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Histology > Lower Digestive System > Flashcards

Lower Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Four regions of stomach

A
  • Cardia
  • Fundus
  • Corpus (body)
  • Pylorus
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2
Q

The stomach is concerned with _____ and _____ of food. In humans with simple stomach, _____ is not important – ruminants have multi-chambered stomach where storage is a major function of stomach.

A
  • Storage
  • Digestion
  • Storage
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3
Q

Contraction of smooth muscles in the stomach causes _______. Secretion of gastric juices causes ______ of food forming ______.

A
  • Mechanical grinding
  • Chemical modification
  • Chyme
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4
Q

The Gastric Mucosa is grayish pink, is thrown into folds called ____ in empty stomach, small folds in rugae are called _________, foveolae are ______ with gastric glands.

A
  • Rugae
  • Gastric pits or foveolae
  • Continuous
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5
Q

Gastric epithelium is ______ after abrupt transition at the junction of esophagus and stomach and has ______.

A
  • Simple columnar

- Basal nuclei

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6
Q

The Gastric Epithelium is covered with _________ of mucus which protects epithelium from abrasion by the food.

A

Lubricating layer

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7
Q

In the Gastric Epithelium, the apical surface of cells contains microvilli with _______ and cytoplasmic granules with _____ mucigen which is converted into mucin after its release into the lumen.

A
  • Glycocalyx

- PAS+

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8
Q

The cells of Gastric Epithelium are rich in _____, Golgi complex, and mitochondria.

A

Rough ER

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9
Q

Three kinds of gastric glands

A
  • Cardiac
  • Oxyntic
  • Pyloric
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10
Q

Cardiac glands of the stomach _____ from shallow foveolae around esophagus-stomach junction and from a _______ with mainly mucous cells.

A
  • Arise

- Narrow zone

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11
Q

Occasional ______ are also found in the cardiac glands of the stomach which secrete ______, a polypeptide hormone that stimulates secretory activity of glands in corpus.

A
  • Endocrine cells

- Gastrin

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12
Q

The Oxyntic Glands of the stomach are found in _____ and _____ of stomach and make _______ contribution to gastric juices.

A
  • Fundus
  • Corpus
  • Greatest
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13
Q

The Oxyntic Glands of the stomach extend _____ of mucosa and there is an estimated _____ in 3.5 million gastric pits.

A
  • Entire thickness

- 15 million

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14
Q

Five cell types of the Oxyntic Glands of the stomach

A
  • Mucous neck cells
  • Stem cells
  • Chief (zymogenic) cells
  • Oxyntic (parietal) cells
  • Endocrine cells
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15
Q

3 regions of oxyntic glands

A
  • Isthmus
  • Neck
  • Base or fundus
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16
Q

The _____ of oxyntic glands is confluent with foveolae and contain _____ cells.

A
  • Isthmus

- Mucous

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17
Q

The _____ of oxyntic glands contains mucous neck cells, stem cells and occasional oxyntic cells.

A

Neck

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18
Q

The _____ of oxyntic glands forms greater part of the gland.

A

Base or fundus

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19
Q

The Base or fundus of oxyntic glands has numerous _____ cells, ______ cells, and occasional _____ cells.

A
  • Chief or zymogenic
  • Oxyntic
  • Mucous neck
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20
Q

The Base or fundus of oxyntic glands has isolated ______ found in all segments and _____ activity is confined to stem cells.

A
  • Endocrine cells

- Mitotic

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21
Q

The _____ cells of the oxyntic gland of the stomach are columnar, lodged between large rounded oxyntic cells, has its nucleus displaced in the base of the cell, and PAS+ secretory granules in cytoplasm with ______.

A
  • Mucous Neck Cells

- Mucigen

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22
Q

The ______ cells of the oxyntic gland of the stomach are responsible for continuous _______ - surface mucous cells are replaced every four days.

A
  • Stem

- Renewal of gastric mucosa

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23
Q

The ______ cells of the oxyntic gland of the stomach are most conspicuous, ______ with large spherical nucleus, produce ____, have broad rounded bases and large mitochondria.

