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Histology > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

The function of the respiratory system is to maintain _______ through the supply of ________.

A
  • Metabolic activity

- Molecular oxygen

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2
Q

Two portions of the respiratory system

A
  • Conducting Portion

- Respiratory System

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3
Q

Components of the Conducting Portion

A
  • Nose
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Terminal bronchioles
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4
Q

Components of the Respiratory Portion

A
  • Respiratory bronchioles
  • Alveolar ducts
  • Alveoli
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5
Q

The nose is a _____ organ made up of _____ and _____ covered with skin and subcutaneous connective tissue.

A
  • Hollow organ

- Bone and cartilage

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6
Q

Components of nose

A
  • Cartilaginous nasal septum
  • Nares
  • Right and left nasal cavities
  • Vestibule
  • Superior, middle, and inferior conchae
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7
Q

Types of epithelia found in the nasal cavities

A
  • Stratified squamous (skin covering nose and vestibule-also has coarse hairs)
  • Non-ciliated cuboidal or columnar epithelium (narrow band)
  • Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells (greater part of rest of nasal cavities)
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8
Q

Roof of nasal cavity and small area of the septum and superior conchae are lined by ________.

A

Olfactory epithelium

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9
Q

Olfactory epithelium is an unusually thick layer of tall __________.

A

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium

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10
Q

Three kinds of cell in olfactory epithelium

A
  • Supporting or sustentactular cells (tall with microvilli)
  • Basal cells (single layer of conical cells)
  • Olfactory cells (bipolar neurons with olfactory knob and 6-8 olfactory cilia)
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11
Q

The lamina propria of the olfactory epithelium has olfactory ________ which keep nasal epithelium moist.

A

Glands of Bowman

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12
Q

The nose conditions the inspired air for passage to the lungs by ______, ______, and ______ it.

A

Warming, filtering, and humidifying

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13
Q

Blanket of ______ over the nasal epithelium entraps dust particles.

A

Mucous

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14
Q

Odor bind to receptors on the ______ of olfactory cells.

A

Cilia

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15
Q

The binding of odors initiates _________ that travel along the axons of the neurons to the olfactory bulb of the brain.

A

Electrical signals

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16
Q

The existence of specific receptors for particular odors is through the occurrence of _________, an inherent ability to detect a particular odor.

A

Specific anosmia

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17
Q

Each sensory neuron in the olfactory epithelium expresses _________ and there are hundreds of neurons in the olfactory epithelium expressing the same receptor.

A

Only one kind of receptor

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18
Q

All neurons bearing same receptors converge upon one of a few aggregations of neurons in the olfactory lobe of the brain called ________ which process the __________.

A
  • Glomeruli

- Odor discrimination

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19
Q

Most mammals have a ________ separate from olfactory epithelium for ________ that governs sexual behavior.

A
  • Vomeronasal organ

- Pheromones

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20
Q

The neurons from Vomeronasal organs ______ olfactory pathway and go directly to the areas of brain that control instinctive behavior.

A

Bypass

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21
Q

Vemoronasal organ in humans is ________ and its influence on human sexual behavior seems to have been lost.

A

Rudimentary

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22
Q

Paranasal sinuses are cavities in the _____, ______, and ______ bones.

A

Frontal, Maxillary, and Ethmoid

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23
Q

Paranasal sinuses have then mucosa with __________.

A

Ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells.

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24
Q

The beating of cilia normally move _____ towards an opening from the sinus into the nasal cavity.

A

Mucus

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25
Q

The sinuses ______ the skull and help ________ the inhaled air.

A
  • Lighten

- Warm and moisten

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26
Q

The larynx is located between the _______ and _______.

A

Oropharynx and trachea

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27
Q

The larynx is elongate, irregular, and has a wall with _________ cartilages.

A

Hyaline and elastic

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28
Q

The larynx has _____ which consist of ______ arranged as strings in a guitar.

A
  • Vocal cords

- Elastic fibers

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29
Q

The larynx is made of _____ cartilages.

A

Nine

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30
Q

Three unpaired cartilages of the larynx

A
  • Thyroid
  • Cricoid
  • Epiglottis
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31
Q

Three paired cartilages of the larynx

A
  • Arytenoid
  • Corniculate
  • Cuneiform
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32
Q

The trachea is a thin walled flexible tube with inner lining comprised of ________.

A

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with numerous goblet cells

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33
Q

The supporting framework of the trachea has 16-20 C shaped _______.

A

Hyaline cartilage

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34
Q

Posterior portion of the trachea has ______, instead it is attached to esophagus by smooth muscles.

