Blood & Bone Marrow Flashcards
Blood is traditionally called a ________ tissue.
Vascular
Original mother of all tissues is called _________, which differentiates into ______ _______.
Mesenchyme; Blood islands
What do blood islands differentiate into?
- Endothelial cells of blood vessels
- Blood forming cells
Study of histology of blood has great __________ value.
Diagnostic
What are the three layers that centrifugation of a sample of blood with an anticoagulant gives?
- Top layer - plasma (55%)
- Middle thin buffy coat - white blood cells and platelets (1%)
- The lowest layer packed with red blood cells - hematocrit (45%)
Study of blood gives vital information about many ________, such as anemias, leukemias, presence of toxicants, alcohol and a variety of bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections.
Disorders
Functions of blood (4)
-Transports: O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes, hormones
-Regulates: Body temperature, pH, H2O
-Prevents: Fluid loss
Protects: Against toxins, infection
Components of blood
- Plasma
- Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)
- Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
- Thrombocytes (Platelets)
Erythrocytes are ______ corpuscles that impart ____ color to the blood.
Minute; Red
Erythrocytes have no _______, _______, or _______.
Nucleus; Mitochondria; Granules
Erythrocytes shape is unusually ________.
Biconcave
___% of cell is _____________ which helps in O2 transport and release.
33; Hemoglobin
There are approximately ____ million/mm3 erythrocytes in men and ____ million/mm3 in women.
5.4 ; 4.8
The shape of erythrocytes is susceptible to _________ forces.
Osmotic
Hypotonic solutions cause _________.
Hemolysis
Hypertonic solutions, fatty acids, anionic compounds, and alkaline solutions cause _________ of erythrocytes into ________.
Crenation; Echinocytes
Hemoglobin is a _________ protein with a molecular weight of 68,000 and ___ polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma, and delta).
Conjugated; 4
Normal adult hemoglobin is 96% ______ (2 alpha, 2 beta), 2% _____ (2 alpha, 2 delta), and < 2 % ______ (2α, 2γ)
HbA; HbA2; fetal HbF
Condition of abnormally high HbF or Hb other than HbA is called __________.
Thalassemia
In Sickle Cell Anemia, the blood has HbS – one amino acid, _______, replaces the normal ________.
Valine; Glutamine
Pre-erythrocytes are called __________ and their numbers are used as an index of erythropoiesis.
Reticulocytes
Variation in the size of erythrocytes, macro or microcytosis, is called __________.
Anisocytosis
Variation in the shape of erythrocytes, sperocytosis or elliptocytosis, in which there is a spectrin defect is called __________.
Poikilocytosis
Variations in hemoglobin can be classified as _______, ______, or __________.
Normo- ; Hypo- ; Hyperchromic
Erythrocytes are termed ________ because they have no nucleus.
Corpuscles
Erythrocytes often adhere forming loose rows known as ________.
Roleaux
The specific cytoskeletal components of erythrocytes are _____, ______, and ______, which maintain cell shape. Defects may lead to spherocytosis.
Spectrin, actin, and ankyrin
Erythrocytes also have ______ ______, which form the basis for their classification.
Surface antigens
Erythrocytic antigens
- A and B (form 4 groups: A, B, AB, O)
- Rh+ and Rh-
Characteristics of thrombocytes (5)
- Very small
- Colorless
- No nucleus
- Round or oval
- Biconcave
Thrombocytes are one of the components of which layer?
Buffy coat
Thrombocytes are formed from fragments of ___________.
Megakaryocytes
Megakaryocytes are very large cells with large ___________ _______.
Plieomorphic nuclei
In terms of platelet zonation, the granulomere can be described as _____ and _____, with cytoplasm containing __________ granules.
Thick; Central; Azurophilic
List the factors and their functions in the granulomere
- Platelet factor IV: counteracts heparin
- Von Willebrand factor: platelet adhesion
- Platelet derived growth factor: fibroblast proliferation
- Thromboplastin: platelet aggregation
In terms of platelet zonation, the halomere is ____ and _______, and contains ________ and ___________ that help maintain characteristic platelet structure.
