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Histology > Cardiovascular & Lymphatic Systems > Flashcards

Cardiovascular & Lymphatic Systems Flashcards

1
Q

______ organisms require a mechanism for distribution of oxygen, food, wastes, and hormones, which is accomplished by the _______ system in vertebrates.

A
  • Multicellular

- Circulatory

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2
Q

The circulatory system consists of a _____ ____ heart and a system of _____ _____, including arteries veins, and capillaries.

A
  • Muscular pump

- Blood vessels

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3
Q

Four chambers of the heart

A
  • Right and left atria

- Right and left ventricles

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4
Q

_____ are a core of dense fibrous connective tissue covered by endocardium.

A

Valves

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5
Q

Valves of the heart

A
  • Tricuspid
  • Bicuspid
  • Aortic semilumar
  • Pulmonary semilunar
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6
Q

The tricuspid valve is located between _______ and _______.

A

Right atrium and ventricle

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7
Q

The bicuspid (or mitral) valve is located between _______ and _______.

A

Left atrium and ventricle

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8
Q

The aortic semilunar valve is located between _______ and _______.

A

Left ventricle and aorta

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9
Q

The pulmonary semilunar valve is located between _______ and _______.

A

Right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

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10
Q

Blood supply to heart is through _____ _____ branching out of aorta. Arteries branch into capillaries and empty into right atrium through _____ _____.

A
  • Coronary arteries

- Coronary sinuses

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11
Q

The ______ is the inner layer of the heart and is homologous to tunica intima of blood vessels

A

Endocardium

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12
Q

The _____ is the middle layer of the heart and is homologous to tunica media of blood vessels

A

Myocardium

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13
Q

The _____ or ______ ______ is the outer layer of the heart, homologous to tunica adventitia of blood vessels.

A

Epicardium or Visceral Pericardium

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14
Q

The _____ consists of mesothelium and a CT layer with elastic fibers, blood vessels, nerves and adipose tissue.

A

Epicardium or Visceral Pericardium

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15
Q

The ______ forms inner layer of pericardium. Epicardium and parietal pericardium enclose pericardial cavity containing pericardial fluid.

A

Epicardium or Visceral Pericardium

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16
Q

The _____ is the inner most layer of the endocardium, continuous with endothelium of blood vessels, polygonal squamous cells.

A

Endothelium

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17
Q

A _________ forms bulk of endocardium with bundles of smooth muscles fibers.

A

Dense Connective Tissue layer

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18
Q

The __________ layer of the endocardium is thin loose CT with fibroblasts and collagen fibers, bind endocardium with myocardium.

A

Subendothelial

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19
Q

The ________ layer of the endocardium is present everywhere in the heart except in papillary muscles and chordae tendinae, made of loose CT.

A

Subendocardial

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20
Q

Three concentric rings of blood vessel arteries

A
  • Tunia intima
  • Tunica media
  • Tunica adventitia
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21
Q

The tunica intima is an an endothelial tube followed by an _____ ______.

A

Elastica interna

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22
Q

The tunica media is predominantly smooth muscles followed by an _______ ______.

A

Elastica externa

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23
Q

The _____ ______ is a fibrous connective tissue.

A

Tunica Adventitia

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24
Q

The three categories of arteries are:

  1. ____ or ____ or _____ arteries
  2. _____ or _____ or _____ arteries
  3. _____ and _____ arteries
A
  1. Elastic or conducting or large
  2. Muscular or distributing or medium
  3. Arterioles and small
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25
Q

The large, elastic, or conducting arteries include the a____, p_____, s_____, and c____ c____.

A
  • Aorta
  • Pulmonary
  • Subclavian
  • Common carotid
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26
Q

In the tunica intima of the large, elastic, or conducting arteries, the _______ is thin and is made of _______ epithelium with few fibroblasts and a few smooth muscle cells.

A
  • Endothelium

- Squamous

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27
Q

In the tunica intima of the large, elastic, or conducting arteries, the endothelium is a ________ _____ for diffusion.

