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Histology > Male Reproductive System > Flashcards

Male Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Most organ systems function continuously, reproductive system begins at ______.

A

Puberty

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2
Q

Primary sex organs or gonads are ______ in males and ______ in females.

A
  • Testes

- Ovaries

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3
Q

Gonads produce sex cells or ______ and secrete ______.

A
  • Gametes

- Sex hormones

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4
Q

Other reproductive structures include:

A
  • Ducts
  • Glands
  • External genetalia
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5
Q

The male function is to ______ and ______ into the female.

A
  • Make sperm

- Introduce

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6
Q

The female function is to ________, ________, _______, and _______.

A
  • To make and transport ova for fertilization
  • Maintain developing fetus (pregnancy)
  • Give birth (parturition)
  • Nourish the infant (lactation)
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7
Q

Sex hormones include ______ in males and ______ in females.

A
  • Androgens (testosterone)

- Estrogens and progesterone

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8
Q

Sex hormones play important role in _____ and ______ of reproductive organs.

A

Development and function

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9
Q

The external genitalia consist of ______ and two ______.

A
  • Penis

- Testes

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10
Q

Testes are suspended in a cutaneous fibroelastic sac called ______.

A

Scrotum

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11
Q

The duct system

A
  • Testes
  • Ductuli efferentes
  • Ductuli epididymis
  • Ductus deferens
  • Ejaculatory duct
  • Penis
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12
Q

The male glands

A
  • Seminal vesicles
  • Prostate
  • Bulbourethral (Cowper’s gland)
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13
Q

The testes develop early in embryonic life beneath the peritoneum on the ______ of abdominal cavity.

A

Dorsal wall

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14
Q

During descent of the testes, each carries a pouch of peritoneum called _______.

A

Tunica vaginalis propria testes

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15
Q

The testes are enclosed in a thick fibrous capsule called the ________.

A

Tunica albuginea

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16
Q

Tunica albuginea of the testes is continuous with the ______ of tunica vaginalis propria testes which also has a ______.

A
  • Visceral layer

- Parietal layer

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17
Q

The testes are _____ in shape in humans.

A

Ovoid

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18
Q

Posterior thickening of testis is called ________.

A

Mediastenum testis

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19
Q

______, radial extensions from mediastenum tesis, divide testis into ~250 _______ each with 1-4 ________.

A
  • Septula testis
  • Pyramidal lobuli testis
  • Seminiferous tubule
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20
Q

Seminiferous tubule abruptly end as _____ which then converge to form ______.

A
  • Tubuli recti

- Rete testis

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21
Q

______ is a plexus of epithelium-lined space in the connective tissue.

A

Rete testis

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22
Q

From rete testis emerge ______ which conduct spermatozoa to the ________.

A
  • Ductuli efferentes

- Ductus epididymis

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23
Q

Rest of the testis consists of ______ containing fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, etc.

A

Connective tissue

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24
Q

_______ (endocrine portion of testis) which secrete the hormone _______ are also found in the testes.

A
  • Leydig or interstitial cells

- Testosterone

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25
Q

Exocrine secretions of testis is ______; daily production of spermatozoa 4.2 million.

A

Semen

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26
Q

Endocrine section of testis include _______ and _______.

A
  • Testosterone

- Inhibin

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27
Q

Seminiferous Tubules are enclosed in one or more layers of adventitial cells of connective tissue with some smooth muscle cells called _______.

A

Myoid cells

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28
Q

The Seminiferous Tubules are lined with thick _________.

A

Pseudostratified seminiferous epithelium

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29
Q

Two cell types of the Seminiferous Tubules

A
  • Sertoli cells (supporting cells, single kind)
  • Spermatogenic cells (several morphological forms: spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa)
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30
Q

The Sertoli Cells are ______ with ellipsoidal nuclei, numerous mitochondria, and abundant _______.

A
  • Tall columnar cells

- Abundant smooth ER

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31
Q

The Sertoli Cells have numerous _______ and irregularly shaped aggregates of _______.

