Urinary System Flashcards
The functions of the urinary system involve _____________ and _________________ of urine, ____________ _____________ control, and filtering ______________.
storage and excretion of urine
blood volume
blood (thru nephrons)
Additional functions of the urinary system include ______ concentration regulation, ____ regulation, and ____________________________ concentration.
ion
pH
erythrocyte
The urinary system involve how many kidneys, ureters, urinary bladders, and urethras? Which of them are retroperitoneal?
2 kidneys
2 ureters
1 bladder
1 urethra
Where do adrenal glands sit?
on top of kidneys
What is involved in the hilum of the kidney?
renal vein, artery, and ureter
the urinary bladder is posterior to the ____________ _______________
pubis symphysis
Which kidney is lower? Why?
right is lower because of the liver
What are the 4 main anatomical components of the kidney?
cortex
medulla
calyces
nephrons
What structures are associated with the cortex?
renal columns
What structures are associated with the medulla? How many are there?
renal pyramids (8-15)
What structures are associated with the calyces? How many are there?
major calyces (3-5)
minor calyces (8-15)
What is considered to be involved with an individual renal pyramid 1/2 of adrenal renal columns and the cortex tissue to capsule?
renal lobe
at the apex of every pyramid, leads to a _____________.
calyx
The renal pelvis goes to the ______________ ________ ___________.
inferior vena cava
The MAJOR/MINOR calyces converge into the MAJOR/MNOR calyces.
minor converge to major
what is a functional unit of a kidney?
nephron
What is an analogy for pyramids and cortex of a kidney?
fruit jello
- jello is the cortex
- fruit floating are the pyramids with medulla tissue
The kidneys are highly vascular because ______________________________________________________
kidneys filter blood
the __________________ filters blood and fluid is expelled as this structure determines how much is kept.
glomerulus
Renal Artery branches into (up to 5) ___________ Arteries in Renal Sinus
segmental
Segmental branch into _______________ arteries
interlobar
Interlobar travel within renal column and form __________ Arteries (form arcs around base of medullary pyramid)
arcuate
Arcuate Arteries branch into _________________ Arteries
Interlobar (within lobe)
_________ Arterioles branch off into renal cortex. Are these OXYGENATED or DEOXYGENATED?
Afferent (arrive)
oxygenated
At the end of the kidney blood flowing in… blood enters Renal Corpuscle via Afferent Arteriole and form capillary network called ______________.
Glomerulus
Blood comes out of glomerulus via _____________________ arteriole. Are these OXYGENATED or DEOXYGENATED?
Efferent (exit)
deoxygenated
In the flow out of blood….Branch into Peritubular Capillaries (to convuluted tubules) or ________ _______ (to nephron loop). What occurs here?
Vasa Recta
O2 exchange
In the flow out of blood, blood drains into __________________ veins, which merge to form ________________ veins, and these merge into __________________ veins, and finally drain into ___________ vein.
interlobular
arcuate
interlobar
renal
TRUE or FALSE
There are segmented veins on the way out.
FALSE
O2 exchange happens between the ___________________ capillaries (cortical nephron) and vasa recta (________________________ nephron).
peritubular
juxtamedullary
How many nephrons are in both kidneys?
2.5 million
How long are the nephrons?
5 cm in lengths
What are the 2 components on nephrons?
1.) renal corpuscle
2.) renal tubule
What 2 structures are in the renal corpuscle?
1) glomerulus
2) glomerulus capsule
What are the 3 structures in the renal tubule?
1.) convoluted tubule (proximal)
2) nephron loop (Loop of Henle)
3) distal convoluted tubule
What is an analogy with the Bowman’s capsule and Glomerulus?
The glomerulus is a sponge filled with fluid. When fluid is pushed out of the sponge, it goes into a bucket (Bowman’s capsule).
What are the 2 different types of nephron? What percentage does each make up?