A

Selective barrier

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28
Q

In the tunica intima of the large, elastic, or conducting arteries, the endothelium has vesicles for ________ transport of materials and has short processes for communications.

A

Transendothelial

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29
Q

In the tunica intima of the large, elastic, or conducting arteries, the endothelium also has rod like cytoplasmic ______ called ________ which store ________ or ___________ (involved in platelet aggregation and clotting).

A
  • Inclusions
  • Weibel Palade Bodies
  • von Wille Brand Factor
  • Coagulating factor VIII
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30
Q

In the tunica media of the large, elastic, or conducting arteries, it is mostly fenestrated _______ with long smooth muscle cells.

A

Elastic fibers

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31
Q

In the tunica media of the large, elastic, or conducting arteries, the _________ is thin and inconspicuous.

A

Elastica interna

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32
Q

In the tunica adventitia of the large, elastic, or conducting arteries, there are mostly bundles of ________ oriented longitudinally.

A

Collagen fibers

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33
Q

In the tunica adventitia of the large, elastic, or conducting arteries, the _______ allows for blood supply.

A

Vasa vasorum

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34
Q

In the large, elastic, or conducting arteries, endothelial cells participate in the ______ and ______ integrity of the ________.

A
  • Structural
  • Functional
  • Vascular wall
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35
Q

Endothelial cells of the large, elastic, or conducting arteries, participate in production of extracellular components, such as f______, l______, and c________.

A
  • Fibronectin
  • Laminin
  • Collagen I, IV, and V
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36
Q

Endothelial cells of the large, elastic, or conducting arteries, participate in maintenance of a ___________, which allows simple diffusions and transcellular pathways.

A

Selective permeability barrier

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37
Q

Endothelial cells of the large, elastic, or conducting arteries, participate in maintenance of a non-thrombogenic barrier by producing anticoagulants (________) and antithrombogenic substances (_________ and _______).

A
  • Thrombomodulin

- Postacyclin PGI2 and Tissue Plasminogen Activator

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38
Q

Endothelial cells of the large, elastic, or conducting arteries, participate in modulation of blood flow and vascular resistance by secreting vasoconstrictors (_____, _______) and vasodilators (_______ or ______)

A
  • Endothelin, Angiotensin Converting Enzyme

- Endothelium Derived Relaxing Factor or Nitric Oxide

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39
Q

Endothelial cells of the large, elastic, or conducting arteries, participate in regulation and modulation of immune response by expression of _______ molecules and secreting __________.

A
  • Adhesion

- Interleukins IL-I, IL-6, IL-8

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40
Q

Endothelial cells of the large, elastic, or conducting arteries, participate in hormonal synthesis and other metabolic activities by secreting _________(CSF), _______(FGF), and ___________ (PDGF) as well as growth inhibitors such as _______.

A
  • Colony stimulating factors
  • Fibroblast growth factor
  • Platelet-derived growth factor
  • Heparin
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41
Q

An _______ is an abnormal localized _____ in the weakened wall of an artery.

A
  • Aneurysm

- Dilation

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42
Q

An aortic aneurysm occurs when the diameter of the aorta increases to ____% or more.

A

50

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43
Q

A true aneurysm is a ________ in the wall that consists of _______. A rupture here may lead to fatal bleeding in a few minutes.

A
  • Large bulge

- All 3 tunics

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44
Q

_______ (hardening of arteries) is a major cause of most aortic aneurysms.

A

Atherosclerosis

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45
Q

C_______, I______, I______, S_____ and M______ also weaken arterial walls.

A
  • Chronic hypertension
  • Infection
  • Inflammation
  • Syphilis
  • Marfan syndrome
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46
Q

Medium or Muscular or Distributing Arteries include b____, f____, r_____, and p_____.