A

No cartilage

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35
Q

Cells in the tracheal epithelium include:

A
  • Kulchitsy cells (w/ secretory granules; believed to be endocrine)
  • Brush cells (w/ microvilli and no granules; function unknown)
  • Basal cells (small pyramidal stem cells to renew other cells)
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36
Q

The tracheal submucosa has numerous _______.

A

Mucous glands

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37
Q

The ______ occupy most of the right and left sides of the chest cavity.

A

Lungs

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38
Q

The lungs are separated by the heart and the ________.

A

Mediastenum

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39
Q

The shape of the lung conforms to that of chest cavity by are separated from its wall by a thin film of ______ that permits sliding movement.

A

Fluid

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40
Q

The left lung has _____ lobes, the right has _____.

A
  • Two

- Three

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41
Q

The filling of lungs at each inspiration depends on enlargement of the thoracic cavity which is accomplished by ___________.

A

Contraction of diaphragm and external intercostals

42
Q

Normal expiration is the result of recoil (relaxation) of ___________.

A

Diaphragm and external intercostals (same as involved in inspiration)

43
Q

Visceral and Parietal _______ cover lungs.

A

Pleurae

44
Q

Three pressure relationships that are important for breathing

A
  • Atmospheric Pressure (760 mmHg)
  • Intrapulmonary Pressure (in the alveoli)
  • Intrapleural Pressure (4 mm Hg lower than atmospheric pressure – negative pressure is important for keeping lungs inflated)
45
Q

Breathing or pulmonary ventilation consists of ______ and ______ – a completely mechanical process

A

Inspiration and expiration

46
Q

______ is accomplished by contraction of inspiratory muscles diaphragm and external intercostals.

A

Inspiration

47
Q

Normal ______ is by relaxation of inspiratory muscles. Forced is by _________.

A
  • Expiration

- Abdominals and internal intercostals

48
Q

In the mediastenum, the trachea branches into right and left _________ and enter the lungs through a _____.

A
  • Primary bronchi

- Hilus

49
Q

The primary bronchi branch into _______ and then into _______ and then into several ____________.

A
  • Lobar bronchi
  • Segmental
  • Bronchopulmonary segments
50
Q

Each segmental bronchus in turn branches into several small _______ and each bronchiole ends into 5-7 ________.

A
  • Bronchioles

- Terminal bronchioles

51
Q

The entire organization of bronchioles is known as a ________.

A

Bronchial tree

52
Q

The primary bronchi has histology similar to ______.

A

Trachea

53
Q

In the primary bronchi, the C rings disappear and are replaced by _______.

A

Cartilage plates

54
Q

In further branching, the cartilage plates of the primary bronchi are replaced by ________.

A

Smooth muscles

55
Q

The epithelium of the primary bronchi is __________ and the lamina propria has mucous glands.

A

Ciliated columnar with goblet cells

56
Q

The bronchioles occur in the ______ generation of branching.

A

12th to 15th

57
Q

The epithelium of the bronchioles is ______. There is no _____ or _____, and muscles are not ______ and lack ______.

A
  • Ciliated low columnar to cuboidal
  • Cartilage or glands
  • Continuous
  • Goblet cells
58
Q

Non-ciliated bronchial cells called _______ are present in the bronchioles.

A

Clara cells

59
Q

The smooth muscles in the walls of small bronchi continue in bronchioles and are innervated by parasympathetic nerve fibers for _______ and by sympathetic nerve fibers for _______.

A
  • Bronchoconstriction

- Bronchodilation

60
Q

Clara cells are specialized cells that populate the epithelium of the respiratory tree from the level of ________ to _______.

A

Terminal bronchiole to alveolar duct

61
Q

Characteristics of Clara cells

A

Polyhedral, non-ciliated with cytoplasmic biosynthetic organelles

62
Q

One of the roles of Clara cells is in _______; their product is not the same as that produced by the type II alveolar cells, but it may form one constituent.

A

Surfactant production

63
Q

One of the roles of Clara cells is in ________; the number of Clara cells increases in response to increased exposure to pollutants e.g. chronic cigarette inhalation.

A

Detoxification

64
Q

Clara cells have secretory granules and produce _____ for the control of _______.

A
  • Guanylin

- Water and electrolyte transport in the GI

65
Q

The respiratory bronchioles are a ________ from the conducting portion of the respiratory system to the respiratory portion.

A

Transition

66
Q

There are _____ successive generations of the respiratory bronchioles.

A

Three

67
Q

The epithelium of respiratory bronchioles is _______.

A

Cuboidal to low cuboidal

68
Q

The walls of respiratory bronchioles are interrupted by outpouchings called ______.

A

Alveoli

69
Q

Terminal branches of respiratory bronchioles are continuous with alveolar ducts with _______ and delicate smooth muscles.

