Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Histology > The Cell > Flashcards

The Cell Flashcards

1
Q

Living matter of any plant or animal is called _______.

A

Protoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

A single unit of protoplasm is called a ____.

A

Cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Plants, animals, and humans consist of groups of __________ cells.

A

Interdependent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Interdependent cells _______ various functions.

A

Coordinate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cells serving the same general function are called a _______.

A

Tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Pioneer of the cell

A

Robert Hook

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Pioneer of microscopes

A

Leewenhoek

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Pioneers of cell theory

A

Schwann and Schleiden

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the components of the nucleus?

A
  • Nucleo- or karyoplasm

- Chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cytoplasm function and components

A
  • Site of metabolic activities and specialized functions

- Organelles, Inclusions, Cytosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Organelle description & classification

A
  • Metabolically active, carry out specific functions
  • Membranous or membrane limited
  • Nonmembranous (includes cytoskeleton)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Fibrillar components (microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments, cytoplasmic matrix)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Inclusions

A

Metabolically inert, accumulate metabolic products (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, crystals, pigments, secretory granules)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cytosol (cytoplasmic matrix)

A

Fluid containing electrolytes (ions) and colloids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Plasma membrane

A
  • Thin, selectively permeable
  • Lipid bilayer
  • Permeable to water and small uncharged molecules
  • Special transport systems for charged particles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Two kinds of proteins in the plasma membrane

A
  • Integral

- Peripheral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Integral Proteins

A
  • Embedded within lipid bilayer
  • Cell metabolism, regulation, integration
  • Pumps, channels, receptors, linkers, enzymes, structural
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Pumps

A

Transport certain ions such as Na+ and metabolic precursors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Channels

A

Passage of small ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Receptors

A

For hormones, antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Linkers

A

Anchor intracellular cytoskeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Enzymes

A

Variety of roles, Na+/K+ ATPase, ATP synthase, digestive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Structural

A

Form junctions with neighboring cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Two populations of membrane bound endosomes

A

Early and late

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Endosomes could be _____ or _____ and are involved in _________ pathways

A

Stable; transient; Endocytic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Early endosomes function to ______ and ______ proteins.

A

Sort; Recycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Late endosomes become _______.

A

Lysosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Lysosomes are rich in _________ enzymes for intracellular digesting and are most active in ________ and ________.

A

Hydrolytic; Leukocytes; Phagocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Lysosomes have a unique _________ that is _______ to the hydrolytic digestion occurring in their lumen.

A

Membrane; resistant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Lysosomes are implicated in lysosomal ______ diseases, such as ________________.

A

Storage; Tay Sachs disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The RER contains basophilic bodies called ______ bound to its cytosolic surface.

A

Ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

The RER is typically composed of a network of _________ sacs called ________.

A

Flattened; Cisternae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

The RER is _______ with the outer membrane of nuclear envelope which also bears ribosomes on its cytosolic surface.

A

Continuous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

The cells that secrete large amount of proteins, such as _______, pancreas, or salivary glands have extensive ______.

A

Liver; RER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

The function of the RER is _________ which after synthesis are transported to _________ by vesicles.

A

Protein synthesis; Golgi complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Membranous elements of SER are typically _______.

A

Tubular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Tubules of SER form an interconnecting system of _________ curving through the cytoplasm.

A

Pipelines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

SER is extensively developed in _________, ________, and _________.

A

Skeletal muscle; kindey tubules; steroid producing endocrine cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

When homogenized, the SER fragments into smooth-surfaced vesicles (called _______) and RER into rough-surfaced vesicles.

A

Microsomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

SER is involved in systhesis of _______ including oils, phospholipids, and steroids.

A

Lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

SER is involved in __________ and _________ of a variety of organic compounds using __________ enzymes.

A

Detoxification; Bioactivation; Microsomal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

SER is involved in ________ (______) metabolism since it releases ___________ in liver cells.

A

Carbohydrate; Glycogen; Glucose-6-Phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

SER is involved in membrane _________ and _________.

A

Formation; Recycling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

SER, as sarcoplasmic reticulum, sequesters and releases _____ in muscles and fibers.

A

Ca++

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

The Golgi Apparatus is a network of _______ with double membranes.

A

Tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

The Golgi Apparatus is the site of _______, ______, _____, and _____ of synthesized products.

A
  • Concentration
  • Modification
  • Packaging
  • Shipping
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

The Golgi Apparatus consists of ______.

