Blood & Bone Marrow Flashcards
1
Q
Blood is traditionally called a ________ tissue.
A
Vascular
2
Q
Original mother of all tissues is called _________, which differentiates into ______ _______.
A
Mesenchyme; Blood islands
3
Q
What do blood islands differentiate into?
A
- Endothelial cells of blood vessels
- Blood forming cells
4
Q
Study of histology of blood has great __________ value.
A
Diagnostic
5
Q
What are the three layers that centrifugation of a sample of blood with an anticoagulant gives?
A
- Top layer - plasma (55%)
- Middle thin buffy coat - white blood cells and platelets (1%)
- The lowest layer packed with red blood cells - hematocrit (45%)
6
Q
Study of blood gives vital information about many ________, such as anemias, leukemias, presence of toxicants, alcohol and a variety of bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections.
A
Disorders
7
Q
Functions of blood (4)
A
-Transports: O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes, hormones
-Regulates: Body temperature, pH, H2O
-Prevents: Fluid loss
Protects: Against toxins, infection
8
Q
Components of blood
A
- Plasma
- Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)
- Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
- Thrombocytes (Platelets)
9
Q
Erythrocytes are ______ corpuscles that impart ____ color to the blood.
A
Minute; Red
10
Q
Erythrocytes have no _______, _______, or _______.
A
Nucleus; Mitochondria; Granules
11
Q
Erythrocytes shape is unusually ________.
A
Biconcave
12
Q
___% of cell is _____________ which helps in O2 transport and release.
A
33; Hemoglobin
13
Q
There are approximately ____ million/mm3 erythrocytes in men and ____ million/mm3 in women.
A
5.4 ; 4.8
14
Q
The shape of erythrocytes is susceptible to _________ forces.
A
Osmotic
15
Q
Hypotonic solutions cause _________.
A
Hemolysis
16
Q
Hypertonic solutions, fatty acids, anionic compounds, and alkaline solutions cause _________ of erythrocytes into ________.
A
Crenation; Echinocytes
17
Q
Hemoglobin is a _________ protein with a molecular weight of 68,000 and ___ polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma, and delta).
A
Conjugated; 4
18
Q
Normal adult hemoglobin is 96% ______ (2 alpha, 2 beta), 2% _____ (2 alpha, 2 delta), and < 2 % ______ (2α, 2γ)
A
HbA; HbA2; fetal HbF
19
Q
Condition of abnormally high HbF or Hb other than HbA is called __________.
A
Thalassemia
20
Q
In Sickle Cell Anemia, the blood has HbS – one amino acid, _______, replaces the normal ________.
A
Valine; Glutamine
21
Q
Pre-erythrocytes are called __________ and their numbers are used as an index of erythropoiesis.
A
Reticulocytes
22
Q
Variation in the size of erythrocytes, macro or microcytosis, is called __________.
A
Anisocytosis
23
Q
Variation in the shape of erythrocytes, sperocytosis or elliptocytosis, in which there is a spectrin defect is called __________.
A
Poikilocytosis
24
Q
Variations in hemoglobin can be classified as _______, ______, or __________.
A
Normo- ; Hypo- ; Hyperchromic
25
Erythrocytes are termed ________ because they have no nucleus.
Corpuscles
26
Erythrocytes often adhere forming loose rows known as ________.
Roleaux
27
The specific cytoskeletal components of erythrocytes are _____, ______, and ______, which maintain cell shape. Defects may lead to spherocytosis.
Spectrin, actin, and ankyrin
28
Erythrocytes also have ______ ______, which form the basis for their classification.
Surface antigens
29
Erythrocytic antigens
- A and B (form 4 groups: A, B, AB, O)
| - Rh+ and Rh-
30
Characteristics of thrombocytes (5)
- Very small
- Colorless
- No nucleus
- Round or oval
- Biconcave
31
Thrombocytes are one of the components of which layer?
Buffy coat
32
Thrombocytes are formed from fragments of ___________.
Megakaryocytes
33
Megakaryocytes are very large cells with large ___________ _______.
Plieomorphic nuclei
34
In terms of platelet zonation, the granulomere can be described as _____ and _____, with cytoplasm containing __________ granules.
