Respiratory System Flashcards
The function of the respiratory system is to maintain _______ through the supply of ________.
- Metabolic activity
- Molecular oxygen
Two portions of the respiratory system
- Conducting Portion
- Respiratory System
Components of the Conducting Portion
- Nose
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Terminal bronchioles
Components of the Respiratory Portion
- Respiratory bronchioles
- Alveolar ducts
- Alveoli
The nose is a _____ organ made up of _____ and _____ covered with skin and subcutaneous connective tissue.
- Hollow organ
- Bone and cartilage
Components of nose
- Cartilaginous nasal septum
- Nares
- Right and left nasal cavities
- Vestibule
- Superior, middle, and inferior conchae
Types of epithelia found in the nasal cavities
- Stratified squamous (skin covering nose and vestibule-also has coarse hairs)
- Non-ciliated cuboidal or columnar epithelium (narrow band)
- Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells (greater part of rest of nasal cavities)
Roof of nasal cavity and small area of the septum and superior conchae are lined by ________.
Olfactory epithelium
Olfactory epithelium is an unusually thick layer of tall __________.
Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium
Three kinds of cell in olfactory epithelium
- Supporting or sustentactular cells (tall with microvilli)
- Basal cells (single layer of conical cells)
- Olfactory cells (bipolar neurons with olfactory knob and 6-8 olfactory cilia)
The lamina propria of the olfactory epithelium has olfactory ________ which keep nasal epithelium moist.
Glands of Bowman
The nose conditions the inspired air for passage to the lungs by ______, ______, and ______ it.
Warming, filtering, and humidifying
Blanket of ______ over the nasal epithelium entraps dust particles.
Mucous
Odor bind to receptors on the ______ of olfactory cells.
Cilia
The binding of odors initiates _________ that travel along the axons of the neurons to the olfactory bulb of the brain.
Electrical signals
The existence of specific receptors for particular odors is through the occurrence of _________, an inherent ability to detect a particular odor.
Specific anosmia
Each sensory neuron in the olfactory epithelium expresses _________ and there are hundreds of neurons in the olfactory epithelium expressing the same receptor.
Only one kind of receptor
All neurons bearing same receptors converge upon one of a few aggregations of neurons in the olfactory lobe of the brain called ________ which process the __________.
- Glomeruli
- Odor discrimination
Most mammals have a ________ separate from olfactory epithelium for ________ that governs sexual behavior.
- Vomeronasal organ
- Pheromones
The neurons from Vomeronasal organs ______ olfactory pathway and go directly to the areas of brain that control instinctive behavior.
Bypass
Vemoronasal organ in humans is ________ and its influence on human sexual behavior seems to have been lost.
Rudimentary
Paranasal sinuses are cavities in the _____, ______, and ______ bones.
Frontal, Maxillary, and Ethmoid
Paranasal sinuses have then mucosa with __________.
Ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells.
The beating of cilia normally move _____ towards an opening from the sinus into the nasal cavity.
Mucus
The sinuses ______ the skull and help ________ the inhaled air.
- Lighten
- Warm and moisten
The larynx is located between the _______ and _______.
Oropharynx and trachea
The larynx is elongate, irregular, and has a wall with _________ cartilages.
Hyaline and elastic
The larynx has _____ which consist of ______ arranged as strings in a guitar.
- Vocal cords
- Elastic fibers
The larynx is made of _____ cartilages.
Nine
Three unpaired cartilages of the larynx
- Thyroid
- Cricoid
- Epiglottis
Three paired cartilages of the larynx
- Arytenoid
- Corniculate
- Cuneiform
The trachea is a thin walled flexible tube with inner lining comprised of ________.
Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with numerous goblet cells
The supporting framework of the trachea has 16-20 C shaped _______.
Hyaline cartilage
Posterior portion of the trachea has ______, instead it is attached to esophagus by smooth muscles.
