Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Histology > Blood & Bone Marrow > Flashcards

Blood & Bone Marrow Flashcards

1
Q

Blood is traditionally called a ________ tissue.

A

Vascular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Original mother of all tissues is called _________, which differentiates into ______ _______.

A

Mesenchyme; Blood islands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do blood islands differentiate into?

A
  • Endothelial cells of blood vessels

- Blood forming cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Study of histology of blood has great __________ value.

A

Diagnostic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the three layers that centrifugation of a sample of blood with an anticoagulant gives?

A
  • Top layer - plasma (55%)
  • Middle thin buffy coat - white blood cells and platelets (1%)
  • The lowest layer packed with red blood cells - hematocrit (45%)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Study of blood gives vital information about many ________, such as anemias, leukemias, presence of toxicants, alcohol and a variety of bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections.

A

Disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Functions of blood (4)

A

-Transports: O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes, hormones
-Regulates: Body temperature, pH, H2O
-Prevents: Fluid loss
Protects: Against toxins, infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Components of blood

A
  • Plasma
  • Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)
  • Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
  • Thrombocytes (Platelets)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Erythrocytes are ______ corpuscles that impart ____ color to the blood.

A

Minute; Red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Erythrocytes have no _______, _______, or _______.

A

Nucleus; Mitochondria; Granules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Erythrocytes shape is unusually ________.

A

Biconcave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

___% of cell is _____________ which helps in O2 transport and release.

A

33; Hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

There are approximately ____ million/mm3 erythrocytes in men and ____ million/mm3 in women.

A

5.4 ; 4.8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The shape of erythrocytes is susceptible to _________ forces.

A

Osmotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Hypotonic solutions cause _________.

A

Hemolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hypertonic solutions, fatty acids, anionic compounds, and alkaline solutions cause _________ of erythrocytes into ________.

A

Crenation; Echinocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Hemoglobin is a _________ protein with a molecular weight of 68,000 and ___ polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma, and delta).

A

Conjugated; 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Normal adult hemoglobin is 96% ______ (2 alpha, 2 beta), 2% _____ (2 alpha, 2 delta), and < 2 % ______ (2α, 2γ)

A

HbA; HbA2; fetal HbF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Condition of abnormally high HbF or Hb other than HbA is called __________.

A

Thalassemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

In Sickle Cell Anemia, the blood has HbS – one amino acid, _______, replaces the normal ________.

A

Valine; Glutamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Pre-erythrocytes are called __________ and their numbers are used as an index of erythropoiesis.

A

Reticulocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Variation in the size of erythrocytes, macro or microcytosis, is called __________.

A

Anisocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Variation in the shape of erythrocytes, sperocytosis or elliptocytosis, in which there is a spectrin defect is called __________.

A

Poikilocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Variations in hemoglobin can be classified as _______, ______, or __________.

A

Normo- ; Hypo- ; Hyperchromic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Erythrocytes are termed ________ because they have no nucleus.

A

Corpuscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Erythrocytes often adhere forming loose rows known as ________.

A

Roleaux

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The specific cytoskeletal components of erythrocytes are _____, ______, and ______, which maintain cell shape. Defects may lead to spherocytosis.

A

Spectrin, actin, and ankyrin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Erythrocytes also have ______ ______, which form the basis for their classification.

A

Surface antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Erythrocytic antigens

A
  • A and B (form 4 groups: A, B, AB, O)

- Rh+ and Rh-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Characteristics of thrombocytes (5)

A
  • Very small
  • Colorless
  • No nucleus
  • Round or oval
  • Biconcave
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Thrombocytes are one of the components of which layer?

A

Buffy coat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Thrombocytes are formed from fragments of ___________.

A

Megakaryocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Megakaryocytes are very large cells with large ___________ _______.

A

Plieomorphic nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

In terms of platelet zonation, the granulomere can be described as _____ and _____, with cytoplasm containing __________ granules.

A

Thick; Central; Azurophilic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

List the factors and their functions in the granulomere

A
  • Platelet factor IV: counteracts heparin
  • Von Willebrand factor: platelet adhesion
  • Platelet derived growth factor: fibroblast proliferation
  • Thromboplastin: platelet aggregation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

In terms of platelet zonation, the halomere is ____ and _______, and contains ________ and ___________ that help maintain characteristic platelet structure.

A

Thin; Peripheral; Microtubules; Actomyosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

The main function of platelets is _________.

A

Clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Platelets ______ usually adhere to the endothelium.

