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Clin Path > Urinary Analysis > Flashcards

Urinary Analysis Flashcards

1
Q

What are common artifacts associated with Cystocentesis?

A

iatrogenic hemorrhage

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2
Q

What are common artifacts associated with Voided urine?

A

bacteria

leukocytes

epithelial cells

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3
Q

What are common artifacts associated with catheterization?

A

lubricant

epithelial cells

iatrogenic hemoorrhage

bacteria

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4
Q

What does red colored blood indicate?

A

RBCs, free hemoglobin/myoglobin

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5
Q

What does red-brown colored blood indicate?

A

RBCs, free hemoglobin/myoglobin

horses- catecholamines

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6
Q

What does brown-black colored blood indicate?

A

methemoglobin

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7
Q

What does yellow-orange colored blood indicate?

A

bilirubin

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8
Q

What does yellow-green colored blood indicate?

A

bilirubin/billivirdin

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9
Q

What might cloudy urine indicate?

A

crystalluria

cells

semen

bacT

lipids

mucus

conatminants

use sediment exam to determine

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10
Q

How do you determine urine specific gravity?

A

Refractometer

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11
Q

What is the range for isosthenuric urine?

A

1.007-1.013; means the tubules are not concentrating or diluting

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12
Q

What is the ranges for inappropriate azotemia for dogs, cats, horses, and cattle?>

A

Dogs > 1.030
Cats > 1.040
Cattle/Horses > 1.025

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13
Q

What are two factors that can raise the urine specific gravity?

A

Protein and glucose

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14
Q

What are some variables that affect urine pH?

A

Diet: carnivores are more acidic, while herbivores are more alkaline
Metabolic status
Exposure to air
Bacteria: more alkaline

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15
Q

A high urine pH can falsely elevate what on a urine dipstick?

A

Proteins

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16
Q

What is true about the protein test of a urine dipstick?

A

Mainly detects albumin

A trace reaction is worth exploring in dilute urine

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17
Q

Glucose in the urine can be an indicator for what?

A

Diabetes mellitus
Glucocorticoid/epinephrine stress
Tubular glucosuria

18
Q

Ketones pass freely through what? What ketone is NOT detected by this test? What is the pathologic significance of a positive test?

A

Glomerulus
Beta hydroxybutyrate
Means the patient is in a negative energy balance; this is always noteworthy

19
Q

What are some interpretations of bilirubin in the urine of a dog?

A

Bilirubinuria may precede bilirubinemia
Liver dz or hemolytic dz
Could be normal; may see this if the urine is very concentrated >1.040

20
Q

What are the three options of what you are seeing if blood in urine?

A

RBCs
Hemoglobin
Myoglobin

21
Q

What reagent strips should be avoided?

A

White cell pad
Nitrate pad
Urobilinogen pad
USG pad (USE REFRACTOMETER)

22
Q

What are some cells that could be seen in urine?

A

WBCs
RBCs
Epithelial cells
BacT

23
Q

What are some common crystals found in the urine?

A

Struvite
Amorphous
Calcium oxalate dihydrate
Calcium carbonate (horses, rabbits, guinea pigs, and goats)

24
Q

What are some crystals with potential pathologic significance?

A 
Thornapple (normal in dalmations and english bulldogs)
Bilirubin
Calcium oxalate monohydrate
Cystine 
Tyrosine 
Sulfa crystals
25
Q

What are some casts that may be present in the urine?

A 
Cellular/leukocyte cast
Red cell cast (hemorrhage in tubule)
Granular cast (damage to tubule)
Hyaline casts 
Waxy cast
26
Q

What is the best way to quantify urinary protein loss?

A

Urinary Protein : Urinary Creatine ratio. This is unaffected by urine volume and concentration

27
Q

T/F UP:UC increases with all causes of proteinuria

A

TRUE

28
Q

When would you not run a UP:UC?

A

Don’t run if there is active sediment present; if there is hematuria or pyuria

29
Q

What is a normal UP:UC for dogs and cats?

A
30
Q

What ratio indicates pathologic proteinuria?

A

UP:UC > 1.0

31
Q

What inidcates tubular proteinuria?

A

UP:UC between 1 and 2

32
Q

What indicates glomerular proteinuria?

A

UP:UC >2 AT MINIMUM

Amyloidosis >5

33
Q

What are some factors that will increase UP:UC and invalidate the results?

A

Hemorrhage
Inflammation
Drugs: corticosteroids
Infection

34
Q

What are some ADH-related causes of isosthenuria?

A

ADH deficiency: Diabetes insipidus

Reduced response to ADH: endotoxemia, medullary washout, corticosteroids, hypokalemia

35
Q

Pre-renal azotemia is seen as what?

A

Azotemia, hyperproteinemia, hyperphosphatemia, and approriate USG

36
Q

Renal azotemia presents as what?

A

High magnesium, high potassium

These are changes in all species

37
Q

Renal azotemia in a dog presents as:

A

BUN/Creatinine proportionally increased
High P
Low/Low normal Ca
USG: isosthenuric

38
Q

Renal azotemia in a cat presents as:

A

Similar to dogs

Polyuric renal failure can lead to hypokalemia

39
Q

Renal azotemia in a horse presents as:

A

Azotemia: creatinine may be higher
Hypercalcemia
Phosphorus: low normal to low
Low chloride

40
Q

Renal azotemia in a cow presents as:

A

High phosphorus
Calcium usually low
Potassium: high if anuric, low if polyuric
Chloride is often low

41
Q

Post-renal presents as

A

Hyperkalemia and hypermagnesemia

Azotemia

42
Q

What serum changes can be seen with a ruptured bladder?

A

Hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, hyponatremia, hypochloridemia
Creatinine levels in the abdomen&raquo_space; in the serum

Clin Path (23 decks)

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