A
  • Brachial
  • Femoral
  • Radial
  • Popliteal
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47
Q

The tunica intima of the Medium or Muscular or Distributing Arteries is ______ than that of elastic artery and lacks _______.

A
  • Thinner

- Smooth muscles

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48
Q

The tunica intima of the Medium or Muscular or Distributing Arteries has a well developed _______.

A

Elastica interna

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49
Q

The tunica media of the Medium or Muscular or Distributing Arteries is mostly _______ with gap junctions.

A

Smooth muscle cells

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50
Q

The tunica adventitia of the Medium or Muscular or Distributing Arteries is ______ than that of elastic arteries and is mostly _______.

A
  • Thicker

- Collagen fibers

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51
Q

Arterioles are the principal components of __________.

A

Peripheral resistance

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52
Q

The tunica intima of arterioles has endothelium followed by a thin _______ layer of reticular and elastic fibers.

A

Subendothelial

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53
Q

The tunica intima of arterioles has an elastica interna that is ______ and ______.

A

Thin and fenestrated

54
Q

The tunica media of arterioles, has one or two layers of ________.

A

Smooth muscle cells

55
Q

In the tunica media of arterioles, _______ (blood vessels between arterioles and capillaries have a ______ layer of __________ that function as valves or sphincters.

A
  • Metarterioles
  • Single
  • Smooth muscle cells
56
Q

The tunica adventitia of arterioles includes ______ CT, f_______, m_____, and small unmyelinated _______.

A
  • Loose
  • Fibroblasts
  • Macrophages
  • Nerve fibers
57
Q

Arteriovenous shunts are ________ between arteries and veins without capillaries.

A

Direct connections

58
Q

Arteriovenous shunts are important for regulation of ______.

A

Blood flow

59
Q

Examples of arteriovenous shunts are the g_____ in the nail beds, fingers, toe pads, and ear.

A

Glomus

60
Q

Blood flow is ______ but blood supply is _______.

A
  • Intermittent

- Continuous

61
Q

Arteries maintain a ________.

A

Vasomotor tone

62
Q

Tone is required for appropriate ______ or ______ and is under the control of ______, ______, and ______.

A
  • Vasoconstriction or dilation

- ANS, Hormones, Autoregulation

63
Q

Tone is under the control of ANS, such as neurotransmitter __________.

A

Norepinephrine

64
Q

Tone is under the control of hormones such as _______ from adrenal gland, _____ from kidney, and ______ from posterior pituitary, which cause _______.

A
  • Norepinephrine
  • Renin
  • ADH
  • Vasoconstriction
65
Q

Tone is under the control of autoregulation or reactive hyperemia, in which increased ____ or ______ causes _______.

A
  • CO2 or lactic acid

- Vasodilation

66
Q

Sensory organs of arteries monitor blood _______ and ______.

A
  • Composition

- Pressure

67
Q

Chemoreceptors monitor ______ and include ______ and ______.

A
  • O2/CO2
  • Carotid bodies
  • Aortic bodies
68
Q

Carotid bodies are found at the junction of _____ and its branches are richly _______.

A
  • Carotid

- Innervated

69
Q

Carotid bodies have two types of cells ______, which contain ______, and _____, which surround _____.

A
  • Type I (glomus) cells
  • Vesicles
  • Type II
  • Type I cells
70
Q

Aortic bodies are found near ________.

A

Arch of aorta

71
Q

Baroreceptors monitor _______ and are dilatations in ________.

A
  • Blood pressure

- Common carotids

72
Q

From infancy to age 25, _____ fibers in elastic arteries and smooth muscle in muscular arteries ______.

A
  • Elastic

- Increase

73
Q

From middle age on, _____ fibers increase and arteries become ______ (susceptible) to adverse effects.

A
  • Collagen

- Pliant

74
Q

Two disorders associated with age are ______ and _____.

A
  • Arteriosclerosis

- Atherosclerosis

75
Q

Arteriosclerosis is the hardening of ______ and is characterized by loss of ______.