Thin; Peripheral; Microtubules; Actomyosin
The main function of platelets is _________.
Clotting
Platelets ______ usually adhere to the endothelium.
Do not
When the endothelium is ________, platelets attach to exposed connective tissue fibers.
Injured
The sticking platelets release ____, which attracts more platelets to the site forming a plug.
ADP
In response to tissue damage, ______ and ______ events lead to the formation of ____________.
Extrinsic; Intrinsic; Thromboplastin
Thromboplastin and ____________ help convert another plasma protein, _______, into ________, which is an enzyme.
Factor X; Prothrombin; Thrombin
Thrombin converts a soluble plasma protein, _________ (factor I), into an insoluble protein, ________, which forms a clot.
Fibrinogen; Fibrin
All steps of clotting require _______.
Calcium
Platelet defect characterized by decreased platelet counts.
Thrombocytopenia
Platelet defect characterized by abnormal shape and function.
Thrombocytopathia
Platelet defect characterized by cofactor defect.
Hemophilia
Characteristics of leukocytes (4)
- True cells
- Colorless
- Spherical in blood
- Ameboid in tissues
Granular leukocytes
Neutrophils (most), Eosinophils, Basophils (least)
Agranular leukocytes
Lymphocytes, Monocytes
Characteristics of neutrophils (6)
- Most abundant (20 M)
- Multilobed nucleus (females: drumstick)
- Cytoplasmic granules have no affinity to dye (neutral)
- Migrate out of blood circulation (diapedesis)
- Capable of nonspecific phagocytosis
- Phagocytic efficiency increases in presence of antibodies (opsonized particles)
3 Types of Neutrophil Granules
- Specific
- Azurophilic
- Tertiary
Specific granules
- Abundant and lack lysosomal enzymes
- Contain alkaline phosphatase, lysozymes, lactoferritin, and phagocytin (basic antibacterial protein)
Azurophilic granules
- Very few and contain 3 lysosomal enzymes: peroxidase, acid phosphatase, and B-glucuronidase (modified lysosomes)
- Neutrophils are phagocytic because azurophilic granules release lysosomal enzymes
Tertiary granules
-Cathespin and gelitinase–are proteases
Neutrophils _____ to capillary endothelium at the site of infection.
Adhere
Adherence is due to, a protein at neutrophil surface called ________________.
Leukocyte cell adhestion molecule 1 (LCAM 1)
Adherence is due to, ________ from capillary endothelium, which includes which 2 factors?
Cytokines; interleukin 1 beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha
Adherence is due to, ________ from neutrophil that are synthesized from arachidonic acid.
Leukotrines
Characteristics of Eosinophils (5)
- 1-3%, about same size as neutrophils
- Large cytoplasmic granules (stain pink with Wright stain)
- 2 lobed nucleus with isthmus
- Presence of specific granules with discoid crystals of major basic protein (MBP)
- Not normally phagocytic
Eosinophils increase considerably during ______ and ________ as they produce ________.
Allergic Reactions; Parasitic infections; Antihistamines
Eosinophil granules contain what?
- Lysosomal enzymes (like neutrophils)
- Major basic protein (MBP) in discoid crystals (which induces mast cells)
- Eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP) (antiviral)
- Eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) (produces reactive oxygen species)
- Eosinophil derived neurotoxin (EDN) (antiviral)
Basophil characteristics (6)
- Smaller than eosinophils and difficult to find
- Nucleus elongated, bent, U or S shaped & with 2 or more constrictions
- No phagocytic activity
- Coarse water soluble granules containing histamine and heparin
- Involved in allergic reaction
- Basophils and mast cells have common origin
Lymphocytes characteristics (6)
- Second most abundant (20-35%), intensely stained
- Round, large nuclei with thin ring of cytoplasm
- Tiny GC, few mito, no ER, but have free ribo
- No specific granules
- Primary concern: immune response
- Produce immunoglobulins (Ig) in response to antigens
Monocytes characteristics (5)
- Cytoplasm abundant
- Nucleus, eccentric, round or kidney shaped
- 2 or more nucleoli
- GC, few rough ER
- Cytoplasmic glycogen particles
All blood cells are suspended in ________ with many kinds of _______.