A

Do not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

When the endothelium is ________, platelets attach to exposed connective tissue fibers.

A

Injured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

The sticking platelets release ____, which attracts more platelets to the site forming a plug.

A

ADP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

In response to tissue damage, ______ and ______ events lead to the formation of ____________.

A

Extrinsic; Intrinsic; Thromboplastin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Thromboplastin and ____________ help convert another plasma protein, _______, into ________, which is an enzyme.

A

Factor X; Prothrombin; Thrombin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Thrombin converts a soluble plasma protein, _________ (factor I), into an insoluble protein, ________, which forms a clot.

A

Fibrinogen; Fibrin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

All steps of clotting require _______.

A

Calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Platelet defect characterized by decreased platelet counts.

A

Thrombocytopenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Platelet defect characterized by abnormal shape and function.

A

Thrombocytopathia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Platelet defect characterized by cofactor defect.

A

Hemophilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Characteristics of leukocytes (4)

A
  • True cells
  • Colorless
  • Spherical in blood
  • Ameboid in tissues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Granular leukocytes

A

Neutrophils (most), Eosinophils, Basophils (least)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Agranular leukocytes

A

Lymphocytes, Monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Characteristics of neutrophils (6)

A
  • Most abundant (20 M)
  • Multilobed nucleus (females: drumstick)
  • Cytoplasmic granules have no affinity to dye (neutral)
  • Migrate out of blood circulation (diapedesis)
  • Capable of nonspecific phagocytosis
  • Phagocytic efficiency increases in presence of antibodies (opsonized particles)
52
Q

3 Types of Neutrophil Granules

A
  • Specific
  • Azurophilic
  • Tertiary
53
Q

Specific granules

A
  • Abundant and lack lysosomal enzymes

- Contain alkaline phosphatase, lysozymes, lactoferritin, and phagocytin (basic antibacterial protein)

54
Q

Azurophilic granules

A
  • Very few and contain 3 lysosomal enzymes: peroxidase, acid phosphatase, and B-glucuronidase (modified lysosomes)
  • Neutrophils are phagocytic because azurophilic granules release lysosomal enzymes
55
Q

Tertiary granules

A

-Cathespin and gelitinase–are proteases

56
Q

Neutrophils _____ to capillary endothelium at the site of infection.

A

Adhere

57
Q

Adherence is due to, a protein at neutrophil surface called ________________.

A

Leukocyte cell adhestion molecule 1 (LCAM 1)

58
Q

Adherence is due to, ________ from capillary endothelium, which includes which 2 factors?

A

Cytokines; interleukin 1 beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha

59
Q

Adherence is due to, ________ from neutrophil that are synthesized from arachidonic acid.

A

Leukotrines

60
Q

Characteristics of Eosinophils (5)

A
  • 1-3%, about same size as neutrophils
  • Large cytoplasmic granules (stain pink with Wright stain)
  • 2 lobed nucleus with isthmus
  • Presence of specific granules with discoid crystals of major basic protein (MBP)
  • Not normally phagocytic
61
Q

Eosinophils increase considerably during ______ and ________ as they produce ________.

A

Allergic Reactions; Parasitic infections; Antihistamines

62
Q

Eosinophil granules contain what?

A
  • Lysosomal enzymes (like neutrophils)
  • Major basic protein (MBP) in discoid crystals (which induces mast cells)
  • Eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP) (antiviral)
  • Eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) (produces reactive oxygen species)
  • Eosinophil derived neurotoxin (EDN) (antiviral)
63
Q

Basophil characteristics (6)

A
  • Smaller than eosinophils and difficult to find
  • Nucleus elongated, bent, U or S shaped & with 2 or more constrictions
  • No phagocytic activity
  • Coarse water soluble granules containing histamine and heparin
  • Involved in allergic reaction
  • Basophils and mast cells have common origin
64
Q

Lymphocytes characteristics (6)

A
  • Second most abundant (20-35%), intensely stained
  • Round, large nuclei with thin ring of cytoplasm
  • Tiny GC, few mito, no ER, but have free ribo
  • No specific granules
  • Primary concern: immune response
  • Produce immunoglobulins (Ig) in response to antigens
65
Q

Monocytes characteristics (5)

A
  • Cytoplasm abundant
  • Nucleus, eccentric, round or kidney shaped
  • 2 or more nucleoli
  • GC, few rough ER
  • Cytoplasmic glycogen particles
66
Q

All blood cells are suspended in ________ with many kinds of _______.

