Female Reproductive System Flashcards
1
Q
Internal Genetailia
A
- Ovaries
- Oviducts
- Uterus
- Vagina
2
Q
External Genetailia
A
- Mons pubis
- Labia majora and minora
- Clitoris
3
Q
The development of female reproductive system is not complete until _______ from anterior pituitary initiate puberty.
A
Gonadotropic hormones
4
Q
Somatic changes associated with puberty include __________.
A
- Increased growth
- Muscle mass
- Adipose tissue
5
Q
Thelarche
A
Development of breasts
6
Q
Pubarche
A
Growth of axillary and public hair
7
Q
Menarche
A
First menstrual flow (Thereafter throughout the woman’s reproductive life the ovaries and uterus undergo repeating 28-day cycles of hormonally controlled histological changes)
8
Q
Menopause
A
Stop of menstrual flow - age about 50
9
Q
The ovary is a slightly flattened ______ organs.
A
-Paired
10
Q
The _____ of the ovary is attached to a ligament by a _______.
A
- Hilus
- Mesovarium
11
Q
Outermost layer of the ovary is called _______ followed by _______ made of dense CT.
A
- Germinal epithelium
- Tunica albuginea
12
Q
The ovary has distinct cortex and medulla (_______).
A
Zona vasculoza
13
Q
Ovarian follicles are found both in cortex and medulla, vast majority of them are __________.
A
Primordial follicles
14
Q
Follicles contain female sex cells called oocytes and at maturity the follicles release a __________.
A
Secondary oocyte
15
Q
Primordial follicles grow into _____ followed by ____ (antral) and then _____ (Graafian) follicles.
A
- Primary
- Secondary
- Mature
16
Q
At ______ the Graafian follicle ruptures and a _______ is released into the abdominal cavity.
A
- Ovulation
- Secondary oocyte
17
Q
Other follicles undergo degeneration called _________.
A
Follicular atresia
18
Q
Ovaries of a young woman have an estimated _____ primordial and primary follicles. Only about ____ of these are released in the reproductive life of a woman and other degenerate.
A
- 400,000
- 500
19
Q
The Primodial follicles constitute the ______ of follicles.
A
Vast majority
20
Q
Oocyte is large and spherical surrounded by ___________.
A
One or more layers of squamous follicular cells
21
Q
Dense aggregations of _______ are found near the nucleus and the nuclei has a conspicuous nucleoli.
A
Mitochondria
22
Q
The primordial follicle also has _______, ______, and ______.
A
- Oolemma
- Ooplasm
- Basal lamina
23
Q
The Primordial follicle in an ______ or ______ stage.
A
Inactive or quiescent
24
Q
Follicular cells change from ______ to ________.
A
- Squamous
- Cuboidal or columnar
25
Follicular cells proliferate by rapid mitotic division and transform into _______ resulting in _______.
- Granulosa cells
| - Stratified epithelium
26
The _______ is produced between the granulosa cells and the oocyte.
Zona pellucida
27
Zona pellucida consists of ________ and is ______.
- Glycoproteins
| - PAS+
28
Outside granulosa cells are _______.
Stromal or thecal cells (theca folliculi)
29
Granulosa cells secrete a fluid called _______ and a cavity is formed called _________.
- Liquor folliculi
| - Antral cavity or antrum
30
Granulosa cells also form _______ on which the primary oocyte rests.
Cumulus oophorus
31
Immediately surrounding zona pellucida is a layer of cuboidal granulosa cells with radiating processes called ________.
Corona radiate
32
Another feature of antral follicles is the appearance of densely staining PAS+ ________ among granulosa cells.
Call-Exner bodies
33
Theca folliculi form two layers:
- An internal vascular and secretory ______
- An outer connective tissue layer called ______
- Theca interna
| - Theca externa
34
The Mature or Graafian Follicle forms in the _____ of the follicular phase (10-14 days).
Second half
35
The primary oocyte divides into a huge _______ and a very small ________.
- Secondary oocyte
| - First polar body
36
Walls of the mature follicle become thin in preparation for ________.