1) cortical 85%
2) juxtamedullary 15%
Which type of nephron resides in the renal cortex?
cortical nephrons (close to base of pyramid)
Which type of nephron involve renal corpuscles that lie close to corticomedullary junction (between cortex and medulla) and nephron loops extend into medulla?
juxtamedullary (close to border)
Differing between cortical and juxtamedullary all have to do with ______________.
location
Renal corpuscle separates ____________ and _____________.
blood and filtrate
Enlarged bulbous region of a nephron and filtering water and solutes form blood involves what part of the nephron?
renal corpuscle
The AFFERENT/EFFERENT arteriole is larger because more is coming in.
AFFERENT
What part of the nephron modifies filtrate/fluid into urine?
renal tubule
The _________________________ Reabsorb all nutrients from tubular fluid.
proximal convoluted tubule
The ______________________ Facilitate water re-absorption to maintain fluid volume homeostasis.
nephron loop
The ________________________________ facilitate water re-absorption to maintain fluid volume homeostasis. ALSO it secretes what two elements into tubular fluid.
distal convoluted tubule
potassium and hydrogen
What is the order of events of kidney to ureter?
- collecting ducts
- apex of pyramid
- papilla
- minor calyx
- major calyx
- renal pelvis
- ureter
After tubular fluid leaves the distal convoluted tubule it empties into __________________ ____________.
collecting tubules
Collecting tubules dump into __________________ ___________.
collecting ducts
Fluid in collecting ducts is called ____________
urine
Urine travels through ureters to _____________ and then excreted.
bladder
Each kidney has a _____________.
ureter
What conduct urine from kidney to urinary bladder ? They are _______ cm in length.
ureters
25
The ureters are fibromuscular tubes and originate at the _____________ _____________. They also enter the ___________________________ wall of bladder.
renal pelvis
posterolateral
What are the 3 layers of the ureters?
1) Outside = tunica adventitia
2) Middle = tunica muscularis
3) Inner = tunica mucosa
The tunica muscularis is make up of _________ _____________. What process moves fluid from kidney to bladder (gravity isn’t necessary)?
smooth muscle
peristalsis
Which layer of the ureter is water proof, impermeable to fluid leaving, and stretchy?
tunica mucosa (inner layer)
The base of the urinary bladder is __________________.
superior
What is described as an expandable upside down pyramid OR muscular container/reservoir?
urinary bladder
The urinary bladder is just behind the __________ __________ and anterior to the ___________.
pubic symphysis
rectum
What are the layers of the urinary bladder? What are they made of/purpose?
1) outermost = adventitia (connective tissue)
2) outer middle = middle/muscularis (CONTRACT)
3) inner middle = middle/submucosa (SUPPORT)
4) innermost = mucosa (expandable)
What muscle is the combination of the middle layers of the bladder (muscularis and submucosa)?
detrusor muscle of the bladder
What is the name of the structure that is a fibromuscular tube and has internal and external sphincters?
urethra
What are the 3 sections of the urethra? Which are male and which are female?
1) prostatic urethra (3-4 cm) MALE
2) membranous urethra (thru urogenital diaphragm)(external pelvic floor) MALE AND FEMALE
3) spongy urethra (~15 cm) MALE
What is another word for micturition?
urination
Urination is initiated by ____________________ reflex which occurs when bladder fills and stretches.
micturition
After the urination reflex signal, it is sent to the internal ____________________ ___________________ and ____________ muscle.
internal urethral sphincter
detrusor
After the urination reflex signal is sent to the IUS and detrusor muscle, the IUS muscle _______________ and the detrusor muscle __________________.
relaxes
contracts
Urination begins when the ____________________ ___________ __________________ relaxes. Then the ________________ ______________ continues to squeeze and bladder is emptied.
external urethral sphincter
detrusor muscle
The micturition reflex is inactivated when ____________ is empty and ___________ relaxes.
bladder
detrusor