Thick; Central; Azurophilic
35
List the factors and their functions in the granulomere
- Platelet factor IV: counteracts heparin
- Von Willebrand factor: platelet adhesion
- Platelet derived growth factor: fibroblast proliferation
- Thromboplastin: platelet aggregation
36
In terms of platelet zonation, the halomere is ____ and _______, and contains ________ and ___________ that help maintain characteristic platelet structure.
Thin; Peripheral; Microtubules; Actomyosin
37
The main function of platelets is _________.
Clotting
38
Platelets ______ usually adhere to the endothelium.
Do not
39
When the endothelium is ________, platelets attach to exposed connective tissue fibers.
Injured
40
The sticking platelets release ____, which attracts more platelets to the site forming a plug.
ADP
41
In response to tissue damage, ______ and ______ events lead to the formation of ____________.
Extrinsic; Intrinsic; Thromboplastin
42
Thromboplastin and ____________ help convert another plasma protein, _______, into ________, which is an enzyme.
Factor X; Prothrombin; Thrombin
43
Thrombin converts a soluble plasma protein, _________ (factor I), into an insoluble protein, ________, which forms a clot.
Fibrinogen; Fibrin
44
All steps of clotting require _______.
Calcium
45
Platelet defect characterized by decreased platelet counts.
Thrombocytopenia
46
Platelet defect characterized by abnormal shape and function.
Thrombocytopathia
47
Platelet defect characterized by cofactor defect.
Hemophilia
48
Characteristics of leukocytes (4)
- True cells
- Colorless
- Spherical in blood
- Ameboid in tissues
49
Granular leukocytes
Neutrophils (most), Eosinophils, Basophils (least)
50
Agranular leukocytes
Lymphocytes, Monocytes
51
Characteristics of neutrophils (6)
- Most abundant (20 M)
- Multilobed nucleus (females: drumstick)
- Cytoplasmic granules have no affinity to dye (neutral)
- Migrate out of blood circulation (diapedesis)
- Capable of nonspecific phagocytosis
- Phagocytic efficiency increases in presence of antibodies (opsonized particles)
52
3 Types of Neutrophil Granules
- Specific
- Azurophilic
- Tertiary
53
Specific granules
- Abundant and lack lysosomal enzymes
| - Contain alkaline phosphatase, lysozymes, lactoferritin, and phagocytin (basic antibacterial protein)
54
Azurophilic granules
- Very few and contain 3 lysosomal enzymes: peroxidase, acid phosphatase, and B-glucuronidase (modified lysosomes)
- Neutrophils are phagocytic because azurophilic granules release lysosomal enzymes
55
Tertiary granules
-Cathespin and gelitinase--are proteases
56
Neutrophils _____ to capillary endothelium at the site of infection.
Adhere
57
Adherence is due to, a protein at neutrophil surface called ________________.
Leukocyte cell adhestion molecule 1 (LCAM 1)
58
Adherence is due to, ________ from capillary endothelium, which includes which 2 factors?
Cytokines; interleukin 1 beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha
59
Adherence is due to, ________ from neutrophil that are synthesized from arachidonic acid.
Leukotrines
60
Characteristics of Eosinophils (5)
- 1-3%, about same size as neutrophils
- Large cytoplasmic granules (stain pink with Wright stain)
- 2 lobed nucleus with isthmus
- Presence of specific granules with discoid crystals of major basic protein (MBP)
- Not normally phagocytic
61
Eosinophils increase considerably during ______ and ________ as they produce ________.
Allergic Reactions; Parasitic infections; Antihistamines
62
Eosinophil granules contain what?
- Lysosomal enzymes (like neutrophils)
- Major basic protein (MBP) in discoid crystals (which induces mast cells)
- Eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP) (antiviral)
- Eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) (produces reactive oxygen species)
- Eosinophil derived neurotoxin (EDN) (antiviral)
63
Basophil characteristics (6)
- Smaller than eosinophils and difficult to find
- Nucleus elongated, bent, U or S shaped & with 2 or more constrictions
- No phagocytic activity
- Coarse water soluble granules containing histamine and heparin
- Involved in allergic reaction
- Basophils and mast cells have common origin
64
Lymphocytes characteristics (6)
- Second most abundant (20-35%), intensely stained
- Round, large nuclei with thin ring of cytoplasm
- Tiny GC, few mito, no ER, but have free ribo
- No specific granules
- Primary concern: immune response
- Produce immunoglobulins (Ig) in response to antigens
65
Monocytes characteristics (5)
- Cytoplasm abundant
- Nucleus, eccentric, round or kidney shaped
- 2 or more nucleoli
- GC, few rough ER
- Cytoplasmic glycogen particles
66
All blood cells are suspended in ________ with many kinds of _______.
