Microbiology

Question 1

Identify:

ocular lenses, objective lens, stage, condenser, condenser focusing knob, iris diaphragm, field diaphragm, light rheostat, on/off switch, pointer controls

Answer 1

Question 2

Euchromatin vs. Heterochromatin

Answer 2

Euchromatin= active chromatin- stains light

Heterochromatin- inactive/tightly coiled- stains dark

Question 3

Rough and Smooth ER

Answer 3

Endoplasmic reticulum: network of membraneous tubules continuous with the nuclear membrane

• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: membranes contain polyribosomes, and is responsible for the segregation of proteins not destined for the cytoplasm, glycosylation of glycoproteins, synthesis of phospholipids, assembly of multi chain proteins
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: membranes responsible for lipid biosynthesis, detoxification, and the sequestration of calcium ions

Question 4

Golgi Aparatus

Answer 4

Golgi Apparatus: collection of membrane bound flattened sacs, cisternae, that modifies and packages proteins, sorting, packing, and delivery

Question 5

Lysosomes

Answer 5

Lysosomes: membrane bound dense particles that contain hydrolytic enzymes, associated with phagocytosis (absorbs solid structure) and pinocytosis (takes in liquid material), involved in intracellular digestions

Question 6

Proteasomes

Answer 6

Proteasomes: small enzymatic complexes for intracellular digestion, primary function is recycling amino acids from endogenous proteins (pretty much anything synthesized within the cell), contains the enzyme catalase which can deflate intracellular hydrogen peroxide, degrades toxic molecules and some prescription drugs

• requires the protein ubiquitin

Question 7

Cillia vs. Microvilli vs. Supercillia

Answer 7

Cillia- small, brush-like, made to move stuff (ex. lungs)

Microvilli- small, brushlike border, absorpative (ex. GI)

Supercillia- longer, flowy, absorpative

Question 8

Desmosomes vs. Hemidesmosomes

Answer 8

Desmosomes: a structure by which two adjacent cells are attached

Hemidesmosome: a structure by which cells are attached to the basal membrane

Question 9

Tight Junction

Gap Junction

Answer 9

Tight junction: specialized connection between neighboring cells to eliminate space between cell walls

Gap junction: intercellular connections that allow direct connection between their cytoplasm

Question 10

Cellular Inclusions

• Glycogen
• Lipid droplets
• Melanin
• Lipofuscin
• Lutein
• Hemosiderin

Answer 10

Cellular Inclusions

• Glycogen- stored glucose in liver, muscle, and neurons
• Lipid droplets- found in adipose tissue
• Melanin- pigment in epithelial cells
• Lipofuscin- pigment in long lasting cells, heart and nervous tissue
• Lutein- pigment in ovary after ovulation
• Hemosiderin- pigment that is a byproduct when redblood cells breakdown. hemmorage sites and bone marrow and spleen

Question 11

Explain the terms:

• Apical
• Basal
• Zymogen granules
• Lumen
• Mitotic figures

Answer 11

Apical : away from the basement membrane

Basal : towards the basement membrane

Zymogen granules: contain pancreatic proteins

Lumen: inside of a space of a tubular structure

Mitotic figures: indicator of mitosis

Question 12

Explain basophilic, eosinophilic, acidophilic, acid/basic stain.

State the color you would expect the following compounds to stain when using H & E:

• RNA/DNA
• Proteins
• Fat/glycogen

Answer 12

Acidic molecules(basophilic)= basic stains(acidophilic) =Hematoxylin (blue)

Basic molecules (acidophilic)=acidic stains(basophilic)=Eosin (Red)

State the color you would expect the following compounds to stain when using H & E:

• RNA/DNA= basophilic= blue
• Proteins= acisophilic= red
• Fat/glycogen= hydrophobic= none

Question 13

List the four basic tissues

Answer 13

epithelium

connective tissue

muscle tissue

nervous tissue

Question 14

Define tissue and organ

Answer 14

Tissue: aggregation of the same type of cells

Organ: composit of tissues

Question 15

Identify

Answer 15

red blood cells

Question 16

Identify- cilia vs. microvilli vs. supercillia

Answer 16

Microvilli (thin dark line)

Stereocillia (long flow)

cillia( less dense)

Question 17

Specimine Preparation (steps)

Answer 17

Specimine Preparation (FDCIE)

• Fixation- 10% formalin
• Dehydration- increase concentration of alcohol
• Clearing-
• Infiltration- parrafin wax!
• Embeding-

Question 18

Answer 18

lipofuscin

Question 19

Identify- acid/base

Answer 19

Neutrophils

the blue part is the dna and it is acidic meaning it stained with hematoxylin

Question 20

Identify

Answer 20

Cell is likely pretty active because the chromatin is not darkly stained (euchromatin-active)

Question 21

Identify

Answer 21

Plasma cell!

Note the perinuclear clearing, which is a feature of a golgi complex. plasma cells make antibodies, so it makes sense theyd have a prominent golgi to package and sort.