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Histology > The Liver, The Gallbladder, and The Exocrine Pancreas > Flashcards

The Liver, The Gallbladder, and The Exocrine Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

The liver is the _____ gland (~1500g) and has both _____ (bile) and _____ (albumin, lipoproteins, globulins) functions.

A
  • Largest
  • Exocrine
  • Endocrine
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2
Q

The liver has a strategic location enclosed in _______, which is located beneath the peritoneal mesothelium it forms a sheath around branches of blood and lymphatic vessels and bile ducts.

A

Glisson’s capsule

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3
Q

75% of blood to the liver comes from ______ carrying deoxygenated blood with nutrients and toxins from the intestine.

A

Hepatic portal vein

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4
Q

25% of blood to the liver comes from the _______ carrying oxygenated blood.

A

Hepatic artery

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5
Q

Blood is drained by ______ into ______ near heart.

A
  • Hepatic vein

- Inferior vena cava

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6
Q

The liver receives all of the _____ absorbed in the GI.

A

Food

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7
Q

Materials received in the liver are either _____, _____, _____, or ______ to blood. Liver also receives ____ and _____ them.

A
  • Metabolized, Stored, Transported, Returned
  • Toxins
  • Detoxifies
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8
Q

_____ is the chief secretion of liver that ______ and also a vehicle for excretion of waste products.

A
  • Bile

- Facilitates digestion of fats

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9
Q

The liver has ____ principal lobes, left and right. It consists of _____ arranged in plates or laminae called _____ which form a lobule.

A
  • Two
  • Epithelial cells
  • Hepatic cords
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10
Q

Hepatic cords are exposed to _____ with _____.

A
  • Sinusoids

- Fenestrae

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11
Q

Bile is secreted by the hepatocytes into the _______.

A

Bile canaliculi

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12
Q

Lobules are surrounded by a connective tissue layer in many mammals but not in _____.

A

Humans

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13
Q

Typical lobules are _____ with all corners occupied by branches of ______.

A
  • Hexagonal

- Portal canal

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14
Q

Each portal canal contains…

A

-Artery
-Vein
-Bile duct
-Lymphatic vessel
(Not visible in histological sections)

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15
Q

The ______ describes cells that radiate around a central vein.

A

Classical Lobule

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16
Q

The _____ by _____ describes cells that radiate around a portal vein.

A

Portal Lobule by Mall

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17
Q

The _____ by ______ describes a lobule as a mass of tissue adjacent to the branches of the portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct.

A

Liver Acinus Lobule by Rappaport et. al.

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18
Q

The descriptions of the hepatic lobules do not _____ each other, instead they are ______.

A
  • Contradict

- Complimentary

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19
Q

Three concentric elliptical zones identified in the Acinus Lobule

A
  • The Periportal Zone (Zone 1)
  • The Mid Zone (Zone 2)
  • The Centrolobular Zone (Zone 3)
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20
Q

The Periportal Zone (Zone 1) consists of hepatocytes ______ to the portal venule and the hepatic arteriole.
It ____ receives O2, hormones, and nutrients from the blood stream.
________ synthesis by the hepatocytes occurs here.

A
  • Closest
  • First
  • Plasma proteins
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21
Q

The Centrolubular Zone (Zone 3) consists of hepatocytes surrounding the central vein, farthest from oxygenated blood.
Is the first to show ______, _______, and is the site of most ____and _____ ______.

A
  • Ischemic necrosis
  • Fat accumulation
  • Drug and alcohol detoxification
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22
Q

The Mid Zone (Zone 2)

consists of hepatocytes between the ______ and _____ zones.

A

Centrolobular and periportal

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23
Q

Hepatic sinusoids are ____ than regular capillaries and irregular in shape. They are directly ______ to liver cells and have no connective tissue.

A
  • Larger

- Apposed

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24
Q

Sinusoids consist of
_______ which are flat, non-phagocytic and fenestrated and _______ which are stellate (star shaped), processes traverse sinusoids, their cytoplasm contains abundant lysosomes, and they actively phagocytic.