A
  • Primary and secondary lysosomes

- Lipochrome pigments

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32
Q

Sertoli Cells have a well developed ________ - a meshwork of actin filaments.

A

Cytoskeleton

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33
Q

An ______ peculiar to Sertoli cells is the _________ - their chemical nature and significance are not understood.

A
  • Inclusion

- Crystalloid of Charcot-Bottcher

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34
Q

Sertoli cells provide ______ support.

A

Mechanical and nutritional

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35
Q

Sertoli cells play an important role in ______ of mature spermatozoa.

A

Release

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36
Q

Sertoli cells produce seminiferous tubular ______.

A

Fluid

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37
Q

Sertoli cells perform ______ - remove damaged germ cells.

A

Phagocytosis

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38
Q

Sertoli cells form ______.

A

Blood-testis barrier.

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39
Q

Sertoli cells synthesize:

A
  • Androgen binding protein (ABP)
  • Inhibin and testicular transferrin
  • Plasminogen activating factor
  • Estrogens
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40
Q

The Blood-Testis Barrier is a barrier formed between Sertoli cells not involving _______.

A

Blood vessels

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41
Q

The Blood-Testis Barrier consists of ________ between Sertoli cells near their bases.

A

Occluding junctions

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42
Q

The occluding junctions of the Blood-Testis barrier divide epithelium into a _______ containing the spermatogonia and an _______ containing later stages of germ cells.

A
  • Basal compartment

- Adluminal compartment

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43
Q

The Blood-Testis barrier ______ large toxic molecules entering or leaving the adluminal compartment.

A

Prevents

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44
Q

The Blood-Testis barrier is ________ to allow transport of mature spermatogonia.

A

Temporarily broken

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45
Q

_______ is the sequence of events in the formation of spermatozoa and involves _____ phases.

A
  • Spermatogenesis

- Three

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46
Q

Three phases of Spermatogenesis

A
  • Spermatocytogenesis
  • Meiosis I and II
  • Spermiogenesis
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47
Q

Spermatocytogenesis is a process of mitotic division of spermatogonia involving two types of cells:

A
  • Type A (give rise to identical type As for future transformation into type B)
  • Type B (actively form spermatogonia)
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48
Q

Phases of Prophase I (prolonged)

A
  • Leptotene
  • Zygotene
  • Pachytene
  • Diplotene
  • Diakinesis
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49
Q

Leptotene

A

Chromosomes reorganize into threads

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50
Q

Zygotene

A

Paring of chromosomes - synapsis

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51
Q

Pachytene

A

Shortening and thickening of chromosomes continues

52
Q

Diplotene

A
  • Paired chromosomes duplicate and result in tetrads of four parallel chromatids
  • Adjacent chromatids of paired chromosomes exchange segments, a process called crossing over
53
Q

Diakinesis

A

Homologous chromosomes shorten further and begin to separate

54
Q

Metaphase I

A

Chromosomes line up at equatorial plate

55
Q

Anaphase I

A

Separation of chromosomes

56
Q

Telophase I

A

Formation of two haploid secondary spermatocytes

57
Q

Prophase II

A

The nuclear membrane disappears

58
Q

Metaphase II

A

Chromosomes gather at equatorial plate

59
Q

Anaphase II

A

Paired chromatids separate not chromosomes

60
Q

Telophase II

A

New nuclear envelope develops and second meiotic division is complete

61
Q

Phases of Spermiogenesis

A
  • Golgi Phase
  • Cap Phase
  • Acrosomal Phase
  • Maturation Phase
  • Spermiation
62
Q

Golgi Phase

A
  • Appearance of PAS+ proacrosomal granules

- These granules coalesce to form acrosomal vesicles and become adherent to nuclear membrane

63
Q

Cap Phase

A

Acrosomal vesicles increase surface area

64
Q

Acrosomal Phase

A

Redistribution of acrosomal vesicles and orientation on top of nucleus

65
Q

Maturation Phase

A

Rest of the development

66
Q

Spermiation

A

Separation of spermatozoa and the residual bodies of Regnaud (membrane bound vesicles)

67
Q

The Interstitial Tissue is the _______ component of testis.