Plasma; proteins
67
Plasma proteins
- Albumins
| - Globulins
68
Albumins
- Smallest of all proteins
- Synthesized in liver
- Maintain osmotic pressure and prevent fluid loss
69
Globulins
-Very large molecules, various kinds (gamma, alpha, beta)
70
Gamma-globulins (Ig) or antibodies
- Work against antigens (bacteria, toxins)
| - Synthesized by lymphocytes
71
Alpha and beta globulins
- Synthesized in the liver
| - Important in transport of metal ions (transferin)
72
Fibrinogen
- Synthesized in the liver
| - Involved in blood clotting
73
Complement system
12 + serum proteins synthesized in the liver and are important in immune system
74
Plasma lipoproteins that transport lipids
- VLDL
- LDL
- HDL
75
Blood cells are ________ are must be continuously replenished.
Short lived
76
Organs involved in hemopoiesis are called _________________.
Hemo- or hematopoietic organs
77
Principal hemopoietic organs in adult mammals are _________, _________, and ____________.
Bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes
78
Bone marrow is found where?
Vertebrae, ribs, sternum, cranium, and pelvis
79
Characteristics of bone marrow (3)
- 4-6% of body weight
- Soft and highly cellular (precursors of blood cells, macrophages, adipose, and reticular cells)
- Red in embryo due to numerous RBC
- As age advances, adipose accumulates and bone marrow becomes yellow
80
Where is red bone marrow found in adult humans?
Proximal ends of humerus and femur, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, and ilea of pelvis
81
3 Phases of Prenatal Hemopoiesis and when they occur
1. Mesoblastic Phase (2nd week of gestation)
2. Hepatic Phase (6th week of embryonic life)
3. Myeloid Phase (4th month of gestation)
82
In the Mesoblastic Phase, masses of _______ _______ of body stalk and yolk sac aggregate
Mesenchymal cells
83
In the Mesoblastic Phase, differentiation into ________ _________ occurs.
Primitive erythroblasts (hemocytoblasts) (large, basophilic, spherical)
84
In the Mesoblastic Phase, gathering to form _____ ______ and synthesis of __________ occurs.
Blood islands; hemoglobin
85
In the Mesoblastic Phase, ________ erythroblasts give rise to __________ erythroblasts which retain their nuclei.
Polychromatic; Primitive
86
In the Hepatic Phase, round ______ cells appear in the liver which are similar to erythroblasts of postnatal life. These cells change to _________ then _________.
Basophilic;
Definitive erythroblasts;
Anucleate erythroblasts
87
At about ______________ leukocytes and megakaryocytes appear in the liver and later in the spleen.
2nd month of gestation
88
In the Myeloid Phase, blood vessels begin to penetrate in cavities programmed by ___________ and carry mesenchymal cells
chondroblasts
89
In the Myeloid Phase, mesenchymal cells proceed in these 3 directions
- Osteoblasts --> Osteocytes --> Bone
- Reticular cells --> Connective tissue
- Independent cells --> blood cells
90
In adults liver and spleen _______ participate in hemopoiesis except in rare disease conditions – hence called ______________.
- Do not
| - Extramedullary hemopoiesis
91
Bone marrow is _______ packed, _______, ______, and ______ cells.
- Closely
- Hemopoietic
- Reticular
- Adipose
92
Bone marrow has thin walled _______.
Sinuses
93
Blood cells develop ___________ and are release into blood circulation is __________.
- Extravascularly
| - Trascellular
94
In the bone marrow, typical basal lamina is _______.
Absent
95
Minor arterial supply is through ____________.
Capillaries along periosteal Sharpey’s fibers --> collecting sinuses --> central sinus
96
Major arterial supply is through ___________ that enters through nutrient canal and its branches enter ____________.
- Nutrient artery
| - Volkman's canal
97
Cells in bone marrow have capacity for...