Ovulation
37
Ovulation involves the rupture and release of ________.
Secondary oocyte
38
Indication of ovulation is the development of a small pale oval area on the ovary called _________.
Stigma or macula pellucida
39
Indication of ovulation is an increase in ______ and _______ activity which help break the surrounding tissue.
Collagenase and plasmin
40
Newly ovulated ovum is shortly surrounded by granulosa cells then only by the _______.
Zona pellucida
41
The zona pellucida consists of three glycoproteins: ________
ZP 1, 2, and 3
42
Oligosaccharides of ZP3 form the _______.
Sperm receptor
43
Sperm enter the space between the ovum and the zona pellucida called _______.
Previtelline space
44
Binding of sperm membrane to the receptor triggers a so called _______.
Acrosome reaction
45
Sperm head now fuses with the ______ and penetrates the ______..
- Oolemma
| - Ooplasm
46
Fusion of membranes triggers a ________ resulting in the accumulation of cortical granules of the ovum in the _______.
- Cortical reaction of the ovum
| - Previtelline space
47
Enzymes of cortical granules destroy the sperm receptor property of zona pellucida thus preventing _______.
Polyspermy
48
The zona pellucida is responsible for:
- Sperm binding
- Initiating acrosome reaction
- Blocking polyspermy
49
_______ from the hypothalamus stimulates anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH.
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone
50
FSH and LH in turn cause release of:
- ______ from the granulosa cells
- _______ from the thecal cells
- Estrogens
| - Testosterone
51
FSH promotes growth of _______.
Ovarian follicles
52
LH causes _____ and ______.
- Ovulation
| - Cell differentiation
53
After ovulation LH causes ovarian follicles to decrease production of ______ and increase production of _______.
- Estrogens
| - Progesterone
54
Progesterone is responsible for preparing endometrium of uterus for ________.
Reception of fertilized ovum
55
______ establishes domination of one follicle to mature.
Follicular Regulatory Protein
56
_____ promotes relaxation of uterus during gestation.
Relaxin
57
_____ inhibits secretion of FSH and LH.
Inhibin
58
After ovulation the remaining Graafian follicle becomes glandular and is called ______ with a blood clot.
Corpus luteum
59
Cells in the corpus luteum hypertrophy and accumulate lipid droplets are are called lutein cells with two cell types:
- Granulosa lutein cells
| - Theca lutein cells
60
Principal product of corpus luteum is ______, it also produces estrogens and other steroid hormones in humans.
Progesterone
61
If the ovum is fertilized, the corpus luteum become the ________.
Corpus luteum of pregnancy
62
If the ovum is not fertilized, the corpus luteum regresses to form ______ which eventually degenerates.
Corpus albicans
63
About 99% of oocytes originally present in the infant ovary degenerate - called _______.
Follicular atresia
64
The _____ is a muscular tube that receives and transports secondary oocyte.
Oviduct or Fallopian tube
65
The oviduct consists of:
- Ithmus
- Ampulla
- Infundibulum
- Fimbriae
66
In the oviduct, mucosa is thrown into folds with _________, sometimes ______ with two cell types:
- ______ in ampulla and fimbriae
- _______ in the other parts
- Simple columnar epithelium
- Pseudostratified
- Ciliated
- Nonciliated
67
In the oviduct, there are not true _______ and the lamina propria consist of fibroblasts, lymphocytes, macrophages, and mast cells.
Muscularis mucosae
68
The oviduct had two layers of _______, inner circular and outer longitudinal.
External smooth muscles
69
The uterus receives ovum and is the site of:
- Pregnancy
- Fetal development
- Labor
70
The uterus consists of
- Body or Corpus Uteri
- Fundus
- Cervix
- Portio Vaginalis
- External and Internal Os
71
The uterus wall consists of three layers:
- Perimetrium
- Myometrium
- Endometrium
72
Layers of the myometrium
- Stratum submucosum
- Stratum vasculare
- Stratum supravasculare
- Stratum subserosum
73
Under the influence of ______ from the posterior pituitary and _______ from the uterus the contraction of the uterine muscles are responsible for the expulsion of the fetus.