A
  • Endothelial cells

- Kupffer cells

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25
Q

The Perisinusoidal Space or Space of Disses the _____ between sinusoidal lining and the liver cells. Endothelial cells _________ of liver cells. Contains collagen and reticular fibers with no matrix.

A
  • Space

- Rest on microvilli

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26
Q

The two kinds of cells identified in the Space of Disse are ______ that store exogenous vitamin A. They also secrete growth factors, cytokines and extracellular matrix.
_____ have numerous pseudopodia; they are modified lymphocytes, not found in _______.

A
  • Fat-containing cells of Ito
  • Pit cells
  • Humans
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27
Q

Possible function of space of Disse is the formation of _______.

A

Liver lymph

28
Q

Hepatocytes are _____ with three surfaces. One side is exposed to _______. A second side is exposed to _______. A third one in contact with the _______.

A
  • Polyhedral
  • Space of Disse
  • Bile canaliculi
  • Adjacent cell
29
Q

Hepatocytes have a large single nuclei, most cells single nucleated; ~ 25 % are _______.

A

Binucleate

30
Q

The hepatocytes has one or more nucleoli per nucleus, rich in rough ER, fat, glycogen, mitochondria and _________ with enzymes _________ and _______.

A
  • Abundant peroxisomes
  • D-amino oxidase
  • Catalase
31
Q

The smooth ER of hepatocytes contains enzymes for ________, _______, and ________.

A
  • Detoxifying drugs
  • Converting glycogen to glucose
  • Cholesterol synthesis
32
Q

The smallest hepatic bile ducts have _________. Their junctional complexes contain _____ and _____. Many _____ occupy cytoplasm. The luminal surface has regular ______.

A
  • One layer of small cuboidal cells
  • Tight junctions and desmosomes
  • Tonofilaments
  • Microvilli
33
Q

Hepatic bile canaliculi are minute canals that run between the liver cells. As a rule, ______ between adjacent cells. Walls of canaliculi are rich in _______.

A
  • One canaliculus

- ATPase activity

34
Q

About ___ mL of bile is produced by hepatocytes each minute.

A

0.5

35
Q

The liver _____ and ____ blood in which Kupffer cells are involved.

A

Filters and cleans

36
Q

The liver is a ______ site - sinusoids have enormous volume ~ 400 ml. Resistance to blood flow in liver causes development of _____ and leads to ______.

A
  • Blood storage
  • Ascites
  • Cirrhosis
37
Q

The liver ______ and ______ nutrients, maintains normal blood sugar level by ________ and _______, and maintains normal lipid levels by transporting or transforming.

A
  • Processes and transfers

- Glycogenesis and glycogenolysis

38
Q

The liver is the site of synthesis of ______, substantial rate of production of albumin, alpha and beta globulins, glycoproteins, lipoproteins, prothrombin, fibrinogen etc.

A

Plasma proteins

39
Q

It is the site of _______ of lipid soluble drugs such as barbiturates (sleep inducers). Enzymes in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (_______) called ___________ are responsible. Administration of drugs such as barbiturates stimulates activities of microsomal enzymes

A
  • Detoxication
  • Microsomes
  • Microsomal enzymes
40
Q

The liver has _____ fuction as well. _______ from the breakdown of red blood cells is eliminated by Kupffer cells. (Bilirubin –> urobilinogen –> feces)

A
  • Excretory

- Bilirubin

41
Q

Accumulation of bilirubin –> hyperbilirubinemia –> ______. Causes include increased production of bilirubin, decreased uptake of blood by liver, disturbance in conjugation of bilirubin with other substances and interference with its secretion.

A

Jaundice

42
Q

Major function of liver concerned with the digestive system is the secretion of _____.

A

Bile

43
Q

Bile consists of…

And ______ fat molecules.

A
  • Cholesterol
  • Lecithin
  • Fatty acids
  • Electrolytes
  • Bile salts
  • Emulsify
44
Q

The Gallbladder is a ______ hollow organ attached to posterior surface of liver. It has a fundus, a body and a neck region which continues into the ______.

A
  • Pear shaped

- Cystic duct

45
Q

The gall bladder has rich blood supply through ________, has rich lymph supply and is innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic nervous system.