- Self duplication (by mitosis, renewing division)
| - Differentiation (differential division
98
In differentiation, If the progeny is able to differentiate into several different types of mature blood cells – they are called ___________.
pluripotential hemopoietic stem cells (PHSC)
99
In differentiation, If the progeny is able to differentiate into only one kind of cells – they are called ______________.
unipotential hemopoietic stem cells (UPSC) or committed cells
100
Life span of erythrocytes is _______.
120 days
101
Maintenance of erythrocytes depends on ___________ by the bone marrow and release into circulation.
Continued production
102
How many erythrocytes enter circulation every day?
25 million
103
Three phases of erythropoiesis
- Hemopoietic stem cell phase
- Committed progenitor stem cell phase
- Maturation phase
104
1. Hemopoietic Stem Cell Phase
Forms Proerythroblasts
105
2. Committed Progenitor Stem cell Phase
Forms Polychromatophilic erythroblasts (no nucleolus, Hb accumulates, becomes eosinophilic)
106
3. Maturation Phase
Forms Erythrocytes (anucleate)
107
In erythropoiesis, cytoplasm changes from _____ to _____, there is a _______ in RNA, and a ______ in hemoglobin.
- Blue to orange
- Decrease
- Incerease
108
In erythropoiesis, the _____ becomes smaller, chromatin pattern is more _______, and finally ________.
- Nucleus
- Aggregated
- Disappears
109
In erythropoiesis, the production time is ________.
5 days
110
In Granulopoiesis, PHSC --> _________ --> ________ --> _____ and ____
- CFU-GM (bipotential cells)
- Bipotential progenitor cells
- CFU-G and CFU-M
111
In Granulopoiesis, CFU-G --> ________ --> __________
- Myeloblasts (round cells, large nucleus, Basophilic cytoplasm, no granules)
- Promyelocytes (nucleus indented, cytoplasm basophilic, largest cells)
112
In Granulopoiesis, CFU-M --> ______ --> ______--> ______
- Monoblasts
- Promyelocytes
- Monocytes
113
Neutrophilic myelocytes
Size: < eosinophils
Number: Most numerous
Nucleus: Shape varies
Granules: Azurophilic and Specific, Neutrophils
114
Eosinophilic myelocytes
Size: > neutrophils
Number: Less numerous
Nucleus: Bilobed, coarse chromatin
Granules: Azurophilic and Specific, Eosinophils
115
Basophilic myelocytes
Size: > neutrophils
Number: Very few
Nucleus: Indented or bilobed
Granules: Water soluble basophilic, Basophils
116
Steps of Thrombopoesis
```
CFU-Me -->
Megakaryoblasts -->
Promegakaryocytes -->
Megakaryocytes -->
Reserve Megakaryocytes -->
Platelet forming megakayocytes -->
Proplatelets
```
117
Steps of Lymphopoiesis
CFU-L -->
Lymphopoietic Stem Cells (LPSC) -->
-->Thymus-->T cells (Cellular)-->Lymphoid Tissues
or
-->Bone marrow, spleen-->B cells (Humoral)-->Lymphoid Tissues
118
Two kinds of factors involved in hemopoiesis
- Hemopoietic microenvironment (Includes endothelial cells, macrophages, adipose tissue and reticular cells)
- Humoral (hormonal) regulation
119
Erythropoiesis at high altitude
Increased Erythropoiesis
120
Erythropoiesis during blood transfusion
Decreased Erythropoiesis
121
Enhanced need of oxygen stimulates _________.
Erythropoiesis
122
Erythropoiesis is mediated by a blood borne hormone _________ from kidney (mw 70,000), a glycoprotein
erythropoietin
123
Maintenance of circulating erythrocytes depends on ______ stimulation of bone marrow by erythropoietin, a bone marrow capable of ______ to erythropoietin, and an adequate supply of ____, stored as ferritin in the liver and transported as transferin in plasma.
- Continued
- Responding
- Fe++
124
Four colony stimulating factors of leukopoiesis
```
-Granulocyte-monocyte-CSF
(for neutrophils and monocyte)
-Multi-CSF
(or interleukin-3 for neutrophils, erythrocytes, monocytes and megakaryocytes)
-Granulocyte-CSF
(only for neutrophils)
-Monocytes-CSF
(only for monocytes)
```
125
Colony stimulating factor of thrombopoiesis
Thrombopoietin