A
  • Oxyntic or Parietal Cells
  • Pyramidal
  • HCl
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24
Q

The ______ cells of the oxyntic gland of the stomach have apical surface has invaginations called _________, microvilli project into the lumen of secretory canaliculi, cytoplasm has no _________.

A
  • Oxyntic or Parietal Cells
  • Secretory canaliclui
  • Secretory granules
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25
Q

The ______ cells of the oxyntic gland of the stomach have ______ increase in secretory canaliculi and microvilli when they are active, and 60-80 % of the increase is due to proton pump _______ for acid secretion.

A
  • Oxyntic or Parietal Cells
  • Five fold
  • H+ / K+ ATPase
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26
Q

The Oxyntic or Parietal cells of the oxyntic gland of the stomach have many ______ (about 40% of cell volume) and they produce ________.

A
  • Mitochondria

- Gastric intrinsic factor (GIF) for absorption of vitamin B 12

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27
Q

Deficiency of GIF produced in the Oxyntic or Parietal Cells cells of the oxyntic gland results in erythrocyte immaturity and _______. Deficiency of acid results in _______.

A
  • Pernicious anemia

- Achlorhydria

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28
Q

The gram negative bacteria _____ inhabits gastric mucosa. Its mode of transmission is unclear but the infection rate is significant.

A

Helicobacter pylori

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29
Q

Helicobacter pylori may cause inflammation of the stomach (_____) and gastric ulcers via ______, which damages the mucosa. Chronic infection may lead to __________. Treatment with antibiotics is usually very effective.

A
  • Gastritis
  • Urease
  • Gastric adenocarcinoma
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30
Q

______ cells of the oxyntic gland of the stomach are found in lower third of oxyntic glands, absent in cardia, sparse in fundus and rare in pylorus. Numerous apical ________ containing ________, and a well developed Golgi complex, rough ER and lysosomes.

A
  • Chief or Zymogenic
  • Secretory granules
  • Pepsinogen
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31
Q

______ cells of the oxyntic gland of the stomach have luminal plasma membranes that contain short stubby ______ that amplify surface are a for secretion.

A
  • Chief or Zymogenic

- Microvilli

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32
Q

______ cells of the oxyntic gland of the stomach release pepsinogen which is later converted in to active _____ by the low pH produced by the hydrochloric acid. Chief cells also produce _____.

A
  • Chief or Zymogenic
  • Pepsin
  • Lipase
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33
Q

The enteroendocrine cells of the stomach are found _______ individually among the cells of all glands.

A

Scattered

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34
Q

The enteroendocrine cells of the stomach are also called _________ cells and produce more than 30 gastrointestinal hormones.

A

Argentaffin or enterochromaffin

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35
Q

Pyloric glands are found in ______ where foveolae are deeper. The predominant cell type is ________ cells.

A
  • Distal stomach

- Mucous secreting

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36
Q

The greater part of the cytoplasm of pyloric glands is filled with large _______, occasional __________, and the cells produce _________.

A
  • Secretory droplets
  • Oxyntic and enteroendocrine cells
  • Antibacterial lysozymes
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37
Q

The lamina propria of the gastric mucosa is a ______ that occupies space between glands and musularis mucosae. Also found are collagenous and reticular fiber network, fibroblasts, plasma cells, lymphocytes, eosinophils and mast cells.

A

Loose CT

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38
Q

The __________ of the gastric mucosa is a layer of smooth muscles.

A

Muscularis mucosae

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39
Q

The ______ is moderately thicker and denser CT than lamina propria, has abundant collagen fibers, and cells as in lamina propria, adipose cells, blood and lymphatic vessels present.

A

Gastric Submucosa

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40
Q

The Gastric Muscularis Externa is composed of 3 layers of smooth muscles _____, _____, and _____.

A
  • Outer longitudinal
  • Middle circular
  • Inner oblique
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41
Q

The ______ is a thin layer of loose CT covered with mesothelium that forms greater and lesser omentum.