A

Cystic artery

46
Q

The _______ of the gallbladder wall consists of dense connective tissue, the ______ is all smooth muscles, the ______ and _______ are loose connective tissue.

A
  • Submucosa
  • Muscularis
  • Subserosa and serosa
47
Q

The _______ of the gallbladder wall consists of dense connective tissue, the ______ is all smooth muscles, the ______ and _______ are loose connective tissue.

A
  • Submucosa
  • Muscularis
  • Subserosa and Serosa
48
Q

The epithelium of the mucosa of the gall bladder is tall ________ with microvilli and is thrown into folds called ______.

A
  • Simple columnar

- Rugae

49
Q

The mucosa of the gall bladder has outpouchings called ________ which cross lamina propria and muscles - this is a ________.

A
  • Rockitansky-Aschoff sinuses

- Pathological condition

50
Q

In the mucosa of the gall bladder, ______ has loose connective tissue with mucosal glands. Smooth muscles are longitudinal, transverse and oblique.

A

Lamina propria

51
Q

In the mucosa of the gall bladder, there is frequently dense connective tissue with _______ that are found among smooth muscles.
Luschka ducts are ________ which never established connection with lumen – a ______ feature.

A
  • Luschka ducts
  • Embryonic bile ducts
  • Histological
52
Q

The junction of the gallbladder with pancreas and duodenum consists of a portion of ______ wall, the common ______ duct, the _____ duct, the _______, and the ________.

A
  • Duodenum
  • Bile
  • Pancreatic
  • Ampulla of Vater
  • Sphincter of Oddi
53
Q

The function of the gallbladder is to _____, ______, and _____ bile.

A

-Store, concentrate, and release

54
Q

Bile normally does not enter small intestine until gallbladder is stimulated. Ingestion of ____ stimulates gallbladder. Stimulation is by the secretion of ________ from small intestinal mucosa.

A
  • Fat

- Cholecystokinin

55
Q

Concentration of bile is through absorption of ____ followed by water.

A

Na++

56
Q

The pancreas is the _______ gland. It is pinkish white in color and is _______.

A
  • Second largest

- Retroperitoneal

57
Q

The pancreas’s ________ constitute approximately 1,200 ml of digestive juices.

A

Exocrine secretions

58
Q

The pancreas’s ________ (hormones) regulate carbohydrate metabolism.

A

Endocrine secretions

59
Q

The exocrine pancreas is a ________ gland that is divided into ______ with connective tissue.

A
  • Compound acinar

- Lobules

60
Q

The exocrine pancreas has rich _____, _____, and _____ supply and single rows of _______ resting on basement membrane.

A
  • Blood, lymph, and nerve

- Pyramidal cells

61
Q

Cells of the exocrine pancreas have apical ______ and are rich in rough ER and polyribosomes.

A

Zymogen granules

62
Q

In the exocrine pancreas duct system, the lumen of each acinus is continuous with a duct bounded by _________.

A

Centroacinar cells

63
Q

Lumen intralobular duct –>
Interlobar duct –>
A larger ________ that opens into ampulla of Vater or a smaller _________ that opens into the larger duct – the opening of the _________ is controlled by _________.

A
  • Duct of Wirsung
  • Duct of Santorini
  • Ampulla of Vater
  • Sphincter of Oddi
64
Q

The exocrine secretion of the pancreas is ______ and is controlled by nervous (minor) or hormonal (major) stimuli.

A

Rhythmic

65
Q

________ of the pancreas are through the release of neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

A

Nervous stimuli

66
Q

Hormonal stimuli are through the release of two hormones both from _____________.
______– causes release of large volumes of alkaline bicarbonates solution to neutralize acidic chyme
_________ – causes release of large volumes of enzyme solution and activates gallbladder for bile release

A
  • Small intestinal mucosa
  • Secretin
  • Cholecystokinin
67
Q

The Pancreatic Secretion is composed of _______ for starch and glycogen digestion, ________ for digestion of lipids, ________, _______, ________, and _______ inhibitor for protein digestion, and _____ and ______.

A
  • Pancreatic amylase
  • Pancreatic lipase
  • Trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidases and trypsin
  • DNAse and RNAse

Histology (18 decks)

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