A

Cisternae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

In the Golgi Apparatus, cis-face toward _____ and trans-face toward _____.

A

ER; PM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

The Golgi Apparatus accomplishes transport by __________.

A

Membrane vesicles

50
Q

The mitochondria are ______ of the cells, slender, rod like, double membranes.

A

Power houses

51
Q

Inner membrane of the mitochondria extensively folded forming ______.

A

Cristae

52
Q

The mitochondria has a ______ number of active cells generating ATP.

A

Greater

53
Q

The three principal reaction cycles in the mitochondria

A
  • Krebs cycle
  • Electron transport chain
  • B-oxidation of fatty acids
54
Q

The mitochondria are ________, have their own DNA, and hence called semiautonomous.

A

Self duplicating

55
Q

Peroxisomes are single membrane bounded organelles containing ________ including _____, _____, and _____.

A

Oxidative enzymes; Urate oxidase; D-amino acid oxidase; Catalase

56
Q

Virtually all oxidative enzymes produce ______ as a by-product which is a toxic substance.

A

Hydrogen peroxide

57
Q

Hydrogen peroxide is later degraded by ____ thus protecting the cells.

A

Catalases

58
Q

A disorder involving non-functional peroxisomes results in ___________ which leads to early death.

A

Zellweger syndrome

59
Q

Microtubules are hollow tubules, walls made of _______ (a polymer of _____)

A

Protofilaments; Tubulin

60
Q

Function of Microtubules

A

Maintenance of cell shape

61
Q

Microtubules originate or grow from ___________.

A

Microtubule-organizing center (MTOC)

62
Q

Movement of intracellular organelles is generated by ___________ associated with microtubules.

A

Molecular motor proteins

63
Q

Two families of molecular motor proteins

A
  • Dyneins

- Kinesins

64
Q

Dyneins

A

Cytoplasmic dyneins move organelles from cell periphery to MTOC

65
Q

Kinesins

A

Move organelles from MTOC toward the cell periphery

66
Q

Microfilaments include:

A
  • Actin and myosin
  • Ankyrin and Spectrin (RBC)
  • Dystrophin (Muscle cells)
  • Specialized in muscle cells - responsible for contractility of protoplasm
67
Q

The diameter of intermediate filaments is in between that of ________ and _________.

A

Microtubules; microfilaments

68
Q

Four major classes of intermediate filaments

A
  • Keratins (cytokeratins): skin, hair
  • Vimentins: mesodern derived cells
  • Neurofilaments: neurons
  • Lamins: nuclear envelope
69
Q

Inclusions: Glycogen

A
  • Major sites are liver and muscles

- Beta or single and Alpha or cluster particles

70
Q

Inclusions: Lipids

A
  • Spherical droplets of neutral lipids
  • Histological perparations - lipids are removed - appear as clear vesicles
  • Glyceraldehyde and osmium tetroxide preserve dark globules
  • Adipose tissue are specialized for fat storage
71
Q

Inclusions: Crystalline inclusions

A

-Found in certain cells such as Sertoli cells and interstitial cells of Leydig

72
Q

Inclusions: Pigments

A
  • Lipofuscin
  • Hemosiderin
  • Melanin
73
Q

Lipofuscin

A
  • Brown-gold pigment

- In cells of long life: cardiac, skeletal muscle and brain cells (neurons)

74
Q

Hemosiderin

A
  • By-product of hemoglobin degradation
  • Brown pigments in spleen and phagocytes
  • Iron-storage pigment
75
Q

Melanin

A
  • Responsible for skin and hair color
  • Bound to a protein melanosomes
  • A product of tyrosine
76
Q

The cytoplasmic matrix also known as ____or ____ is a concentrated aqueous gel.

A

Ground substance; Cytosol

77
Q

The cytoplasmic matrix contains molecules of different shapes and size, such as ____, ____, ____, and ____.

A

Electrolytes; Metabolites; RNA; Proteins

78
Q

The cytoplasmic matrix is the ______ ____ component in most cells.

A

Largest single

79
Q

The cytoplasmic matrix is the site of _________ process such as _______ and _________.

A

Physiological; Protein synthesis; Breakdown of nutrients

80
Q

The cytoplasmic matrix is a complex three dimensional network of ____________ and ___________.