Plasma; proteins
Plasma proteins
- Albumins
- Globulins
Albumins
- Smallest of all proteins
- Synthesized in liver
- Maintain osmotic pressure and prevent fluid loss
Globulins
-Very large molecules, various kinds (gamma, alpha, beta)
Gamma-globulins (Ig) or antibodies
- Work against antigens (bacteria, toxins)
- Synthesized by lymphocytes
Alpha and beta globulins
- Synthesized in the liver
- Important in transport of metal ions (transferin)
Fibrinogen
- Synthesized in the liver
- Involved in blood clotting
Complement system
12 + serum proteins synthesized in the liver and are important in immune system
Plasma lipoproteins that transport lipids
- VLDL
- LDL
- HDL
Blood cells are ________ are must be continuously replenished.
Short lived
Organs involved in hemopoiesis are called _________________.
Hemo- or hematopoietic organs
Principal hemopoietic organs in adult mammals are _________, _________, and ____________.
Bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes
Bone marrow is found where?
Vertebrae, ribs, sternum, cranium, and pelvis
Characteristics of bone marrow (3)
- 4-6% of body weight
- Soft and highly cellular (precursors of blood cells, macrophages, adipose, and reticular cells)
- Red in embryo due to numerous RBC
- As age advances, adipose accumulates and bone marrow becomes yellow
Where is red bone marrow found in adult humans?
Proximal ends of humerus and femur, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, and ilea of pelvis
3 Phases of Prenatal Hemopoiesis and when they occur
- Mesoblastic Phase (2nd week of gestation)
- Hepatic Phase (6th week of embryonic life)
- Myeloid Phase (4th month of gestation)
In the Mesoblastic Phase, masses of _______ _______ of body stalk and yolk sac aggregate
Mesenchymal cells
In the Mesoblastic Phase, differentiation into ________ _________ occurs.
Primitive erythroblasts (hemocytoblasts) (large, basophilic, spherical)
In the Mesoblastic Phase, gathering to form _____ ______ and synthesis of __________ occurs.
Blood islands; hemoglobin
In the Mesoblastic Phase, ________ erythroblasts give rise to __________ erythroblasts which retain their nuclei.
Polychromatic; Primitive
In the Hepatic Phase, round ______ cells appear in the liver which are similar to erythroblasts of postnatal life. These cells change to _________ then _________.
Basophilic;
Definitive erythroblasts;
Anucleate erythroblasts
At about ______________ leukocytes and megakaryocytes appear in the liver and later in the spleen.
2nd month of gestation
In the Myeloid Phase, blood vessels begin to penetrate in cavities programmed by ___________ and carry mesenchymal cells
chondroblasts
In the Myeloid Phase, mesenchymal cells proceed in these 3 directions
- Osteoblasts –> Osteocytes –> Bone
- Reticular cells –> Connective tissue
- Independent cells –> blood cells
In adults liver and spleen _______ participate in hemopoiesis except in rare disease conditions – hence called ______________.
- Do not
- Extramedullary hemopoiesis
Bone marrow is _______ packed, _______, ______, and ______ cells.
- Closely
- Hemopoietic
- Reticular
- Adipose
Bone marrow has thin walled _______.
Sinuses
Blood cells develop ___________ and are release into blood circulation is __________.
- Extravascularly
- Trascellular
In the bone marrow, typical basal lamina is _______.
Absent
Minor arterial supply is through ____________.
Capillaries along periosteal Sharpey’s fibers –> collecting sinuses –> central sinus
Major arterial supply is through ___________ that enters through nutrient canal and its branches enter ____________.
