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Anatomy > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 functions of the digestive system?

A

1) Ingestion
2) Propel
3) Absorption
4) Excretion

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of “propel”

A

1) peristalsis (smooth movement)
2) segmentation (back and forth squeezing)

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3
Q

The digestive system is a “___________” from __________ to __________.

A

tube
mouth to anus

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4
Q

The digestive system allows food to be __________. Propels food, ____________ nutrients, and ___________ waste.

A

ingested
absorbs
expels

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5
Q

Digestive system vs digestive tract

A

Everything (system)
just the tube (tract)

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6
Q

What are the steps of the digestive tract?

A

mouth
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine

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7
Q

What are the accessory organs/structures of the digestive system?

A

teeth
tongue
salivary glands
liver
pancreas
gallbladder

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8
Q

What is the inside of clenched teeth called?

A

oral cavity

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9
Q

what is the space between lips or cheeks and alveolar process called?

A

vestibule

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10
Q

What is another word for lips

A

labia

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11
Q

What is the oral cavity roof called?

A

palate

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12
Q

What is involved in speech , taste, mastication, swallowing

A

tongue

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13
Q

What structures are involved in the oral cavity?

A

mouth
lips and cheeks
palate
palatine tonsils
tongue

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14
Q

What is the name of the structure that connects lips to mandible or maxilla? It is a cord-like structure…

A

frenulum
(upper lip, tongue, and lower lip)

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15
Q

TRUE or FALSE
The teeth are a part of the digestive track.

A

FALSE

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16
Q

How many primary, deciduous, milk, childhood teeth are there?

A

20

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17
Q

How many permanent, secondary, or adult teeth are there?

A

32

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18
Q

What are the four types of teeth?

A

1) incisors (cutting)
2) canine (tearing)
3) premolar
4) molars (grinders)

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19
Q

How many incisors are there?

A

8

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20
Q

What is the anatomy of the teeth from top to bottom?

A

crown
neck
root

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21
Q

What is the crown made of?

A

enamel (the hardest part of human body)

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22
Q

What is the anatomy of the tooth from central to outside?

A

root canal/pulp chamber (nerve and blood supply)
->
dentin
->
cementum
->
enamel

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23
Q

What is the inside material of the tooth called?

A

dentin

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24
Q

What are the 3 salivary glands called?

A

1.) parotid
2) submandibular
3.) sublingual

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25
Q

What are the components of saliva?

A

1) Na+ and K + ions
2) immunoglobin A
3) mucin (lubricant)
4) salivary amylase

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26
Q

What does salivary amylase do?

A

breaks down simple carbs

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27
Q

Where is the parotid gland located?

A

anterior to the cheek (20-30% of saliva)

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28
Q

Where is the submandibular gland located?

A

underneath angle of mandible (60-70% of saliva)

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29
Q

Where is the sublingual gland located?

A

under tongue (3-5% of saliva)

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30
Q

Rank the salivary glands by size:

A

LARGEST = parotid
Middle = submandibular
smallest = sublingual

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31
Q

What parts of the pharynx are a part of the digestive system?

A

oropharynx and laryngopharynx

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32
Q

What are the 3 steps of deglutition?

A

1) initiation phase
2) pharyngeal
3) esophageal

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33
Q

What is the initiation phase? Where? Voluntary or involuntary?

A

uvula tenses and blocks throat and epiglottis forces it down the esophagus

tongue

voluntary

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34
Q

What is the pharyngeal phase? Where? Voluntary or involuntary?

A

move food to back of throat

pharynx (skeletal muscles)

involuntary

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35
Q

What is the esophageal phase? Where? Voluntary or involuntary?

A

peristalsis

smooth muscle

involuntary

36
Q

The esophagus transports ______________ from pharynx to stomach.

A

bolus

37
Q

The esophagus passes into abdominal cavity through esophageal hiatus of the ___________.

A

diaphragm

38
Q

What are the 2 sphincters of the esophagus?

A

upper and lower (cardiac sphincter/gastroesophageal)

39
Q

What is the purpose of the upper esophagus sphincter?

A

Located at the top of the esophagus, just below the throat. It’s made up of striated muscles and prevents air from entering the esophagus when a person is talking

40
Q

What is the purpose of the cardiac sphincter?

A

Located at the bottom of the esophagus and top of the stomach. It’s made up of smooth muscles and allows food to pass into the stomach when a person swallows

41
Q

What is a common “complication” of the cardiac sphincter?

A

acid reflux (heart burn)

42
Q

Food that has been chewed and mixed with saliva in the mouth

A

Bolus

43
Q

A fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder that helps with digestion.

A

Bile

44
Q

Food that has been mixed with gastric juice. Enters the small intestine after passing through the stomach.