A

Endocrine

68
Q

The Interstitial Tissue contains _______ located between seminiferous tubules.

A

Leydig cells

69
Q

The Leydig cells of the Interstitial Tissue exist in clusters, ________ are common.

A

Binucleate cells

70
Q

The Interstitial Tissue cytoplasm is acidophilic with abundant ______ and _______.

A

Peroxisomes and Lysosomes

71
Q

Characteristic feature of the Interstitial Tissue are _______ (function not understood).

A

Crystals of Rienke

72
Q

Other components of interstitium include:

A
  • Fibroblasts
  • Macrophages
  • Mast cells
73
Q

The spermatozoon is an active and free swimming cell that consists of:

A
  • Head and tail
  • Connecting piece
  • Middle piece
  • Principal piece
  • End piece
74
Q

The Sperm Head has ______, a membrane bound organelle with an apical and principal segment.

A

Acrosome

75
Q

The sperm head is ______ and has _______ (hyaluronidase, acid phosphatase, aryl sulfatase, and acrosin (trypsin)).

A
  • PAS+

- Lysosomal enzymes

76
Q

The nucleus of the sperm head is dense with irregular vacuoles and ________ for tail attachment.

A

Implantation fossa

77
Q

The neck of the sperm head has a ______ and ______.

A

Connecting piece and capitulum

78
Q

Other parts of the Spermatozoon include:

A
  • The Middle Piece
  • The Principal Piece
  • The End Piece
79
Q

The Middle Piece

A
  • Consists of axoneme with two central singlets, nine doublets surrounding microtubules and nine surrounding outer fibers
  • Also has a series of mitochondria for energy production
  • Immediately below the middle piece is an annulus, a ring like structure
80
Q

The Principal Piece

A

A gradually tapering piece with only a fibrous sheath and no mitochondria

81
Q

The End Piece

A

Has axoneme covered only with flagellar membrane

82
Q

Blood supply is through a ______ aorta, the spermatic or testicular artery with several branches.

A

Branch of abdominal

83
Q

Leydig cells are not closely associated with ____ or lymphatic vessels.

A

Blood

84
Q

Androgens are released _______ and are then diffused into the blood.

A

In the vicinity

85
Q

Under the influence of _______ from the anterior pituitary the _____ secrete the hormone ______.

A
  • Luteinizing hormone
  • Leydig cells
  • Testosterone
86
Q

Functions of testosterone include _______ of male sex organs.

A

Development, growth, and maintenance

87
Q

Functions of testosterone include stimulation of __________.

A

Bone growth, protein metabolism, and sexual behavior

88
Q

Functions of testosterone include promotion of ________ such as hair, beard, subcutaneous fat, low pitch voice, and muscular build.

A

Secondary male sexual characteristics

89
Q

Functions of testosterone include ______ prior to birth.

A

Descent of testis

90
Q

________ refers to the relationship and interactions between the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, and the testes and the hormones they secrete.

A

Brain-testicular axis

91
Q

______ from hypothalamus stimulates anterior pituitary to produce FSH and LH.

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

92
Q

_____ stimulates proliferation of spermatogonia and Sertoli cells for their actions (production of androgen binding proteins and inhibin from Sertoli cells).

A

FSH

93
Q

_____ stimulates Leydig cells to secrete testosterone and assist in sperm maturation.

A

LH

94
Q

The exocrine function of testis is the _______, a secretion of seminiferous tubules.

A

Production of speratozoa

95
Q

There are _____ sperm per ejaculate, numbers below ______ is a sign of infertility.

A
  • 200-300 million

- 20 million

96
Q

Quantity of ejaculate is _____ of semen, which is a milky white sticky secretion. It is a transport medium with nutrients and hormone _____ and an ______.

A
  • 2-3 mL
  • Relaxin
  • Antibacterial seminal plasmin
97
Q

Spermatogenesis depends on the levels of _____ from Leydig cells and ____ from anterior pituitary.

A
  • Testosterone

- LH

98
Q

The Male Excretory Ducts

A
  • Tubuli Recti and Rete Testis
  • Ductuli Efferentes
  • Ductus Epididymis or Epididymis
  • Ductus Deferens
  • Ejaculatory Duct
99
Q

The Tubuli Recti and Rete Testis are composed of ______ with microvilli and CT.

A

Cuboidal epithelium

100
Q

The Ductuli Efferentes arises from rete testis, cells alternating ________, some ciliated and some with microvilli.

A

Tall and low columnar

101
Q

The Ejaculatory Duct is composed of _______ and CT.

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

102
Q

Ductuli efferentes converge to form _______ (5-10 conical bodies) and these converge to form ________.

A
  • Coni vasculosa

- Epididymis

103
Q

The epididymis consists of:

A
  • Head (caput)
  • Corpus (body)
  • Tail (cauda)
104
Q

Epithelium of Epididymis is __________ with two cells types: _____ and ______.

A
  • Pseudostratified columnar with stereocilia
  • Principal
  • Basal
105
Q

The epididymis stores _______ and has smooth muscularis for rhythmic movements.

A

Inactive sperm

106
Q

The end or cauda of the epididymis forms ______.

A

Ductus deferens

107
Q

The ductus deferens is composed of ________ and a highly developed _______.

A
  • Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia

- Muscularis

108
Q

_______ houses ductus deferens, blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves.

A

Spermatic cord

109
Q

After crossing ureter, ductus deferens forms an ______ which receives secretions of seminal vesicles.

A

Ampulla

110
Q

The Ductus Deferens continues to form _______ which then opens into ______ with _______.

A
  • Ejaculatory duct
  • Urethra (penis)
  • Prostatic secretions
111
Q

The Accessory Glands

A
  • Seminal vesicles (a pair)
  • Bulbourethral or Cowper’s Gland
  • Prostate
112
Q

Seminal vesicles

A
  • Evaginations of ductus deferens
  • Pseudostratified columnar epithelium which forms folds and secretes a yellowish viscous fluid that appears as coagulate
  • Have CT, smooth muscles
113
Q

Bulbourethral or Cowper’s Gland

A
  • Epithelium simple cuboidal or columnar

- Secretion is clear, viscous and mucous like and serves as a lubricant

114
Q

The Prostate is the largest gland with ___________.

A

Simple or pseudostratified columnar epithelium

115
Q

Cells of the prostate gland have _________, conspicuous GC, numerous secretory granules.

A

Abundant rough ER

116
Q

Secretion of the Prostate gland serves as a diluent and a vehicle for sperm transport and contains enzymes ____________.

A

Phosphatase, amylase and fibrinolysin

117
Q

The Prostate has spherical or ovoid bodies called ___________ that are found in lumen of the gland.

A

Prostatic concretions or corpora amylacea

118
Q

The concretions of the prostate are glycoproteins and may become sites of _______.

A

Calcium deposit

119
Q

Clinically prostate is important for development of _______.

A

Cancer

120
Q

Three segments of the male urethra

A
  • Prostatic urethra
  • Membranous urethra
  • Penile urethra
121
Q

Prostatic urethra

A

Epithelium transitional to pseudostratified columnar with goblet cells

122
Q

Membranous urethra

A

Epithelium stratified columnar

123
Q

Penile urethra

A

Epithelium stratified columnar

124
Q

The penis consists of three cylindrical bodies:

A
  • Paired corpora cavernosa penis

- Unpaired corpus cavernosum urethrae or corpus spongiosum (extension of cavernosa is a tip called glans penis)

125
Q

Erectile tissue of corpora cavernosa are supplied with ______ and drained by ______.

A
  • Afferent arterioles

- Efferent veins

126
Q

Erection is due to ________.

A

Blood pressure

Histology (18 decks)

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