Nervous System Flashcards
The nervous system is the body’s primary ________________ and ____________ system.
communication and control
The nervous system works with the __________ system.
endocrine
The nervous system can be divided according to ___________ and ____________categories
structural and functional
The structural subdivisions of the nervous system are ______________ and _______________.
central NS
peripheral NS
What makes up the central nervous system?
brain and spinal cord
What makes up the peripheral nervous system?
- cranial nerves (nerves that come off of the brain stem)
- spinal nerves (branches off spinal cord)
- ganglia (cluster of neuron cell bodies)
Nerves collect, process, and respond to stimuli ____/___
24/7
What is a cable-like bundle of parallel axons?
nerve
What are the 3 successive connective tissue wrappings of nerves?
1.) endoneurium
2.) perineurium
3.) epineurium
What describes a wrapping that goes around individual axon/nerve fibers?
endoneurium
What describes the wrapping around small grouping of axons (fascicles)
perineurium
What describes the wrapping around the entire nerve (multiple fascicles)
epineurium
Do nerves have lumen?
NO
Sensory = ?
Motor = ?
sensory = afferent
motor=efferent
Dorsal/posterior = ?
ventral/anterior = ?
Dorsal/posterior = afferent(sensory)
ventral/anterior = efferent (motor)
Processing occurs in the PNS/CNS?
CNS
What determines intelligence?
number of active synapses
What is the outer layer of the dura mater? What is the inside layer of the dura mater?
outside = periosteal
inner = meningeal
Folds= ?
shallow depressions= ?
gyri
sulci
how many cranial nerves are there?
12
The lateral fissure separates what two lobes?
frontal and temporal
What lobes does the central sulcus separate?
frontal and parietal
What does the midline/longitudinal fissure separate?
the hemishpheres
What is below the thalamus?
hypothalamus
What is above the thalamus?
corpus callosum
Gray matter houses ______ neuron and interneuron cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminals, and _______________________ axons.
motor
unmyelinated
White matter is composed primarily of _______________ axons
myelinated (helps send impulses faster)
External sheets of gray matter, called the _________, cover the surface of most of the adult brain
cortex
The bony cranium provides rigid _____________. Protective connective tissue membranes called ____________ surround and partition portions of the brain. _______________________________ acts as a cushioning fluid.
support
meninges
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
The brain has a ____________________ barrier to prevent entry of harmful materials from the bloodstream.
blood-brain
What are the names of the three dense regular connective tissue layers that separate the soft tissue of the brain from the bones of the cranium.
CRANIAL MENINGES
dura mater
arachnoid
pia mater
What is enclosed and protects blood vessels that supply the brain. It contain and circulate cerebrospinal fluid.
cranial meninges
What is the name for a bruise/collection of blood? (bleed beneath dura mater on top of brain)
subdural hematoma
What are dividers in the brain created by dura mater?
cranial dural septa
The ______ mater extends as flat partitions (septa) deep into the cranial cavity at four locations called cranial dural septa.
dura
What separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum?
falx cerebri
What divides the frontal, parietal, and occipital from the cerebellum?
tentorium cerebelli
What is the name of the bony pocket in the sphenoid bone that houses the pituitary gland? It is the lid on the sella turcica.
diaphragma sellae
What separates the two sections of the cerebellum?
falx cerebelli
What are cerebral spinal fluid circulated and created in?
brain ventricles
What are the names of the ventricles of the brain?
third, fourth, and lateral (2)
How many total spaces house CSF?
4
CSF has 3 important functions:
- buoyancy
- protection
- environmental stability
CSF is similar to ___________________
blood plasma
What produces CSF?
choroid plexus
Where is excess CSF expelled to?
urinary system
The two layers of the cerebrum involve the outer and inner layer. Outer is _______ matter and is MYELINATED/UNMYELINATED, while the inner is __________ matter and is MEYLINATED/UNMEYLINATED.
gray and unmyelinated
white myelinated
________ matter is cortex, while __________ matter are fiber tracts.
gray=cortex
white=fiber tracts
What fissure does the falx cerebri a part of?
midline fissure
Motor function on the right side is processed on which side of the brain?
left
Insula deals with which sense?
taste/gustation
The diencephalon involves which 3 structures?
thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus
What deals with circadian rhythm?
pineal gland
The brain stem involves what three structures?
mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata
What houses the spinal cord and connects the spinal cord and the brain?
brain stem
What is the “practice makes perfect” region of the brain?
cerebellum
What are the 12 cranial nerves? Are they sensory, motor, or both?
- olfactory (S)
- optic (S)
- oculomotor (M)
- trochlear (M)
- trigeminal (B)
- abducens (M)
- facial (B)
- vestibulocochlear (S)
- glossopharyngeal (B)
- vagus (B)
- accessory (M)
- hypoglossal (M)
The optic chiasm conveys info from both sides of the brain and is used by which cranial nerve?
CN 2 (optic)
What is the last CN in the brain’s structure?
CN11 (accessory)
(Goes 1-10, then 12, then 11)
What provides a vital link between the brain and the rest of the body?
spinal cord
The spinal cord exhibits some functional ________________ from the brain.
independence
The spinal cord and its attached spinal nerves serve two important functions:
1) pathway for sensory and motor impulses
2) responsible for reflexes
CSF flows in the ___________ space.
arachnoid
A spinal tap goes thru the ________ mater but doesn’t reach the _________ mater.
dura
pia
What is the name for the inferior end of the spinal cord? (L1 and L2)
conus medullaris
What is the name of the inferior most part of the spinal cord (L2-S5)
cauda equina
What is the name of the medial most part of the cauda equina?
filum terminate
The ____________ ________ involves the muscles of the neck and back. While the ____________ _______________ takes care of the arms and legs.
posterior ramus (neck and back)
anterior ramus (arms and legs)
There are 7 cervical vertebra, but _____ spinal nerves. Why?
8
There is 1 btw the occiput and atlas, and another between the atlas and axis
C1-C8 travel DOWN/UP, and the T1-Co1 travel DOWN/UP
UP
DOWN