A

chyme

45
Q

What are the parts of the stomach from most superior to inferior?

A

1.) cardiac sphincter (bolus)
2.) Fundus
3.) body
4.) pylorus (chyme)

46
Q

What are the openings of the stomach called?

A
  1. gastroesophageal (esophagus)
  2. pyloric (duodenum)
47
Q

What are the folds inside the stomach called (they increase the surface area)?

A

rugae

48
Q

What are the layers of the smooth muscle of the stomach called?

A

longitudinal (outer)
circular (middle)
oblique (inner)

49
Q

What are the layers of the stomach called?

A

serosa or visceral peritoneum (outermost)

muscularis

submucosa (nerves and vessels run)

mucosa

50
Q

the small intestine has a primary role in the ________________ and _______________ of nutrients (90%).

A

ingestion and absorption

51
Q

What are the three subdivisions of the small intestine?

A

1) duodenum (closest to stomach)
2) jejunum (middle)
3) ileum (before cecum)

52
Q

What part of the small intestine is known as the “mixing bowl”? Why?

A

duodenum

chyme is put with digestive solution from liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

53
Q

What part of the small intestine is the site of most chemical digestion and absorption?

A

jejunum

54
Q

In the small intestine ______________________________ and _________________________ increase surface area for absorption.

A

Transverse folds (plicae circulares) and small projections (intestinal villi)

55
Q

Intestinal juices moisten the __________, help __________ acids, and hold enzymes and products of digestion in solution.

A

chyme
buffer

56
Q

What adds digestive juices to chyme?

A

liver

57
Q

What separates the left and right lobe of the liver?

A

round ligament

58
Q

Where does the gallbladder sit?

A

Inferior middle border of the right lobe of the liver

59
Q

What lobe of the liver is the inferior vena cava sitting?

A

right lobe

60
Q

What are the major and minor lobes of the liver?

A

Major: left and right
minor: caudate and quadrate

61
Q

Which major lobe houses the minor lobes?

A

right

62
Q

Which lobe of the liver is the location of the hepatic duct, hepatic portal vein, and hepatic artery?

A

right lobe

63
Q

What is the purpose of the left and right hepatic ducts?

A

drains the liver

64
Q

What does the common hepatic duct merge?

A

right and left hepatic ducts

65
Q

What is the major duodenal papilla?

A

opening where fluid leaves one structure and goes into another

66
Q

What does the cystic duct drain?

A

gallbladder

67
Q

What is the common bile duct consisted of?

A

common hepatic duct and cystic duct

68
Q

How did Dr.Brumels describe the purpose of the hepatopancreatic ampulla?

A

car wash for the magic school bus in the spleen to the liver

69
Q

What organs are involved with the common bile duct?

A

liver and gallbladder

70
Q

Where is the pancreas relative to the stomach?

A

the pancreas is posterior to the stomach

71
Q

What is the purpose of the gallbladder? What color is it?

A

emulsify fat
green

72
Q

The pancreas is both a ____________ and ________________ gland.

A

endocrine (into blood directly) and exocrine (secretes onto a surface)

73
Q

The ___________________ gland of the pancreas involves the pancreatic islets, and they produce ______________ and ________________.

A

endocrine
insulin and glucagon

74
Q

The ___________________ gland of the pancreas involves the _______, and they produce _____________.

A

exocrine

acini, digestive enzyme

75
Q

The head of the pancreas is near which organ? What about the tail?

A

duodenum
spleen

76
Q

The small intestine starts with the ___________________ sphincter at the ___________ section of the ___________________.

A

pyloric
pyloric
stomach

77
Q

In the small intestine, digestive juices from liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are added at ___________________ _________________.

A

Hepato-pancreatic ampulla

78
Q

What are the three regions of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum

79
Q

The small intestine ends at the _________________________ junctions/sphincter.

A

Ileo-cecal

80
Q

What are the portions of the large intestine/colon called?

A

ascending
transverse
descending
sigmoid/rectal

81
Q

The right colic flexure of the large intestine is near the ____________, while the left colic flexure is near the ______________.

A

right = liver (hepatic colic flexure)
left = spleen (splenic)

82
Q

The ___________ _______________ is off of the cecum.

A

veriform appendix

83
Q

What two things assist with movement and absorption of bolus?

A

haustra and tenia coli

84
Q

The haustra and tenia coli __________ and help with continual _________________ of waste.

A

pack
movement

85
Q

The haustra are mainly involved with __________, while tenia coli are mainly involved with ________________.

A

segmentation = haustra
peristalsis = tenia coli

86
Q

What are abnormal growths inside the colon?

A

polyps

Anatomy (21 decks)

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