- Oxytocin
| - Prostaglandins
74
The main function of the endometrium is the _______.
Implantation of ovum
75
The endometrium undergoes cyclic changes from ______ to ______.
- Menarche
| - Menopause
76
The endometrium has two layers which are both richly supplied with blood:
- Stratum basalis
| - Stratum functionalis
77
The epithelium of the endometrium of ______ which invaginates to form uterine glands.
Simple columnar
78
The opening of the cervix into the uterine cavity is called ______ and the opening into vagina is called the _____.
- Internal os
| - External os
79
The surface epithelium of the cervix is elevated to form _______.
Plicae palmatae
80
The epithelium of the cervix is _______ with mucus droplets.
Simple tall columnar
81
Near the external os the epithelium becomes _______ which continues into _______.
- Stratified squamous
| - Portio vaginalis
82
The epithelium of the vagina is typically __________.
Stratified squamous epithelium with no glands
83
The sexual response for males are females is erection by ______ and ejaculation or orgasm by _______.
- PANS
| - SANS
84
The mammary glands are specialized accessory glands and are _______.
Modified sweat glands (compound tubular)
85
The mammary glands consist of 15-25 irregular lobes radiating from _______ or nipples.
Mammary papillae
86
Each lobe in mammary glands has a ________ lined by ______ and each duct opens into the nipple.
- Lactiferous duct
| - Stratified squamous epithelium
87
Each lobe of the mammary glands is divided into ______, the smallest lobule consists of an _______ surrounded by a saccular evagination called _______.
- Lobules
- Alveolar duct
- Alveoli
88
The epithelium in the alveoli are ______ which are secretory.
Simple cuboidal to low columnar
89
Milk production is under the control of ______ and ______ from the ovary and ______ from the anterior pituitary.
- Progesterone and estrogens
| - Prolactin
90
Milk ejection is under the control of _____ from the posterior pituitary.
Oxytocin
91
Phases of the Ovarian Cycle
- Follicular Phase (1st-14th day) followed by Ovulation on day 14
- Luteal Phase (14th-28th day)
92
Phases of the Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle
- Menstrual phase
- Proliferative phase
- Secretory phase
93
Ovarian Cycle:
1. _____ stimulates anterior pituitary to produce FSH and LH
2. _____ stimulate follicular growth and maturation and estrogen secretion
3. Initial rising ______ levels inhibit anterior pituitary inhibiting release of FSH / LH
- GnRH
- FSH / LH
- Plasma estrogen
94
Ovarian Cycle:
4. As estrogen level increase and reach a critical level anterior pituitary produces a surge of ___ and lesser quantity of ____ – this occurs in about mid cycle (14th day)
5. This sudden surge of LH stimulates oocyte development and triggers _______ on about day 14
6. LH surge also transforms ruptured follicle into ______, hence the name Luteinizing hormone – corpus luteum then produces ________.
- LH
- FSH
- Ovulation
- Corpus luteum
- Estrogens and progesterone
95
Ovarian Cycle:
7. Rising levels of estrogens and progesterone inhibit anterior pituitary, _____ levels decline followed by decline in new follicle development
8. As LH levels decline, stimulus to develop corpus luteum declines and it degenerates resulting in a drop in _______ levels
9. Decline in levels of estrogens and progesterone end the blockade of FSH / LH secretion and a new cycle begins
- FSH / LH
| - Estrogen and progesterone
96
Menstrual Phase (Day 1-5)
Characterized by discharge of blood and endometrial (stratum functionalis) debris through vagina – this coincides with the termination of previous luteal phase
97
Proliferative Phase (Day 6-14)
Endometrium begins to develop for receiving a fertilized ovum under the influence of estrogens and progesterone from corpus luteum
98
Secretory Phase (Day 15-28)
- Coincides with the luteal phase
| - Involves further development of endometrium under the influence of estrogens and progesterone from the corpus luteum