No cartilage
Cells in the tracheal epithelium include:
- Kulchitsy cells (w/ secretory granules; believed to be endocrine)
- Brush cells (w/ microvilli and no granules; function unknown)
- Basal cells (small pyramidal stem cells to renew other cells)
The tracheal submucosa has numerous _______.
Mucous glands
The ______ occupy most of the right and left sides of the chest cavity.
Lungs
The lungs are separated by the heart and the ________.
Mediastenum
The shape of the lung conforms to that of chest cavity by are separated from its wall by a thin film of ______ that permits sliding movement.
Fluid
The left lung has _____ lobes, the right has _____.
- Two
- Three
The filling of lungs at each inspiration depends on enlargement of the thoracic cavity which is accomplished by ___________.
Contraction of diaphragm and external intercostals
Normal expiration is the result of recoil (relaxation) of ___________.
Diaphragm and external intercostals (same as involved in inspiration)
Visceral and Parietal _______ cover lungs.
Pleurae
Three pressure relationships that are important for breathing
- Atmospheric Pressure (760 mmHg)
- Intrapulmonary Pressure (in the alveoli)
- Intrapleural Pressure (4 mm Hg lower than atmospheric pressure – negative pressure is important for keeping lungs inflated)
Breathing or pulmonary ventilation consists of ______ and ______ – a completely mechanical process
Inspiration and expiration
______ is accomplished by contraction of inspiratory muscles diaphragm and external intercostals.
Inspiration
Normal ______ is by relaxation of inspiratory muscles. Forced is by _________.
- Expiration
- Abdominals and internal intercostals
In the mediastenum, the trachea branches into right and left _________ and enter the lungs through a _____.
- Primary bronchi
- Hilus
The primary bronchi branch into _______ and then into _______ and then into several ____________.
- Lobar bronchi
- Segmental
- Bronchopulmonary segments
Each segmental bronchus in turn branches into several small _______ and each bronchiole ends into 5-7 ________.
- Bronchioles
- Terminal bronchioles
The entire organization of bronchioles is known as a ________.
Bronchial tree
The primary bronchi has histology similar to ______.
Trachea
In the primary bronchi, the C rings disappear and are replaced by _______.
Cartilage plates
In further branching, the cartilage plates of the primary bronchi are replaced by ________.
Smooth muscles
The epithelium of the primary bronchi is __________ and the lamina propria has mucous glands.
Ciliated columnar with goblet cells
The bronchioles occur in the ______ generation of branching.
12th to 15th
The epithelium of the bronchioles is ______. There is no _____ or _____, and muscles are not ______ and lack ______.
- Ciliated low columnar to cuboidal
- Cartilage or glands
- Continuous
- Goblet cells
Non-ciliated bronchial cells called _______ are present in the bronchioles.
Clara cells
The smooth muscles in the walls of small bronchi continue in bronchioles and are innervated by parasympathetic nerve fibers for _______ and by sympathetic nerve fibers for _______.
- Bronchoconstriction
- Bronchodilation
Clara cells are specialized cells that populate the epithelium of the respiratory tree from the level of ________ to _______.
Terminal bronchiole to alveolar duct
Characteristics of Clara cells
Polyhedral, non-ciliated with cytoplasmic biosynthetic organelles
One of the roles of Clara cells is in _______; their product is not the same as that produced by the type II alveolar cells, but it may form one constituent.
Surfactant production
One of the roles of Clara cells is in ________; the number of Clara cells increases in response to increased exposure to pollutants e.g. chronic cigarette inhalation.
Detoxification
Clara cells have secretory granules and produce _____ for the control of _______.
- Guanylin
- Water and electrolyte transport in the GI
The respiratory bronchioles are a ________ from the conducting portion of the respiratory system to the respiratory portion.
Transition
There are _____ successive generations of the respiratory bronchioles.
Three
The epithelium of respiratory bronchioles is _______.
Cuboidal to low cuboidal
The walls of respiratory bronchioles are interrupted by outpouchings called ______.
Alveoli
Terminal branches of respiratory bronchioles are continuous with alveolar ducts with _______ and delicate smooth muscles.