A

Simple squamous epithelium

70
Q

Gas exchange takes place in ____________, hence called _________.

A
  • Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli

- Respiratory portion

71
Q

Gas exchange takes place in the ______ between the blood and the inspired air.

A

Alveoli

72
Q

There are _______ alveoli with a surface area of _________.

A
  • 200-500 million

- About 140 square meters

73
Q

Pneumocytes of the alveoli

A
  • Type I alveolar cells (squamous cells with smooth muscles and are specialized for gas exchange – occupy 95 % of alveolar surface)
  • Type II alveolar cells
74
Q

Another type of cells found in the alveoli are ________.

A

Alveolar macrophages (dust cells)

75
Q

_______ are rounded cells with microvilli that occupy only 5% of alveolar surface.

A

Type II Alveolar Cells

76
Q

Type II Alveolar Cells secrete layers of ________ consisting mainly of _________, which reduces _________.

A
  • Pulmonary surfactant
  • Dipalmitoyl posphatidyl-choline
  • Surface tension of water
77
Q

Type II Alveolar Cells have dense secretory granules called _________.

A

Lamellar bodies rich in phospholipids

78
Q

Type II Alveolar Cells also have _________ with clinical significance.

A

Alkaline phosphatase activity

79
Q

The _______ are found in interalveolar septa; some migrate into alveolar lumen.

A

Alveolar Macrophages

80
Q

Alveolar Macrophages phagocytize ______ and other particulate matter.

A

Dust particles

81
Q

Alveolar Macrophages are the _______ against pulmonary infections.

A

First line of defense

82
Q

Alveolar Macrophages have surface receptors for ____ and are stimulated by bacterial metabolic products.

A

IgG

83
Q

Alveolar Macrophages are identified by their content of ______, a product of hemoglobin degradation.

A

Hemosiderin

84
Q

The Alveolar Interstitium consists of closed meshed capillaries, ______, and ______ (interstitial fibroblasts). Also have mast cells and monocytes and lymphocytes.

A
  • Pericytes

- Septal cells

85
Q

Alveolar pores, or _______, provide collateral air circulation and are a source of spread of infections as in ______.

A
  • Pores of Kohn

- Pneumonia

86
Q

The ultrastructure of the Blood-Air Barrier from inside out (alveolus to capillary)

A
  • A layer of fluid surfactant
  • A thin slender epithelium
  • A basal lamina of the epithelium
  • A thin interstitium
  • A basal lamina of the capillaries
  • A capillary endothelium
87
Q

Primary functions of the lungs are ______ and _______.

A

Assimilation of O2 and elimination of CO2

88
Q

Diaphragm helps in inhalation and lungs eliminate about _____ of water/day.

A

800 mL

89
Q

Cilia clear respiratory passages by coordinating beating (___ cycles/sec).

A

14

90
Q

Materials absorbed in mucous are carried to the ______ for swallowing.

A

Pharynx

91
Q

An associated genetic disorder is called as _______– symptoms include chronic sinusitis and bronchitis.

A

Kartagener’s disease (immotile cilia syndrome)

92
Q

Other devices of cleaning and clearing are _____ and _______.

A

Sneeze and cough reflexes

93
Q

One of the non-respiratory function of the respiratory system is metabolism by ______.

A

Monoamine oxidase and P450 microsomal enzymes

94
Q

One of the non-respiratory function of the respiratory system is endocrine function by _________.

A

Prostaglandin and histamine secretions

95
Q

One of the non-respiratory function of the respiratory system is speech by _______.

A

Vocal cords

96
Q

One of the non-respiratory function of the respiratory system is smell by _______.

A

Olfactory cells of nose.

97
Q

Neuroepithelial Bodies are aggregations of specialized cells that monitor chemical properties of inhaled air. They are located near ________, are responsive to ______, and release ______ for _______.

A
  • Bifurcations of bronchioles
  • Low oxygen
  • Serotonin for bronchodilation
98
Q

______, a disorder characterized by dyspnea, coughing, and wheezing, is due to _______ in bronchi and bronchioles.

A
  • Asthma

- Mucosal and submucosal edema

99
Q

_________, a deficiency in pulmonary surfactant, results in infant death.

A

Respiratory Distress Syndrome

100
Q

_______ - alveoli remain air filled, no elasticity; causes include cigarette smoking, air pollution

A

Emphysema

101
Q

______ - characterized by chronic lung infections and respiratory failure. It is due to a ______ that alters a membrane-associated protein with an active transport function ( transport of Cl-).

A
  • Cystic Fibrosis

- Defective gene

102
Q

______ - alveoli filled with fluid due to _______.

A
  • Pneumonia

- Bacterial infection

Histology (18 decks)

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