Endocrine Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

What stimulates glucagon release and what does it do?

A

Stimulated: decreased blood glucose

Net: increases blood glucose

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2
Q

What effect does glucagon have on insulin?

A

Decreases insulin release

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3
Q

What stimulates insulin release and what is its effect?

A

Stimulated by increased blood glucose

Net: decreased blood glucose

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4
Q

Catecholamines have what effect on insulin?

A

Inhibits insulin

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5
Q

What effect does endogenous glucocorticoids have on insulin?

A

Decrease insulin receptor activity

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6
Q

What effect does Growth hormone have insulin?

A

Decrease insulin receptor activity

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7
Q

What are the three fundamental causes of hyperglycemia?

A

Physiological
Pathological
Drug-induced

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8
Q

What are some causes of physiological hyperglycemia?

A

2-4 hours post meal ingestion
Excitation, fear, pain
Stress

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9
Q

What are some causes of pathologic hyperglycemia?

A
Diabetes mellitus 
Sepsis 
Hyperadrenocorticism: Inc Cortisol  
Pheochromocytoma: Inc Catecholamines 
Acromegaly: Inc GH
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10
Q

What are some drugs that can induce hyperglycemia?

A

Glucocorticoid therapy

IV-Glucose

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11
Q

What are some fundamental causes of hypoglycemia?

A

Artifact

Increased consumption/utilization

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12
Q

An increase in fructosamine indicates what? What does a decrease mean?

A

Increase = persistent hyperglycemia; DM

Decrease = persistent hypoglycemia; insulinoma

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13
Q

GLycosylated hemoglobin depends on:

A

Average glucose the last 2-3 months

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14
Q

What are some endocrine pancreas disorders?

A

Diabetes mellitus: insulin deficiency or resistance
Insulinoma: insulin excess
GLucagonoma: glucagon excess

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15
Q

Describe the differences between Type 1 and Type 2 DM

A

Type 1: Absolute insulin deficiency; more common in dogs

Type 2: peripheral insulin resistnace; more common in cats (obesity 2-5x more at risk)

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16
Q

What are some pathophysiologic conditions seen with diabetes mellitus?

A

Ketoacidosis

Osmotic diuresis

Hyperosmolar syndrome

17
Q

What are some signs and lab abnormalaites of DM?

A

PU/PD, weight loss, polyphagia

Lab: Hyperglycemia and glucosuria

18
Q

Insulinoma is the most common tumor of what species?

19
Q

Insulinoma is classified as autonomous insulin secretion leading to ____

A

Persistent hypoglycemia

20
Q

Glucagonoma is what?

A

Functional alpha cell tumor that secretes glucagon autonomously

21
Q

What is a common lesion seen with glucagonoma?

A

Superficial necrolytic dermatitis

22
Q

Dogs with glucagonoma will have a persistent ______

A

hyperglycemia