Respiratory Flashcards
State several functions of the respiratory system (8)
Functions of respiratory system
- air conduction/gas exchange
- phonation
- olfaction
- heat regulation
- air “conditioning”
- protection
- acid-base regulation
- hormone conversion
Describe the olfactory epithelium. Define the vomeronasal organ.
olfactory cells: important and mainly found within nasal cavity
vomeronasal organ: part of chemoreception and sexual behavior
List and identify tissues/cells found in the larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli.
- Larynx
- includes cartilage, vocal cords and skeletal m.
- initial part lined by stratified squamous epithelium
- lining changes to pseudostratified ciliate squamous
- Trachea
- lined by cliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
- no clear line b/t lamina propria and submucosa
- serous glands
- Bronchi- trache biruficates into 2 bronchi
- lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
*
- lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Name the conducting, transitional and exchange portions of the respiratory tree.
functional grouping of structures in respiratory system
- Conductive system: brings air in. cleans and moistens air.
- nasal cavity
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- pronchi
- Transitional system: bronchiols lined by club cells, ciliated and non-ciliated secretory cells.
* terminal bronchioles - Gas exchange system
- respiratory bronchioles
- alveoli
Define the duel blood supply of the lung.
nutritional: bronchoesophogeal arteries and azygous vein
functional: pulmonary arteries and veins
Describe the morphology and function of the two types of alveolar cells (pneumocytes).
Alveolar cels are in exchanges system
- type I- membranous
- type II- pneumocytes
Distinguish between terminal and respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts.
Give two functions of the pulmonary endothelium.
State the effect of the sympathetic/parasympathetic nervous system on the bronchi and bronchioles.
State the function of respiratory macrophages, bronchial fluid, cilia, and mucous glands.
Explain the functional significance of the mucociliary apparatus.
mucocilliary apparatus
- Responsible for mucocilliary clearance
- part of non-specific immune function
- = pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells within respiratory region of nasal cavity
- goblet cells produce mucinogen granules
- cilia movement removes mucus with trapped shit
Respiratory tree
Defense mechanisms of respiratory system
Defense mechanisms of respiratory system
- non-specific
- mucous trapping
- mucocilliary clearing
- phagocytosis
- air turbulence (coughing)
- specific= immune mediated
- antibody production
- sntibody mediated phagocytosis
- cell-mediated immunity
Nasal Cavity
Conductive system: nasal cavity
- Vestibular region
- external part of cavity
- lined by stratified squamous keratinous epithelium
- Respiratory region
- lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epthelium with goblet cells=Mucociliary apparatus responsible for clearance
- Conchae turbinates are projections that increase surface area contact with inhaled air
- Olfactory region
- olfactory sensory cells
- thicker than respiratory epithelium and NO goblet cells
- serous olfactory glands
Identify and explain
Trachea
- lined by cliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
- no clear line b/t lamina propria and submucosa
- serous glands
Identify and explain
Bronchi- trache biruficates into 2 bronchi
- lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Identify
Identify and explain
Club cells
- in terminal and respiratory bronchioles
- bulge at surface
- metabolize airborne toxins/immune function
- also source of substance which aids in maintaining patency or airway
Identify
Just study this diagram because he likes it
NOTE type II vs type I
type II= bulge
type I= flat
Identify and explain
Alveolar Sacs
Alveolar ducts empty into alveolar Sacs!
Identify
Alveolar Septum and Interstitium
Alveolar Septum and Interstitium
- fibroblasts and cappilaries
- “dust” cells
- type III collagen in alveolar wall
- type I collagen present in conducting airways
- ELASTIC FIBERS
Type I pneumocyte
AKA squamous alveolar type I cell
- form walls of alveoli
- 95% of alveolar surface
- gas permeability is function!
**see diagram because he like it**
Identify
Type I alveolar cells- elongate cytoplasm
- 95% alveolar surfce
- cannot be mitotic!
Type II alveolar cells- bulging.
- 5% alveolar surface area
- secretory
- produces type I and type II cells
- Produces surfactant
- reduces surface tension (prevesting alveolar collapse)
- cortisol stimulates production
Interalveolar septum
Blood-air barrier
blood air barrier: pathway
“you need to know this”
Identify