Simple squamous epithelium
Gas exchange takes place in ____________, hence called _________.
- Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli
- Respiratory portion
Gas exchange takes place in the ______ between the blood and the inspired air.
Alveoli
There are _______ alveoli with a surface area of _________.
- 200-500 million
- About 140 square meters
Pneumocytes of the alveoli
- Type I alveolar cells (squamous cells with smooth muscles and are specialized for gas exchange – occupy 95 % of alveolar surface)
- Type II alveolar cells
Another type of cells found in the alveoli are ________.
Alveolar macrophages (dust cells)
_______ are rounded cells with microvilli that occupy only 5% of alveolar surface.
Type II Alveolar Cells
Type II Alveolar Cells secrete layers of ________ consisting mainly of _________, which reduces _________.
- Pulmonary surfactant
- Dipalmitoyl posphatidyl-choline
- Surface tension of water
Type II Alveolar Cells have dense secretory granules called _________.
Lamellar bodies rich in phospholipids
Type II Alveolar Cells also have _________ with clinical significance.
Alkaline phosphatase activity
The _______ are found in interalveolar septa; some migrate into alveolar lumen.
Alveolar Macrophages
Alveolar Macrophages phagocytize ______ and other particulate matter.
Dust particles
Alveolar Macrophages are the _______ against pulmonary infections.
First line of defense
Alveolar Macrophages have surface receptors for ____ and are stimulated by bacterial metabolic products.
IgG
Alveolar Macrophages are identified by their content of ______, a product of hemoglobin degradation.
Hemosiderin
The Alveolar Interstitium consists of closed meshed capillaries, ______, and ______ (interstitial fibroblasts). Also have mast cells and monocytes and lymphocytes.
- Pericytes
- Septal cells
Alveolar pores, or _______, provide collateral air circulation and are a source of spread of infections as in ______.
- Pores of Kohn
- Pneumonia
The ultrastructure of the Blood-Air Barrier from inside out (alveolus to capillary)
- A layer of fluid surfactant
- A thin slender epithelium
- A basal lamina of the epithelium
- A thin interstitium
- A basal lamina of the capillaries
- A capillary endothelium
Primary functions of the lungs are ______ and _______.
Assimilation of O2 and elimination of CO2
Diaphragm helps in inhalation and lungs eliminate about _____ of water/day.
800 mL
Cilia clear respiratory passages by coordinating beating (___ cycles/sec).
14
Materials absorbed in mucous are carried to the ______ for swallowing.
Pharynx
An associated genetic disorder is called as _______– symptoms include chronic sinusitis and bronchitis.
Kartagener’s disease (immotile cilia syndrome)
Other devices of cleaning and clearing are _____ and _______.
Sneeze and cough reflexes
One of the non-respiratory function of the respiratory system is metabolism by ______.
Monoamine oxidase and P450 microsomal enzymes
One of the non-respiratory function of the respiratory system is endocrine function by _________.
Prostaglandin and histamine secretions
One of the non-respiratory function of the respiratory system is speech by _______.
Vocal cords
One of the non-respiratory function of the respiratory system is smell by _______.
Olfactory cells of nose.
Neuroepithelial Bodies are aggregations of specialized cells that monitor chemical properties of inhaled air. They are located near ________, are responsive to ______, and release ______ for _______.
- Bifurcations of bronchioles
- Low oxygen
- Serotonin for bronchodilation
______, a disorder characterized by dyspnea, coughing, and wheezing, is due to _______ in bronchi and bronchioles.
- Asthma
- Mucosal and submucosal edema
_________, a deficiency in pulmonary surfactant, results in infant death.
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
_______ - alveoli remain air filled, no elasticity; causes include cigarette smoking, air pollution
Emphysema
______ - characterized by chronic lung infections and respiratory failure. It is due to a ______ that alters a membrane-associated protein with an active transport function ( transport of Cl-).
- Cystic Fibrosis
- Defective gene
______ - alveoli filled with fluid due to _______.
- Pneumonia
- Bacterial infection