A

Plasma; proteins

67
Q

Plasma proteins

A
  • Albumins

- Globulins

68
Q

Albumins

A
  • Smallest of all proteins
  • Synthesized in liver
  • Maintain osmotic pressure and prevent fluid loss
69
Q

Globulins

A

-Very large molecules, various kinds (gamma, alpha, beta)

70
Q

Gamma-globulins (Ig) or antibodies

A
  • Work against antigens (bacteria, toxins)

- Synthesized by lymphocytes

71
Q

Alpha and beta globulins

A
  • Synthesized in the liver

- Important in transport of metal ions (transferin)

72
Q

Fibrinogen

A
  • Synthesized in the liver

- Involved in blood clotting

73
Q

Complement system

A

12 + serum proteins synthesized in the liver and are important in immune system

74
Q

Plasma lipoproteins that transport lipids

A
  • VLDL
  • LDL
  • HDL
75
Q

Blood cells are ________ are must be continuously replenished.

A

Short lived

76
Q

Organs involved in hemopoiesis are called _________________.

A

Hemo- or hematopoietic organs

77
Q

Principal hemopoietic organs in adult mammals are _________, _________, and ____________.

A

Bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes

78
Q

Bone marrow is found where?

A

Vertebrae, ribs, sternum, cranium, and pelvis

79
Q

Characteristics of bone marrow (3)

A
  • 4-6% of body weight
  • Soft and highly cellular (precursors of blood cells, macrophages, adipose, and reticular cells)
  • Red in embryo due to numerous RBC
  • As age advances, adipose accumulates and bone marrow becomes yellow
80
Q

Where is red bone marrow found in adult humans?

A

Proximal ends of humerus and femur, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, and ilea of pelvis

81
Q

3 Phases of Prenatal Hemopoiesis and when they occur

A
  1. Mesoblastic Phase (2nd week of gestation)
  2. Hepatic Phase (6th week of embryonic life)
  3. Myeloid Phase (4th month of gestation)
82
Q

In the Mesoblastic Phase, masses of _______ _______ of body stalk and yolk sac aggregate

A

Mesenchymal cells

83
Q

In the Mesoblastic Phase, differentiation into ________ _________ occurs.

A

Primitive erythroblasts (hemocytoblasts) (large, basophilic, spherical)

84
Q

In the Mesoblastic Phase, gathering to form _____ ______ and synthesis of __________ occurs.

A

Blood islands; hemoglobin

85
Q

In the Mesoblastic Phase, ________ erythroblasts give rise to __________ erythroblasts which retain their nuclei.

A

Polychromatic; Primitive

86
Q

In the Hepatic Phase, round ______ cells appear in the liver which are similar to erythroblasts of postnatal life. These cells change to _________ then _________.

A

Basophilic;
Definitive erythroblasts;
Anucleate erythroblasts

87
Q

At about ______________ leukocytes and megakaryocytes appear in the liver and later in the spleen.

A

2nd month of gestation

88
Q

In the Myeloid Phase, blood vessels begin to penetrate in cavities programmed by ___________ and carry mesenchymal cells

A

chondroblasts

89
Q

In the Myeloid Phase, mesenchymal cells proceed in these 3 directions

A
  • Osteoblasts –> Osteocytes –> Bone
  • Reticular cells –> Connective tissue
  • Independent cells –> blood cells
90
Q

In adults liver and spleen _______ participate in hemopoiesis except in rare disease conditions – hence called ______________.

A
  • Do not

- Extramedullary hemopoiesis

91
Q

Bone marrow is _______ packed, _______, ______, and ______ cells.

A
  • Closely
  • Hemopoietic
  • Reticular
  • Adipose
92
Q

Bone marrow has thin walled _______.

A

Sinuses

93
Q

Blood cells develop ___________ and are release into blood circulation is __________.

A
  • Extravascularly

- Trascellular

94
Q

In the bone marrow, typical basal lamina is _______.

A

Absent

95
Q

Minor arterial supply is through ____________.

A

Capillaries along periosteal Sharpey’s fibers –> collecting sinuses –> central sinus

96
Q

Major arterial supply is through ___________ that enters through nutrient canal and its branches enter ____________.

A
  • Nutrient artery

- Volkman’s canal

97
Q

Cells in bone marrow have capacity for…

A
  • Self duplication (by mitosis, renewing division)

- Differentiation (differential division

98
Q

In differentiation, If the progeny is able to differentiate into several different types of mature blood cells – they are called ___________.

A

pluripotential hemopoietic stem cells (PHSC)

99
Q

In differentiation, If the progeny is able to differentiate into only one kind of cells – they are called ______________.