A
  • Arteries

- Elasticity

76
Q

Atherosclerosis is characterized by deposition of _____ and ______ and may lead to _______ (heart attack) or _______ (stroke).

A
  • Lipids
  • Calcification
  • Myocardial infarction
  • Cerebral thrombosis
77
Q

______ is the major layer of capillaries and is made of flattened elongated cells with tapering ends 9-12 micrometers.

A

Endothelium

78
Q

In capillaries, contractile mesenchymal cells called _______ or ______ are also present which control ______.

A
  • Pericytes or Rouget cells

- Blood flow

79
Q

Cross sections of capillaries show a ______ forming the entire circumference; large capillaries may have 2-3 cells.

A

Single cell

80
Q

Main types of capillaries

A
  • Continuous or Muscle type Capillaries
  • Fenestrated Capillaries
  • Discontinuous Capillaries or Sinusoids
81
Q

Continuous or Muscle type Capillaries have an ______ endothelium with a continuous basement membrane. It is found in _____, _____, and ______-.

A
  • Uninterrupted

- Muscle, nerve, connective tissue

82
Q

The endothelium of Fenestrated Capillaries is interrupted with _____ or _____ which are closed by a very thin _____. In ______ the fenestrae are not closed by diaphragm.

A
  • Pores or fenestrae
  • Diaphragm
  • Renal glomeruli
83
Q

Fenestrated capillaries can be found in r_____, e______, and l______ of intestines.

A
  • Renal glomeruli
  • Endocrine glands
  • Lamina propia
84
Q

Discontinuous Capillaries or Sinusoids have very thin walled ______ vascular channels with large caliber.

A

Irregular

85
Q

Discontinuous Capillaries or Sinusoids are found in l____, s_____, b______, p_______, and p_____.

A
  • Liver
  • Spleen
  • Bone marrow
  • Pituitary glands
  • Pancreas
86
Q

Associated with sinusoids in liver are _________ (SSM) (Kupffer cells) and _________ (VASHSC) (Ito cells)

A
  • Stellate sinusoidal macrophages

- Vitamin A storing hepatic stellate cells

87
Q

Specialized capillaries involve _______ and include the __________ (also involves astrocytes), _______, and _______.

A
  • Tight junctions
  • Blood brain barrier
  • Blood ocular barrier
  • Blood testis barrier
88
Q

______ involves fluids picked up by vesicles for transport across plasma membrane, also termed ______.

A
  • Micropinocytosis

- Transcytosis

89
Q

Transendothelial Capillary Exchange uses _______, populations of _______ formed by Golgi complex, and formation of _______ with vesicles.

A
  • Micropinocytosis
  • Vesicles
  • Channels
90
Q

Veins are ______ than arteries, have _____ walls, are less _______, and appear ______ in histological sections.

A
  • More numerous
  • Thinner
  • Elastic
  • Collapsed
91
Q

The three types of veins are ______, _______, and ______.

A
  • Venules and small veins
  • Medium veins
  • Large veins
92
Q

Venules and small veins are not significantly different from ________, but they are more ______.

A
  • Capillaries

- Permeable

93
Q

The endothelium of venules and small veins is _____ with ______ present.

A
  • Very thin

- Pericytes

94
Q

Venules and small veins are different in shape, giving way to appearance of ________.

A

Smooth muscles

95
Q

Venules and small veins are responsive to substances such as ______ and ______.

A
  • Histamine

- Serotonin

96
Q

In venules and small veins, as caliber increases, ________ appear with elastic and collagen fibers.

A

Smooth muscles

97
Q

The ________ of medium veins is endothelium with basal lamina and reticular fibers.

A

Tunica intima

98
Q

The ______ of medium veins is much thiner than that in arteries, has smooth muscles and collagen fibers

A

Tunica media

99
Q

The ______ of medium veins is much thicker than in arteries, has loose CT and collagen fibers

A

Tunica adventitia

100
Q

The ______ of large veins is similar to that in medium veins.