- Nutrient artery
- Volkman’s canal
Cells in bone marrow have capacity for…
- Self duplication (by mitosis, renewing division)
- Differentiation (differential division
In differentiation, If the progeny is able to differentiate into several different types of mature blood cells – they are called ___________.
pluripotential hemopoietic stem cells (PHSC)
In differentiation, If the progeny is able to differentiate into only one kind of cells – they are called ______________.
unipotential hemopoietic stem cells (UPSC) or committed cells
Life span of erythrocytes is _______.
120 days
Maintenance of erythrocytes depends on ___________ by the bone marrow and release into circulation.
Continued production
How many erythrocytes enter circulation every day?
25 million
Three phases of erythropoiesis
- Hemopoietic stem cell phase
- Committed progenitor stem cell phase
- Maturation phase
- Hemopoietic Stem Cell Phase
Forms Proerythroblasts
- Committed Progenitor Stem cell Phase
Forms Polychromatophilic erythroblasts (no nucleolus, Hb accumulates, becomes eosinophilic)
- Maturation Phase
Forms Erythrocytes (anucleate)
In erythropoiesis, cytoplasm changes from _____ to _____, there is a _______ in RNA, and a ______ in hemoglobin.
- Blue to orange
- Decrease
- Incerease
In erythropoiesis, the _____ becomes smaller, chromatin pattern is more _______, and finally ________.
- Nucleus
- Aggregated
- Disappears
In erythropoiesis, the production time is ________.
5 days
In Granulopoiesis, PHSC –> _________ –> ________ –> _____ and ____
- CFU-GM (bipotential cells)
- Bipotential progenitor cells
- CFU-G and CFU-M
In Granulopoiesis, CFU-G –> ________ –> __________
- Myeloblasts (round cells, large nucleus, Basophilic cytoplasm, no granules)
- Promyelocytes (nucleus indented, cytoplasm basophilic, largest cells)
In Granulopoiesis, CFU-M –> ______ –> ______–> ______
- Monoblasts
- Promyelocytes
- Monocytes
Neutrophilic myelocytes
Size: < eosinophils
Number: Most numerous
Nucleus: Shape varies
Granules: Azurophilic and Specific, Neutrophils
Eosinophilic myelocytes
Size: > neutrophils
Number: Less numerous
Nucleus: Bilobed, coarse chromatin
Granules: Azurophilic and Specific, Eosinophils
Basophilic myelocytes
Size: > neutrophils
Number: Very few
Nucleus: Indented or bilobed
Granules: Water soluble basophilic, Basophils
Steps of Thrombopoesis
CFU-Me --> Megakaryoblasts --> Promegakaryocytes --> Megakaryocytes --> Reserve Megakaryocytes --> Platelet forming megakayocytes --> Proplatelets
Steps of Lymphopoiesis
CFU-L –>
Lymphopoietic Stem Cells (LPSC) –>
–>Thymus–>T cells (Cellular)–>Lymphoid Tissues
or
–>Bone marrow, spleen–>B cells (Humoral)–>Lymphoid Tissues
Two kinds of factors involved in hemopoiesis
- Hemopoietic microenvironment (Includes endothelial cells, macrophages, adipose tissue and reticular cells)
- Humoral (hormonal) regulation
Erythropoiesis at high altitude
Increased Erythropoiesis
Erythropoiesis during blood transfusion
Decreased Erythropoiesis
Enhanced need of oxygen stimulates _________.
Erythropoiesis
Erythropoiesis is mediated by a blood borne hormone _________ from kidney (mw 70,000), a glycoprotein
erythropoietin
Maintenance of circulating erythrocytes depends on ______ stimulation of bone marrow by erythropoietin, a bone marrow capable of ______ to erythropoietin, and an adequate supply of ____, stored as ferritin in the liver and transported as transferin in plasma.
- Continued
- Responding
- Fe++
Four colony stimulating factors of leukopoiesis
-Granulocyte-monocyte-CSF (for neutrophils and monocyte) -Multi-CSF (or interleukin-3 for neutrophils, erythrocytes, monocytes and megakaryocytes) -Granulocyte-CSF (only for neutrophils) -Monocytes-CSF (only for monocytes)
Colony stimulating factor of thrombopoiesis
Thrombopoietin