A

unipotential hemopoietic stem cells (UPSC) or committed cells

100
Q

Life span of erythrocytes is _______.

A

120 days

101
Q

Maintenance of erythrocytes depends on ___________ by the bone marrow and release into circulation.

A

Continued production

102
Q

How many erythrocytes enter circulation every day?

A

25 million

103
Q

Three phases of erythropoiesis

A
  • Hemopoietic stem cell phase
  • Committed progenitor stem cell phase
  • Maturation phase
104
Q
  1. Hemopoietic Stem Cell Phase
A

Forms Proerythroblasts

105
Q
  1. Committed Progenitor Stem cell Phase
A

Forms Polychromatophilic erythroblasts (no nucleolus, Hb accumulates, becomes eosinophilic)

106
Q
  1. Maturation Phase
A

Forms Erythrocytes (anucleate)

107
Q

In erythropoiesis, cytoplasm changes from _____ to _____, there is a _______ in RNA, and a ______ in hemoglobin.

A
  • Blue to orange
  • Decrease
  • Incerease
108
Q

In erythropoiesis, the _____ becomes smaller, chromatin pattern is more _______, and finally ________.

A
  • Nucleus
  • Aggregated
  • Disappears
109
Q

In erythropoiesis, the production time is ________.

A

5 days

110
Q

In Granulopoiesis, PHSC –> _________ –> ________ –> _____ and ____

A
  • CFU-GM (bipotential cells)
  • Bipotential progenitor cells
  • CFU-G and CFU-M
111
Q

In Granulopoiesis, CFU-G –> ________ –> __________

A
  • Myeloblasts (round cells, large nucleus, Basophilic cytoplasm, no granules)
  • Promyelocytes (nucleus indented, cytoplasm basophilic, largest cells)
112
Q

In Granulopoiesis, CFU-M –> ______ –> ______–> ______

A
  • Monoblasts
  • Promyelocytes
  • Monocytes
113
Q

Neutrophilic myelocytes

A

Size: < eosinophils
Number: Most numerous
Nucleus: Shape varies
Granules: Azurophilic and Specific, Neutrophils

114
Q

Eosinophilic myelocytes

A

Size: > neutrophils
Number: Less numerous
Nucleus: Bilobed, coarse chromatin
Granules: Azurophilic and Specific, Eosinophils

115
Q

Basophilic myelocytes

A

Size: > neutrophils
Number: Very few
Nucleus: Indented or bilobed
Granules: Water soluble basophilic, Basophils

116
Q

Steps of Thrombopoesis

A 
CFU-Me -->
Megakaryoblasts -->
Promegakaryocytes -->
Megakaryocytes -->
Reserve Megakaryocytes -->
Platelet forming megakayocytes -->
Proplatelets
117
Q

Steps of Lymphopoiesis

A

CFU-L –>
Lymphopoietic Stem Cells (LPSC) –>

–>Thymus–>T cells (Cellular)–>Lymphoid Tissues
or
–>Bone marrow, spleen–>B cells (Humoral)–>Lymphoid Tissues

118
Q

Two kinds of factors involved in hemopoiesis

A
  • Hemopoietic microenvironment (Includes endothelial cells, macrophages, adipose tissue and reticular cells)
  • Humoral (hormonal) regulation
119
Q

Erythropoiesis at high altitude

A

Increased Erythropoiesis

120
Q

Erythropoiesis during blood transfusion

A

Decreased Erythropoiesis

121
Q

Enhanced need of oxygen stimulates _________.

A

Erythropoiesis

122
Q

Erythropoiesis is mediated by a blood borne hormone _________ from kidney (mw 70,000), a glycoprotein

A

erythropoietin

123
Q

Maintenance of circulating erythrocytes depends on ______ stimulation of bone marrow by erythropoietin, a bone marrow capable of ______ to erythropoietin, and an adequate supply of ____, stored as ferritin in the liver and transported as transferin in plasma.

A
  • Continued
  • Responding
  • Fe++
124
Q

Four colony stimulating factors of leukopoiesis

A 
-Granulocyte-monocyte-CSF 
(for neutrophils and monocyte)
-Multi-CSF 
(or interleukin-3 for neutrophils, erythrocytes, monocytes and megakaryocytes)
-Granulocyte-CSF 
(only for neutrophils)
-Monocytes-CSF 
(only for monocytes)
125
Q

Colony stimulating factor of thrombopoiesis

A

Thrombopoietin

Histology (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions