
Q

Ovaries of a young woman have an estimated _____ primordial and primary follicles. Only about ____ of these are released in the reproductive life of a woman and other degenerate.

A
  • 400,000

- 500

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19
Q

The Primodial follicles constitute the ______ of follicles.

A

Vast majority

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20
Q

Oocyte is large and spherical surrounded by ___________.

A

One or more layers of squamous follicular cells

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21
Q

Dense aggregations of _______ are found near the nucleus and the nuclei has a conspicuous nucleoli.

A

Mitochondria

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22
Q

The primordial follicle also has _______, ______, and ______.

A
  • Oolemma
  • Ooplasm
  • Basal lamina
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23
Q

The Primordial follicle in an ______ or ______ stage.

A

Inactive or quiescent

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24
Q

Follicular cells change from ______ to ________.

A
  • Squamous

- Cuboidal or columnar

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25
Q

Follicular cells proliferate by rapid mitotic division and transform into _______ resulting in _______.

A
  • Granulosa cells

- Stratified epithelium

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26
Q

The _______ is produced between the granulosa cells and the oocyte.

A

Zona pellucida

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27
Q

Zona pellucida consists of ________ and is ______.

A
  • Glycoproteins

- PAS+

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28
Q

Outside granulosa cells are _______.

A

Stromal or thecal cells (theca folliculi)

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29
Q

Granulosa cells secrete a fluid called _______ and a cavity is formed called _________.

A
  • Liquor folliculi

- Antral cavity or antrum

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30
Q

Granulosa cells also form _______ on which the primary oocyte rests.

A

Cumulus oophorus

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31
Q

Immediately surrounding zona pellucida is a layer of cuboidal granulosa cells with radiating processes called ________.

A

Corona radiate

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32
Q

Another feature of antral follicles is the appearance of densely staining PAS+ ________ among granulosa cells.

A

Call-Exner bodies

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33
Q

Theca folliculi form two layers:

  • An internal vascular and secretory ______
  • An outer connective tissue layer called ______
A
  • Theca interna

- Theca externa

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34
Q

The Mature or Graafian Follicle forms in the _____ of the follicular phase (10-14 days).

A

Second half

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35
Q

The primary oocyte divides into a huge _______ and a very small ________.

A
  • Secondary oocyte

- First polar body

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36
Q

Walls of the mature follicle become thin in preparation for ________.

A

Ovulation

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37
Q

Ovulation involves the rupture and release of ________.

A

Secondary oocyte

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38
Q

Indication of ovulation is the development of a small pale oval area on the ovary called _________.

A

Stigma or macula pellucida

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39
Q

Indication of ovulation is an increase in ______ and _______ activity which help break the surrounding tissue.

A

Collagenase and plasmin

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40
Q

Newly ovulated ovum is shortly surrounded by granulosa cells then only by the _______.

A

Zona pellucida

41
Q

The zona pellucida consists of three glycoproteins: ________

A

ZP 1, 2, and 3

42
Q

Oligosaccharides of ZP3 form the _______.

A

Sperm receptor

43
Q

Sperm enter the space between the ovum and the zona pellucida called _______.

A

Previtelline space

44
Q

Binding of sperm membrane to the receptor triggers a so called _______.

A

Acrosome reaction

45
Q

Sperm head now fuses with the ______ and penetrates the ______..

A
  • Oolemma

- Ooplasm

46
Q

Fusion of membranes triggers a ________ resulting in the accumulation of cortical granules of the ovum in the _______.

A
  • Cortical reaction of the ovum

- Previtelline space

47
Q

Enzymes of cortical granules destroy the sperm receptor property of zona pellucida thus preventing _______.

A

Polyspermy

48
Q

The zona pellucida is responsible for:

A
  • Sperm binding
  • Initiating acrosome reaction
  • Blocking polyspermy
49
Q

_______ from the hypothalamus stimulates anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH.

A

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone

50
Q

FSH and LH in turn cause release of:

  • ______ from the granulosa cells
  • _______ from the thecal cells
A
  • Estrogens

- Testosterone

51
Q

FSH promotes growth of _______.

A

Ovarian follicles

52
Q

LH causes _____ and ______.

A
  • Ovulation

- Cell differentiation

53
Q

After ovulation LH causes ovarian follicles to decrease production of ______ and increase production of _______.

A
  • Estrogens

- Progesterone

54
Q

Progesterone is responsible for preparing endometrium of uterus for ________.

A

Reception of fertilized ovum

55
Q

______ establishes domination of one follicle to mature.

A

Follicular Regulatory Protein

56
Q

_____ promotes relaxation of uterus during gestation.

57
Q

_____ inhibits secretion of FSH and LH.

58
Q

After ovulation the remaining Graafian follicle becomes glandular and is called ______ with a blood clot.

A

Corpus luteum

59
Q

Cells in the corpus luteum hypertrophy and accumulate lipid droplets are are called lutein cells with two cell types:

A
  • Granulosa lutein cells

- Theca lutein cells

60
Q

Principal product of corpus luteum is ______, it also produces estrogens and other steroid hormones in humans.

A

Progesterone

61
Q

If the ovum is fertilized, the corpus luteum become the ________.

A

Corpus luteum of pregnancy

62
Q

If the ovum is not fertilized, the corpus luteum regresses to form ______ which eventually degenerates.

A

Corpus albicans

63
Q

About 99% of oocytes originally present in the infant ovary degenerate - called _______.

A

Follicular atresia

64
Q

The _____ is a muscular tube that receives and transports secondary oocyte.

A

Oviduct or Fallopian tube

65
Q

The oviduct consists of:

A
  • Ithmus
  • Ampulla
  • Infundibulum
  • Fimbriae
66
Q

In the oviduct, mucosa is thrown into folds with _________, sometimes ______ with two cell types:

  • ______ in ampulla and fimbriae
  • _______ in the other parts
A
  • Simple columnar epithelium
  • Pseudostratified
  • Ciliated
  • Nonciliated
67
Q

In the oviduct, there are not true _______ and the lamina propria consist of fibroblasts, lymphocytes, macrophages, and mast cells.

A

Muscularis mucosae

68
Q

The oviduct had two layers of _______, inner circular and outer longitudinal.

A

External smooth muscles

69
Q

The uterus receives ovum and is the site of:

A
  • Pregnancy
  • Fetal development
  • Labor
70
Q

The uterus consists of

A
  • Body or Corpus Uteri
  • Fundus
  • Cervix
  • Portio Vaginalis
  • External and Internal Os
71
Q

The uterus wall consists of three layers:

A
  • Perimetrium
  • Myometrium
  • Endometrium
72
Q

Layers of the myometrium

A
  • Stratum submucosum
  • Stratum vasculare
  • Stratum supravasculare
  • Stratum subserosum
73
Q

Under the influence of ______ from the posterior pituitary and _______ from the uterus the contraction of the uterine muscles are responsible for the expulsion of the fetus.

A
  • Oxytocin

- Prostaglandins

74
Q

The main function of the endometrium is the _______.

A

Implantation of ovum

75
Q

The endometrium undergoes cyclic changes from ______ to ______.

A
  • Menarche

- Menopause

76
Q

The endometrium has two layers which are both richly supplied with blood:

A
  • Stratum basalis

- Stratum functionalis

77
Q

The epithelium of the endometrium of ______ which invaginates to form uterine glands.

A

Simple columnar

78
Q

The opening of the cervix into the uterine cavity is called ______ and the opening into vagina is called the _____.

A
  • Internal os

- External os

79
Q

The surface epithelium of the cervix is elevated to form _______.

A

Plicae palmatae

80
Q

The epithelium of the cervix is _______ with mucus droplets.

A

Simple tall columnar

81
Q

Near the external os the epithelium becomes _______ which continues into _______.

A
  • Stratified squamous

- Portio vaginalis

82
Q

The epithelium of the vagina is typically __________.

A

Stratified squamous epithelium with no glands

83
Q

The sexual response for males are females is erection by ______ and ejaculation or orgasm by _______.

A
  • PANS

- SANS

84
Q

The mammary glands are specialized accessory glands and are _______.

A

Modified sweat glands (compound tubular)

85
Q

The mammary glands consist of 15-25 irregular lobes radiating from _______ or nipples.

A

Mammary papillae

86
Q

Each lobe in mammary glands has a ________ lined by ______ and each duct opens into the nipple.

A
  • Lactiferous duct

- Stratified squamous epithelium

87
Q

Each lobe of the mammary glands is divided into ______, the smallest lobule consists of an _______ surrounded by a saccular evagination called _______.

A
  • Lobules
  • Alveolar duct
  • Alveoli
88
Q

The epithelium in the alveoli are ______ which are secretory.

A

Simple cuboidal to low columnar

89
Q

Milk production is under the control of ______ and ______ from the ovary and ______ from the anterior pituitary.

A
  • Progesterone and estrogens

- Prolactin

90
Q

Milk ejection is under the control of _____ from the posterior pituitary.

91
Q

Phases of the Ovarian Cycle

A
  • Follicular Phase (1st-14th day) followed by Ovulation on day 14
  • Luteal Phase (14th-28th day)
92
Q

Phases of the Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle

A
  • Menstrual phase
  • Proliferative phase
  • Secretory phase
93
Q

Ovarian Cycle:

  1. _____ stimulates anterior pituitary to produce FSH and LH
  2. _____ stimulate follicular growth and maturation and estrogen secretion
  3. Initial rising ______ levels inhibit anterior pituitary inhibiting release of FSH / LH
A
  • GnRH
  • FSH / LH
  • Plasma estrogen
94
Q

Ovarian Cycle:

  1. As estrogen level increase and reach a critical level anterior pituitary produces a surge of ___ and lesser quantity of ____ – this occurs in about mid cycle (14th day)
  2. This sudden surge of LH stimulates oocyte development and triggers _______ on about day 14
  3. LH surge also transforms ruptured follicle into ______, hence the name Luteinizing hormone – corpus luteum then produces ________.
A
  • LH
  • FSH
  • Ovulation
  • Corpus luteum
  • Estrogens and progesterone
95
Q

Ovarian Cycle:

  1. Rising levels of estrogens and progesterone inhibit anterior pituitary, _____ levels decline followed by decline in new follicle development
  2. As LH levels decline, stimulus to develop corpus luteum declines and it degenerates resulting in a drop in _______ levels
  3. Decline in levels of estrogens and progesterone end the blockade of FSH / LH secretion and a new cycle begins
A
  • FSH / LH

- Estrogen and progesterone

96
Q

Menstrual Phase (Day 1-5)

A

Characterized by discharge of blood and endometrial (stratum functionalis) debris through vagina – this coincides with the termination of previous luteal phase

97
Q

Proliferative Phase (Day 6-14)

A

Endometrium begins to develop for receiving a fertilized ovum under the influence of estrogens and progesterone from corpus luteum

98
Q

Secretory Phase (Day 15-28)

A
  • Coincides with the luteal phase

- Involves further development of endometrium under the influence of estrogens and progesterone from the corpus luteum

Histology (18 decks)

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