Heavy rike river, strong rike bull

Question 1

what are the 2 types of cholestasis?

Answer 1

intrahepatic

extrahepatic

Question 2

What 3 serum parameters are increased with the retention/reflux of bile?

Answer 2

increased:

bilirubin
bile acids
cholesterol

Question 3

What happens with a portosystemin shunt?

Answer 3

can be acquired or congenital

bypass liver

blood from GI tract enters circulation directly

Question 4

T/F

liver enzymes DO NOT give evidence of hepatic function/dysfunction

Answer 4

TRUE

Question 5

What do liver enzymes can give you information regarding?

Answer 5

hepatocellular damage

cholestasis

Question 6

Where do hepatocellular leakage ez comes from?

Answer 6

cytosol

mitochondria

Question 7

Where does ALT come from?

Answer 7

cytosolic enzyme

hepatocyte/skeletal muscle

Question 8

What is ALT specific in?

Answer 8

small animals

Enzyme of choice in Dogs and Cats to evaluate hepatocyte damage

NOT helpful in Horse/Cattle

Question 9

What disorders will result in increased ALT activity?

Answer 9

tmuch anything that causes hepatocyte damage

Question 10

What are the other two names for AST?

Answer 10

GOT, SGOT

Question 11

Where does AST come from?

Answer 11

cytosol/mitochondrial

Hepatocyte, muscle, erythrocytes

Question 12

What is the half life of AST?

Answer 12

horse 7-8 days

dog

Question 13

When do you use AST?

Answer 13

horse/cattle
commonly used to indicate hepatocyte damage

NOT SPECIFIC, interpret w/ other ez ie CK

Dogs/cats
can be used but not as specific as ALT

Question 14

How do you interpret AST?

Answer 14

interpret w/ other Ez
CK (muscle)
ALT (liver)
ID (liver)

look for evidence of hemolysis in sample

Question 15

What is Iditol dehydrogenase?

Answer 15

ID
cytosolic enzyme

comes from hepatocytes

unstable in serum over time

unreliable in serum over time

Question 16

What does increased ID indicate?

Answer 16

hepatocyte damage

all species

Question 17

What does increased ID indicate in horse/RMT

Answer 17

liver specific

AST/LDH not liver specific

Question 18

Can ID be used in small in animals?

Answer 18

yes but less stable than ALT which is better option

Question 19

What is LDH?

Answer 19

lactate dehydrogenase
cytosol ez
hepatocyte, muscle, rbc

Question 20

Is LDH liver specific?

Answer 20

no, result of hepatocyte injury, muscle damage, hemolysis, interpret w/ other ez

Question 21

What are inducible ez? What causes them?

Answer 21

increased in serum because of increased pdx

stimulated via bile/certaion drugs

increased levels dont indicate hepatocyte damage

Question 22

What is ALP?

Answer 22

inducible membrane associated ez, comes from alot of tissues

Question 23

What is C-ALP?

Answer 23

corticosteroid enzyme

unique to dogs
made by hepatocytes
induced by corticosteroids

Question 24

what does increased L-ALP indicate?

Answer 24

Cholestasis

or drug induction

Question 25

What drugs will increase L-ALP?

Answer 25

corticosteroids, thyroxine

Question 26

What increases C-ALP in dogs?

Answer 26

endo/exogenous cortisol

hyperadrenocorticism will cause it

Question 27

ALP has the highest diagnostic sensitivity in which species?

Answer 27

DOGS

Question 28

ALP has poor diagnostic sensitivity in ____

Answer 28

Cats and Horses

Question 29

IS ALP helpful in cattle?

Answer 29

meh, moderately diagnostic for cholestasis

Question 30

What is GGT?

Answer 30

glutamyltransferase

membrane associated

Question 31

What increases GGT?

Answer 31

cholestasis/biliary hyperplasia

induction by drugs or hormones

colostrum ingestion in neonates

Question 32

GGT is most helpful in?

Answer 32

Horses and Cattle

moderately in dogs

Cats questionable diagnostics