A

Gastric Serosa

42
Q

Mechanical function of stomach

A

-Storage
-Mixing
-Empyting
(All by smooth muscles)

43
Q

Empty stomach has a volume of about _____ mL and is distensible up to ______. Volume of daily secretion: ______.

A
  • 50-75 mL
  • 4 L (1 gallon)
  • 500-1000 ml
44
Q

_______ is a clear fluid containing water, mucus, HCl, pepsinogen. Pepsinogen from chief cells is converted to _____ by HCl from the oxyntic cells.

A
  • Gastric juice

- Pepsin

45
Q

The digestive process continues in the ______ by secretions from intestinal glands, liver, and pancreas.

A

Small Intestine

46
Q

There is no absorption of food in ______ (except ____ and ____), but absorption is the principal function of _____.

A
  • Stomach
  • Alcohol & aspirin
  • Intestines
47
Q

The Small Intestine is the portion between stomach and large intestine and consists of three segments – _____, _____, and _____.

A
  • Duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum
48
Q

The duodenum is ______; jejunum and ileum are covered by a ______.

A
  • Retroperitoneal

- Mesentary

49
Q

The specializations of the surface epithelium of the SI Mucosa

A
  • Plicae circulares
  • Intestinal villi (with crypts of Lieberkuhn)
  • Microvilli
50
Q

The epithelium of the surface epithelium of the SI Mucosa is _____ and has 5 kinds of cells which are _________.

A
  • Simple columnar
  • Enterocytes or absorptive cells
  • Goblet cells
  • Enteroendocrine cells
  • Crypts of Lieberkuhn
  • Paneth cells
51
Q

Enterocytes or absorptive cells are ________ with microvilli and surface coat made of glycoproteins and a life span of _______. Mitochondria, lysosomes, rough and smooth ER present. Golgi and smooth ER play a critical role in fat absorption.

A
  • Simple columnar

- 5-6 days

52
Q

The lateral walls of Enterocytes or absorptive cells are _____ and highly _____ for ______ using ______ and nutrient absorption.

A
  • Widened
  • Infolded
  • Ion transport
  • H+/K+ ATPase
53
Q

Digestion occurs at the ______ by the integral membrane enzymes such as _____________.

A
  • Surface
  • Disaccharidases
  • Peptidases
  • Enterokinase
  • Lipases
54
Q

______ of surface epithelium of SI mucosa are unicellular exocrine cells secreting PAS+ mucus.

A

Goblet cells

55
Q

Enteroendocrine cells of surface epithelium of SI mucosa, also called ________, are scattered at the base of epithelium, secrete ______ into lamina propria, and are common in ______, fewer in jejunum.

A
  • Enterochromaffin or argentaffin cells
  • Hormones
  • Duodenum
56
Q

Enteroendocrine cells of surface epithelium of SI mucosa, also called ________, are scattered at the base of epithelium, secrete ______ into lamina propria, and are common in ______, fewer in jejunum.

A
  • Enterochromaffin or argentaffin cells
  • Hormones
  • Duodenum
57
Q

A or alpha cells are found in _____, secrete the hormone ______, and function in ________.

A
  • Pancreas, stomach
  • Glucagon
  • Carbohydrate metabolism
58
Q

B or beta cells are found in _____, secrete the hormone ______, and function in ________.

A
  • Pancreas
  • Insulin
  • Carbohydrate metabolism
59
Q

D or delta cells are found in _____, secrete the hormone ______, and function in ________.

A
  • Pancreas, stomach, and intestine
  • Somatostatin
  • Inhibition of secretion of glucagon and insulin
60
Q

D1 cells are found in _____, secrete the hormone ______, and function in ________.

A
  • Pancreas, stomach, and intestine
  • Vasoactive intestinal peptide
  • Vasoconstriction
61
Q

EC cells are found in _____, secrete the hormone ______, and function in ________.

A
  • Pancreas, stomach, and intestine
  • Serotonin
  • Vasoconstriction
62
Q

ECL cells are found in _____, secrete the hormone ______, and function in ________.

