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Methods of Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Branch of science dealing with external form and internal organization of plants and animals. What are the 2 branches?

A

Anatomy; Gross anatomy & Microscopic anatomy (histology)

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2
Q

Branch of science dealing with microscopic structure and function of plant and animal tissues

A

Histology

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3
Q

Branch of biology that deals with cell formation, structure and function

A

Cytology

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4
Q

Histology did not acquire status of a separate science until the discovery of _____ by ______.

A

Cell Theory; Schwann & Schleiden

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5
Q

Cell Theory states that cells are potentially _________.

A

Independent organisms

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6
Q

Cell Theory states that plants and animals are ________ of these living units and __________.

A

Aggregations; their secretions

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7
Q

All cells originate from _________ by cell division

A

Pre-existing cells

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8
Q

Methods of Direct Observation: Dynamics of blood circulation in organs, secretory properties of pancreatic cells, ovulation in rat

A

Exteriorization and Transillumination

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9
Q

Methods of Direct Observation: Growth of capillaries and nerves, emigrations of leukocytes, development of adipose tissue; Extension: transplant of ovarian cells in monkey cornea

A

Transparent Chamber

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10
Q

Methods of Direct Observation: Growth of fibroblasts, bone primordium

A

Cell and Organ Culture

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11
Q

Methods of Direct Observation: Role of nucleus – microneedles, micropipettes

A

Mechanical Micromanipulation

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12
Q

Methods of Direct Observation: Cell division

A

Radiation Probes

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13
Q

Methods of Direct Observation: Certain dyes and stains selectively stain cells and organelles

A

Vital and Supravital Staining

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14
Q

Homogenate left at gravity for 20 min

A
  • Pellet containing broken cells

- Supernatant

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15
Q

Supernatant from step one centrifuged at 1000 X g for 20 min

A
  • Pellet containing nuclei, broken cells and intact cells

- Postnuclear supernatant

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16
Q

Postnuclear supernatant centrifuged at 20,000 X g for 20 min

A
  • Pellet containing mitochondria, lysosomes and peroxisomes

- Postmitochondrial supernatant

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17
Q

Postmitochondrial supernatant centrifuged at 100,000 X g for 1 hr

A
  • Pellet containing microsomes (fragments of plasma membranes and smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum)
  • Postmicrosomal supernatant
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18
Q

Postmicrosomal supernatant centrifuged at 100,000 – 500,000 X g for a few hours

A
  • Pellet containing free ribosomes, viruses, large macromolecules such as proteins
  • Cytosol (soluble cellular components)
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19
Q

_____ stops dynamics of protoplasm.

A

Fixation

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20
Q

Fixatives

A
  • Neutral formalin (37% formaldehyde solution)
  • Osmic acid
  • Mercuric chloride
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21
Q

Embedding of soft tissue can take place in _____, ______, ______ & sectioning using ______.

A
  • Paraffin, Gelatin, Celloidin

- Microtome

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22
Q

Most common stains

A

Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)

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23
Q

H&E Stain

A

Nuceli: Blue
Muscle: Pink
Collagen: Pink
Elastic fibers: Pink

24
Q

Phsphotungstic Acid - hematoxylin (PTAH) Stain

A

Nuceli: Blue-Black
Muscle: Blue-Black
Collagen: Colorless-Pink
Elastic fibers: Colorless-Pink

25
Masson Trichome Blue Stain
Nuceli: Blueish-red Muscle: Red Collagen: Blue Elastic fibers: Blue
26
Azan Stain
Nuceli: Blueish-red Muscle: Red Collagen: Blue Elastic fibers: Blue
27
Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) Stain
Specific for insoluble carbohydrates (polysaccharides) - gives a red or magenta (deep purplish red) color
28
Chemical Procedures: Lipids
Uptake of fat soluble dyes – black color
29
Chemical Procedures: Carbohydrates
Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) Reaction – magenta (deep purplish red) color
30
Chemical Procedures: DNA
Feulgen Reaction – green color
31
Chemical Procedures: Proteins & Enzymes
Biuret Reagent – blue color
32
Physical Procedures
UV and X rays
33
Chemical Basis of Histological Staining
- Amphoteric properties of proteins - Isoelectric point - pH - Acids and bases - Acidophilic vs. basophilic dyes
34
______ and ______ are the most commonly used dyes in histology
Hematoxylin and eosin
35
An _____ dye, such as _____, carries a net negative charge on its colored portion (Na+ dye-)
Acidic; Eosin
36
A _____ dye, such as ____________, carries a net positive charge on its colored portion (dye+ Cl-)
Basic; Methyl green
37
__________ does not meet the definition of a strict basic dye but has properties that closely resemble those of a basic dye.
Hematoxylin
38
_____ dyes react with cell and tissue components that carry a negative charge such as phosphate groups of ____________ and carboxyl groups of proteins.
Basic; Nucleic Acids
39
______ dyes react with cell and tissue components that carry a positive charge such as ___________ in proteins.
Acidic; Amino groups
40
Distinguishing objects separated by very minute distances
Resolution
41
Enlargement
Magnification
42
Degree of difference between light and dark
Contrast
43
Most common, principle is differential absorption of light, improved by staining
Light Microscope
44
Has optical device for converting minute distances
Phase Contrast Microscope
45
Utilizes two beams of light and has a quantitative feature
Interference Microscope
46
Light of specific wavelengths is used to illuminate specimens – example UV microscope
Fluorescent Microscope
47
Instead of light a beam of electrons emitting from a tungsten filament
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
48
Image projected on a TV monitor and scanning is possible
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
49
Specimen Preparation for Electron Microscopy: Only ______ specimens suitable
Dehydrated
50
Specimen Preparation for Electron Microscopy: Fixatives include _______, _______, _______, _______, and ______.
- Neutral formalin - Osmium tetroxide - Osmium dichromate - Acrolein - Glutaraldehyde
51
Specimen Preparation for Electron Microscopy: Most common fixative is _________.
1 or 2 % osmium tetroxide, pH 7.2-7.8
52
Specimen Preparation for Electron Microscopy: Electrons do not register ______ and hence the electron micrographs are black and white - coloring after a picture is taken is possible
Color
53
One of the most powerful tool for surface topography at molecular and atomic resolution
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
54
It is a nonoptical microscope
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
55
Works as finger tip by touching and feeling
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
56
A very sharp, pointed probe, scans the specimen.
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)

Histology (18 decks)

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