A

Microtrabecular strands; Cross-linkers

81
Q

The nucleus is the _______ organelle, _______ located, and ______ or ______ shaped.

A

Largest; Centrally; Elliptical; Spherical

82
Q

The nucleus stains ______ or ______ with _______.

A

Dark purple or blue; H&E

83
Q

The nucleus contains irregular clumps in the ________ called _______ which contains genetic material DNA and RNA.

A

Nucleoplasm; Chromatin

84
Q

The nuclear envelope is a double membrane with _____ made of proteins.

A

Pores

85
Q

The nuclear envelope contains _____________ continuous with ER space.

A

Peritubular cisternae

86
Q

The nuclear envelope breaks _______ cell division and forms again _____ division.

A

During; After

87
Q

The chromatin consists of ____________ and _______.

A

Riobonucleoproteins; histones

88
Q

Condensed chromatin & stainable

A

Heterochromatin

89
Q

Dispersed chromatin & not stainable

A

Euchromatin

90
Q

In dividing cells, ________ become visible and are _______.

A

Chromosomes; basophilic

91
Q

Human somatic cells are _____ and have ____ chromosomes.

A

Diploid (2n); 46

92
Q

Germ cells are ______ and have ____ chromosomes.

A

Haploid; 23

93
Q

Abnormal cells exhibit _______.

A

Polyploidy

94
Q

The nucleolus is _______, _____, and _____.

A

Retractile, Eccentric, Basophilic

95
Q

The nucleolus forms ______________ and consists of various kinds of _____.

A

Nucleolus organizing region (NOR); RNA

96
Q

Prophase

A
  • Condensation of chromosomes
  • Disappearance of nucleolus and nuclear envelope
  • Formation of spindle
  • Chromosomes with sister chromatids migrate toward center of spindle
97
Q

Metaphase

A
  • Centromeres align in center of spindle (equatorial plate)
  • Each chromatid attached to different poles
  • Centromere duplicated
98
Q

Anaphase

A
  • Chromosomes migrate toward poles
  • Sister chromatids separate
  • Cytokinesis begins
99
Q

Telophase

A
  • Condensation of chromosomes

- Nucleolus and nuclear membrane reappear

100
Q

Meiosis is a form of _____ division of fundamental importance among sexually reproducing organisms.

A

Nuclear

101
Q

Meiosis occurs in ________ with diploid (2n) chromosomes.

A

Eukaryotes

102
Q

Two chromosomes of each diploid cell are called _________ chromosomes.

A

Homologous

103
Q

Humans have ____ or ____ pairs of chromosomes.

A

46; 23

104
Q

46 chromosomes of a ______ contain 23 from sperm and 23 from ova.

A

Zygote

105
Q

Once zygote is formed, it _______ for several generations to become an adult organism.

A

Multiplies

106
Q

_____ and ____ are called haploid cells because they have only one number of the homologous pair of chromosomes.

A

Sperm; Ova

107
Q

Prophase I

A
  • Leptotene
  • Zygotene
  • Pachytene
  • Diplotene
  • Diakinesis
108
Q

Leptotene

A
  • Chromosomes condense

- Sister chromatids visible

109
Q

Zygotene

A
  • Homologous chromosomes aligned together

- Synapsis and tetrad formation

110
Q

Pachytene

A

-Chromatids continue to condense

111
Q

Diplotene

A

-Separation of paired homologous chromosomes

112
Q

Diakinesis

A
  • Condensation complete

- Prophase I ends

113
Q

Metaphase I

A
  • Spindle develops

- Chromosomes align at equatorial plate

114
Q

Anaphase I

A

-Homologous chromosomes (not sister chromatids) separate

115
Q

Telophase I

A

-First meiotic division is completed with complete separation of homologous chromosomes

116
Q

Interphase

A

-A short recess between telophase and prophase II

117
Q

Meiotic Division II

A
  • Events similar to mitosis

- Include all four phases prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase II

118
Q

Cell Locomotion

A
  • Ameboid movement of leukocytes; in cells in close contact; villi and microvilli are involved
  • Cell movements may be random or directional; directional movement is called chemotaxis
119
Q

Cell death

A
  • Necrosis
  • Apoptosis
  • Normal cell life span is from a few days to 80 years or more
120
Q

Necrosis

A

Mechanical injury, toxins, and anoxia

121
Q

Apoptosis

A

Active and programmed cell death; environment, developmental history or genome

Histology (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions