Respiratory

Question 1

State several functions of the respiratory system (8)

Answer 1

Functions of respiratory system

• air conduction/gas exchange
• phonation
• olfaction
• heat regulation
• air “conditioning”
• protection
• acid-base regulation
• hormone conversion

Question 2

Describe the olfactory epithelium. Define the vomeronasal organ.

Answer 2

olfactory cells: important and mainly found within nasal cavity

vomeronasal organ: part of chemoreception and sexual behavior

Question 3

List and identify tissues/cells found in the larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli.

Answer 3

• Larynx
  
  • includes cartilage, vocal cords and skeletal m.
  • initial part lined by stratified squamous epithelium
  • lining changes to pseudostratified ciliate squamous
• Trachea
  
  • lined by cliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
  • no clear line b/t lamina propria and submucosa
  • serous glands
• Bronchi- trache biruficates into 2 bronchi
  
  • lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
    *

Question 4

Name the conducting, transitional and exchange portions of the respiratory tree.

Answer 4

functional grouping of structures in respiratory system

1. Conductive system: brings air in. cleans and moistens air.

• nasal cavity
• pharynx
• larynx
• trachea
• pronchi

2. Transitional system: bronchiols lined by club cells, ciliated and non-ciliated secretory cells.
   * terminal bronchioles
3. Gas exchange system

• respiratory bronchioles
• alveoli

Question 5

Define the duel blood supply of the lung.

Answer 5

nutritional: bronchoesophogeal arteries and azygous vein
functional: pulmonary arteries and veins

Question 6

Describe the morphology and function of the two types of alveolar cells (pneumocytes).

Answer 6

Alveolar cels are in exchanges system

• type I- membranous
• type II- pneumocytes

Question 7

Distinguish between terminal and respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts.

Question 8

Give two functions of the pulmonary endothelium.

Question 9

State the effect of the sympathetic/parasympathetic nervous system on the bronchi and bronchioles.

Question 10

State the function of respiratory macrophages, bronchial fluid, cilia, and mucous glands.

Question 11

Explain the functional significance of the mucociliary apparatus.

Answer 11

mucocilliary apparatus

• Responsible for mucocilliary clearance
• part of non-specific immune function
• = pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells within respiratory region of nasal cavity
  
  • goblet cells produce mucinogen granules
  • cilia movement removes mucus with trapped shit

Question 12

Respiratory tree

Answer 12

Question 13

Defense mechanisms of respiratory system

Answer 13

Defense mechanisms of respiratory system

• non-specific
  
  • mucous trapping
  • mucocilliary clearing
  • phagocytosis
  • air turbulence (coughing)
• specific= immune mediated
  
  • antibody production
  • sntibody mediated phagocytosis
  • cell-mediated immunity

Question 14

Nasal Cavity

Answer 14

Conductive system: nasal cavity

• Vestibular region
  
  • external part of cavity
  • lined by stratified squamous keratinous epithelium
• Respiratory region
  
  • lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epthelium with goblet cells=Mucociliary apparatus responsible for clearance
  • Conchae turbinates are projections that increase surface area contact with inhaled air
• Olfactory region
  
  • olfactory sensory cells
  • thicker than respiratory epithelium and NO goblet cells
  • serous olfactory glands

Question 15

Identify and explain

Answer 15

Trachea

• lined by cliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
• no clear line b/t lamina propria and submucosa
• serous glands

Question 16

Identify and explain

Answer 16

Bronchi- trache biruficates into 2 bronchi

• lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Question 17

Identify

Answer 17

Question 18

Identify and explain

Answer 18

Club cells

• in terminal and respiratory bronchioles
• bulge at surface
• metabolize airborne toxins/immune function
• also source of substance which aids in maintaining patency or airway

Question 19

Identify

Answer 19

Question 20

Just study this diagram because he likes it

Answer 20

NOTE type II vs type I

type II= bulge

type I= flat

Question 21

Identify and explain

Answer 21

Question 22

Alveolar Sacs

Answer 22

Alveolar ducts empty into alveolar Sacs!

Question 23

Identify

Answer 23

Question 24

Alveolar Septum and Interstitium

Answer 24

Alveolar Septum and Interstitium

• fibroblasts and cappilaries
• “dust” cells
• type III collagen in alveolar wall
• type I collagen present in conducting airways
• ELASTIC FIBERS

Question 25

Type I pneumocyte

Answer 25

AKA squamous alveolar type I cell

• form walls of alveoli
• 95% of alveolar surface
• gas permeability is function!

**see diagram because he like it**

Question 26

Identify

Answer 26

Type I alveolar cells- elongate cytoplasm

• 95% alveolar surfce
• cannot be mitotic!

Type II alveolar cells- bulging.

• 5% alveolar surface area
• secretory
• produces type I and type II cells
• Produces surfactant
  
  • reduces surface tension (prevesting alveolar collapse)
  • cortisol stimulates production

Question 27

Interalveolar septum

Answer 27

Question 28

Blood-air barrier

Answer 28

Question 29

blood air barrier: pathway

Answer 29

“you need to know this”

Question 30

Identify

Answer 30