A
  • Fundic stomach
  • Histamine
  • Vasodilation
63
Q

G cells are found in _____, secrete the hormone ______, and function in ________.

A
  • Duodenum, pyloric stomach
  • Gastrin
  • Stimulation of gastric secretion
64
Q

I cells are found in _____, secrete the hormone ______, and function in ________.

A
  • Jejunum, ileum
  • Cholecystokinin
  • Inhibition of gastric juices, stimulates pancreatic juices and bile ejection from gallbladder
65
Q

S cells are found in _____, secrete the hormone ______, and function in ________.

A
  • Jejunum, Ileum
  • Secretin
  • Inhibition of gastric juices and stimulates pancreatic juices
66
Q

The ________ of surface epithelium of SI mucosa are intestinal glands at the base of the villi and produce ________ which serve as solvent for digested nutrients.

A
  • Crypts of Lieberkuhn

- Watery intestinal juices

67
Q

The Paneth Cells of surface epithelium of SI mucosa are small group of cells at the _______ that produce and release antibacterial ______ and ________.

A
  • Base of crypts of Lieberkuhn
  • Lysozyme
  • Phospholipase A2
68
Q

The Lamina Propria of SI mucosa consists of ______ that fills space between villi. It
contains reticular cells, lymphoid organs and collagen and reticular fibers. Also lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils and macrophages

A

Loose CT

69
Q

______ are important features in lamina propria of SI mucosa, are surrounded by smooth muscles, and are lymphatic terminals for ________.

A
  • Lacteals

- Absorption of fats

70
Q

The lamina propria of the SI musosa also contains numerous _________. In some areas, groups of lymphoid nodules coalesce to form aggregated lymphoid nodules called _______, which are primary found in the ______ but can also be scattered.

A
  • Solitary lymphoid nodules or follicles
  • Peyer’s Patches
  • Ileum
71
Q

Peyer’s patches tackle microorganisms entering with food, are a component of a _________ and produce __________, and are covered with epithelial cells called _______ which are involved in uptake of antigens.

A
  • Secretory immune system
  • Immunoglobulin G
  • M cells
72
Q

Muscularis mucosae of the SI mucosae consists of ______ smooth muscles and elastic fibers.

A

-Inner circular and outer longitudinal

73
Q

The SI submucosa contains _______, abundant elastic fibers and adipose cells.

A

Moderately dense connective tissue

74
Q

________ are important features in the SI submucosa but present _______; their ducts open in crypts of Lieberkuhn. Brunner’s glands have numerous mitochondria, rough ER, and GC, and their secretion is clear, viscous and very alkaline - pH ______.

A
  • Submucosal glands of Brunner
  • ONLY in duodenum
  • 8.9-9.3
75
Q

Primary functions of Brunner’s glands are:

  • To produce _______ to neutralize acidic chyme from stomach and protect intestinal mucosa
  • To secrete _______, a polypeptide and a powerful inhibitor of gastric secretion; it also is found in the urine
A
  • Alkaline juices

- Urogastrone

76
Q

The SI Muscularis Externa has inner circular and outer longitudinal with _________ in between for peristalsis
At the junction of ileum and cecum there is an _________.

A
  • Myenteric nerve plexus

- Ileocecal sphincter

77
Q

The SI Serosa
Consists of loose connective tissue with mesothelium, called _______. Mesentery consists of parietal and visceral peritoneum. Bacterial infection of peritoneum can cause _______.

A
  • Mesentery

- Peritonitis

78
Q

Order of parts of the large intestine

A
  • Cecum
  • Colon (ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid)
  • Rectum
  • Anus
79
Q

The Cecum is a blind pouch with ________.

A

Vermiform appendix

80
Q

Appendix is a blind end of cecum thickened by development of lymphoid tissue. Cross section of appendix shows ________.
_____ are absent in appendix but _______ are present.
Appendix is frequently infected resulting in ________.

