Urinary System Flashcards

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1
Q

urinary organs (4)

A

urinary organs

  • kidneys
  • ureters
  • urniary bladder
  • urethra
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2
Q

functions of urinary system (5)

A

functions of urinary system

  • water and electrolyte hemostasis
    • filtration of blood
    • reabsorption of water and solutes
    • regulation of fluid balance
    • electrolytes homeostasis and acid/base balance
  • excretion of waste products and excess water
  • renin ad EPO hormones
  • regulation of blood pressure
  • activation of vitamin D
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3
Q

Kidney

A

Kidney

  • functional unit of a kidney is a nephron
    • osmoregulate via filtration and selective reabsorption of water
  • note diagram
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4
Q

Identify

A
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5
Q

Identify and explain

A
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6
Q

Kidney flow chart: elements

A
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7
Q

Nephron

A

Nephron= functional unit of the kidney

  • composed of…
    • glomerulus
    • all tubule segments through the connecting segment
      • not collecting ducts or tubules
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8
Q

Identify and explain

A

Renal corpuscles

  • structure
    • glomerulus
    • bowman’s capsule= glomerular capsule
  • 4 types of cells
    • podocytes- visceral layer of capsule
    • squamous cells- parietal layer of capsule
    • endothelial cells- fenestrated glomerular capillaries
    • mesangial cells- between fenestrated capillaries (phagocytic cells)
  • vascular pole vs. urinary pole
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9
Q
A

vascular pole-

urinary pole-filtrate is collected and sent into proximal convoluted tubule

outside lumen= urinary space

podocytes- involved in filtration. small projections are called pedicels

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10
Q

Identify and explain

A
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11
Q

blood- urine barrier (3)

A
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12
Q

glomerular filtrate pathway

A
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13
Q

Renal tubules

A

renal tubules

  • proximal tubule
    • cuboidal tubular epithelial cells woth microvilli (brush border)
  • thin henles loop
  • distal convoluted tubule
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14
Q

Identify

A

renal tubules

Proximal tubules

  • closest portion is proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) = only present in the cortex. Site of absorption
  • strait portion is in medulla
  • note cuboidal lining and microvilli
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15
Q
A

renal tubules

Note: no microvilli in distal tubules

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16
Q

Identify and discuss

A

Renal tubules

Nephron Loop

Loop of Henley

  • U shape
  • nephron loop parallel to vasa recta, facilitation ion and water exchange.
    • to identify, the tube with blood in lumen is vasa recta (see orange part of the blue stained image)
17
Q

Identify and discuss

A

Renal tubules

Distal convoluted tubules

  • no brush borer
  • basal striations
  • target cells of aldosterone
  • specialized cells of Macula Densa
    • ​AKA juxtaglomerular apparatus: functions in regulation of blood pressure
18
Q

Identify

A

Renal tubules

Part of the distal convoluted tubules

**when looking at image, jg is the juxtoglomerular cells, g is the glomerulus, md is macula densa

19
Q

Identify and discuss

A

Collecting ducts

come after the distal convoluted tubules

  • lined by cuboidal cells
  • lumen contains urine
  • terminal portion is papillary ducts which empty into renal crest or papilla
  • Intercolated cells incolved in acid-base balance

***end of kidney is here

20
Q

Post kidney urinary system (3)

A

Post kidney urinary system (3)

  1. Ureters
  2. Urinary Bladder
  3. Urethra

***Three tunics

  • epithelial mucosa= transitional epithelium
  • lamina propria and submucosa are same
  • muscularis
21
Q

Identify

A
22
Q

Identify

A
23
Q

Identify

A
24
Q

Urethra: male (5) and female (1)

A

Urethra= last step

Male

  • pelvic and penile segments
  • begins transitional but turns stratified squamous
  • sex glands and deferent ducts empty to urethra too
  • vascualar stratum: corpus spongiosum
  • tunica muscularis: mostly skeletal muscle

Female

  • lined by transitional epithelium
25
Q

Renal Development

A

She says details are not testable “i am not going to ask you, but it is very important to be aware of different stages of development of the kidney”

Three stages of development

  1. pronephros= begining of formation of glomerulus
  2. mesonephros= most parts regress but the duct is retained in males and becomes spididymis and ductus deferens
  3. metanephros= forms definative kidney

CLINICALLY RELEVANT because failures in stages of development can lead to problems

  • ex. nephroblastoma= renal development got stuck at some point and the cells reproducing cause embryonal neoplasms