A

Tunica intima

101
Q

The ______ of large veins is poorly developed in majority of veins and contains smooth muscles.

A

Tunica media

102
Q

The ______ of large veins makes up greater portion of wall, has CT with elastic and collagen fibers and ______ is present.

A
  • Tunica adventitia

- Vasa vasorum

103
Q

Valves of veins consist of thin CT and prevent _______ of blood.

A

Back flow

104
Q

The membrane of the valves of veins is covered with endothelium and the back of valves encloses a space called ______.

A

Sinus of valve

105
Q

Functional relationship of heart

A

Pump blood

106
Q

Functional relationship of elastic arteries

A

Conduct blood

107
Q

Functional relationship of Muscular arteries

A

Distribute blood

108
Q

Functional relationship of Arterioles

A

Regulate blood pressure

109
Q

Functional relationship of Capillaries

A

Exchange materials

110
Q

Functional relationship of Venules

A

Return/exchange materials

111
Q

Functional relationship of Veins

A

Return blood

112
Q

Functional relationship of Venae cavae

A

Return blood

113
Q

As a general rule _______ connects arterial and venular branches. At several places in the human body, this arrangement is _______.

A
  • Capillary network

- Modified

114
Q

In this modified arrangement, one capillary bed unites to form a vein which then branches to form ________. This system of vessels with two capillary beds is called a _______.

A
  • Another capillary bed

- Portal system

115
Q

Portal systems are found in _____ (hepatic portal system), ________ (hypophyseal portal system), etc.

A
  • Liver

- Pituitary gland

116
Q

Lymph is supplied to most organs and systems except that lymph capillaries are not found in C___, c_____, b_____, b_____, t_____, t____, and p______.

A
  • CNS
  • Cartilage
  • Bone
  • Bone marrow
  • Thymus
  • Teeth
  • Placenta
117
Q

Lymphatic system is essentially a ________.

A

Drainage system

118
Q

A function of lymph is to return to blood the ____ and ______ that have left blood vascular system.

A
  • Fluid

- Plasma proteins

119
Q

A function of lymph is to return ______ to the blood.

A

Lymphocytes

120
Q

A function of lymph is to add _________ (antibodies) to the blood.

A

Immunoglobulins

121
Q

Lymphatic capillaries differ from blood capillaries in that lymphatic capillaries are ________ in shape and cross sectional area.

A

More variable

122
Q

Lymphatic capillaries differ from blood capillaries in that lymphatic capillaries’ endothelium is _______ and edges _____.

A
  • Very thin

- Overlap

123
Q

Lymphatic capillaries differ from blood capillaries in that in the lymphatic capillaries, a continuous basal lamina is _______.

A

Lacking

124
Q

Lymphatic capillaries differ from blood capillaries in that in lymphatic capillaries intercellular _____ are present.

A

Clefts

125
Q

Lymphatic capillaries differ from blood capillaries in that lymphatic capillaries have lymphatic ________ associated with plasma membrane.

A

Anchoring filaments

126
Q

Lymphatic vessels have a large _____, a wall that is _____ than that of lymphatic capillaries, and is surrounded by ______ and ______ fibers.

A
  • Lumen
  • Thicker
  • Collagen and elastic
127
Q

In lymphatic vessels, _____ are common, the _______ are usually present, and occasionally ______ are present.

A
  • One way valves
  • Three basic layers (intima, media, adventita)
  • Smooth muscles
128
Q

Two lymphatic ducts that have well developed smooth muscles are _______ and ________.

A
  • Right lymphatic duct

- Left thoracic lymphatic duct

129
Q

The __________ is relatively shorter, carries lymph from upper right portion, opens into right brachiocephalic vein.

A

Right lymphatic duct

130
Q

The __________ is longer, arises in abdominal region and reaches base of neck, opens at the junction of left jugular and subclavian vein.

A

Left thoracic lymphatic duct

Histology (18 decks)

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