A
  • Angular outline
  • Villi
  • Crypts of Lieberkuhn
  • Appendicitis
81
Q

Special features of the Simple columnar epithelium of the cecum and colon

A
  • No plicae circulares
  • No villi beyond ileocecal sphincter
  • Numerous crypts of Lieberkuhn
  • No Paneth cells
  • Abundant goblet cells
82
Q

The ______ of the cecum and colon is loose connective tissue, and the _____ is well developed with inner circular and outer longitudinal.

A
  • Lamina Propria

- Muscularis Mucosae

83
Q

The ______ of the cecum and colon is dense connective tissue and the ______ is unusual with adipose tissue forming a protuberance (swelling) called _______.

A
  • Submucosa
  • Serosa
  • Appendices epiploicae
84
Q

The Muscularis Externa of the cecum and colon have longitudinal muscles arranged in ______ evenly spaced bands called ______ which are partially constricted to form _______.

A
  • Three
  • Taenia coli
  • Haustrae
85
Q

In the rectum and anus, the large intestine is swollen to form ______ then narrowed abruptly to form _______.

A
  • Rectal ampulla

- Anal canal

86
Q

In the anal canal, the mucosa forms folds called _________, crypts of Lieberkuhn shortened and epithelial cells change from columnar to _________.

A
  • Rectal columns of Morgagni

- Stratified squamous

87
Q

The lamina propria of the rectum and anus contains ______ which are source of ______.

A
  • Plexuses of large veins

- Hemorrhoids

88
Q

The Muscularis of the rectum and anus has an inner circular _____ muscles form ________ and outer distal _______ muscles form __________.

A
  • Smooth
  • Internal anal sphincter
  • Striated
  • External anal sphincter
89
Q

_______ and ______ are main activities of SI. Each day _____liters of water are processed. Also 100 g of fats, 50-100 g of amino acids and several 100 g of carbohydrates are absorbed from SI.

A
  • Digestion and absorption

- 8-9

90
Q

Three types of secretions that accomplish digestion in SI.

A
  • Liver
  • Pancreas
  • SI secretions
91
Q

Liver –>
Gallbladder –>
_____ –>
Emulsification of fat

A

Bile

92
Q

Pancreas –>
Pancreatic juices –>
_______ splitting enzymes

A

Lipolytic, proteolytic and carbohydrate

93
Q

SI secretions (succus entericus) are product of crypts of Lieberkuhn. The enzymes here are _________.

A
  • Leucine aminopeptidase
  • Sucrase
  • Lactase
  • Maltase
94
Q

Absorption in SI involves active movement of microvilli; enzymes are ______ into the lumen but _________.

A
  • Not secreted

- Work on the surface of epithelium

95
Q

The function of LI is to _________ of food by absorbing ______ and _______ and move feces for elimination.

A
  • Concentrate the indigestible residues

- Water and electrolytes

96
Q

Bacterial population in large intestine produces ______ and __ which are required for _______.

A
  • Vitamin B12 and K

- Erythropoiesis

97
Q

The blood and lymphatic vessels of the stomach (celiac a.), SI (superior mesenteric a. ) LI ( inferior mesenteric a.) are all _______.

A

Heavily branched

98
Q

Extensive branching of lymphatics, important in fat absorption. Milky white lymph loaded with fat is called _____ and is carried by the lacteals.

A

Chyle

99
Q

Congenital disorders include lack of _____ in infants.

A

Lactase

100
Q

GI is innervated by divisions of ________. The parasympathetic and sympathetic constitute ______ and enteric constitutes _______.

A
  • Autonomic nervous system
  • Extrinsic division
  • Intrinsic division
101
Q

The ______ is located within the walls of the GI tract. It is autonomous and works without CNS.

A

Intrinsic Division

102
Q

The Intrinsic Division is superficial in subserous area but contains a deeper and more conspicuous ________ between longitudinal and circular muscles, ______ which is the mucosal aspect of circular muscles, and _________.

A
  • Myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus
  • Deep muscular plexus
  • Submucosal (Meissner’s) plexus

Histology (18 decks)

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