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Clin Path > Neutrophils > Flashcards

Neutrophils Flashcards

1
Q

What are CSFs?

A

Colony stimulating factors
stimulate neutropoeisis

Stem cell factor
granulocyte -CSF
granulocyte macropahge - CSF

increases proliferation/differentiation
induction/enhancement of function

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2
Q

What cytokines act as CSFs?

A

IL-1
IL-3
Il-6

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3
Q

What is a left shift?

A

increased non-segmented neutrophils in peripheral blood

casued by:

decreased neutrophil reserve
increased peripheral demand

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4
Q

What are the circulating and margination pools?

A

circulation- neutrophils in blood circulating

margination- neutrophils stuck to vessel walls

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5
Q

What are the species variations with circualtion/margination pools?

A

CNP = MNP
dogs, horses, cows

CNP

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6
Q

What is teh role of inflammatory mediators in neutrophil production and kinetics?

A

stimulate release of neutrophils from marrow

promote margination and adhesion

stimulate emigration into tissues

induce chemotaxis

enhanced phagocytosis and killing ability

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7
Q

what is a hypersegemented neutrophil?

A

5 or more lobes to nucleus
Right shift
represents old neutrophils

NOT TOXIC CHANGE

can be casued by gluccocorticoids

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8
Q

Hypersegemented neutrophils are idiopathic in what species?

A

horses

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9
Q

What are toxic changes?

A

ONLY OCCUR IN NEUTROPHIL LINEAGE
maturation defects

result of:
accelerated production

indicates
increased tissue demand
any inflammatory condition

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10
Q

What are examples of toxic changes?

A

Cytoplasmic basophilia
dohle bodies
toxic granules
foamy cytoplasm

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11
Q

What are some exceptions to be where of with regarts to toxic changes?

A

healthy cats can have neutophils w/ dohle bodies

left shift is NOT toxic

severe toxic changes = poorer prognosis

toxic neutrophils can be confused w/ monocytes

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12
Q

What is cytoplasmic basophilia?

A

increased blue hue to cytoplasm due to rER/polyribosomes

loss of neutral staining

look for in seg/band neutrophils

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13
Q

What are dohle bodies?

A

irregular blue cytoplasmic inclusions

aggregates of rER that contain RNA

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14
Q

What is foamy cytoplasm?

A

foamy vacuolization

cytoplasmic clearing due to dispersed organelles

“moth eaten” appearance to cytoplasm

NOT discrete vacuoles

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15
Q

What are toxic granules?

A

pink/purple granules in the cytoplasm

persistence of primary granule staining

observed less freq that other toxic changes

SEE MOSTLY IN HORSES

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16
Q

What is physiological neutrophilia?

A

Catecholamine medated- fight/flight

Transient- return to normal w/in an hour

lymphocytosis accompanies

Shift from MNP to CNP

see a pseudoneutrophilia
TBNP is unchanged

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17
Q

What are some physiological neutrophilia species differences to watch out for?

A

CATS- count may approach 40,000, significant lymphocytosis up to 20,000

Horses total leukocyte count may approach 26,000

Cattle- parturition, trucking etc, +/- eosinophilia

Uncommon in dogs/pigs

Birds- heterophilia- common/mild

18
Q

What is the mechanism of corticosteroid neutrophila?

A

“True” neutrophilia
left shift mild or absent

Down regulation of adhesion molecules
shift from MNP to CNP
Decreased migration into tissues
Nuetrophils ciculate longer

SEE LOTS OF HYPERSEGMENTED

19
Q

What are the characteristic findings with corticosteroid leukogram?

A

Mature neutrophilia

absent/mild left shift, typically with hypersegemented nuetrophils

lymphopenia- mild in horse

monocytosis- dogs mostly

eosinopenia

20
Q

What does a corticosteroid leukogram look like in birds?

A

heterophilia- slight to moderate

lymphopenia

heterophil-lymphocyte ratio
index of stress. species specific

21
Q

What is the normal appropriate response to acute inflammation?

A

Age related release:
segmented, then, bands, then metamyelocytes etc.

empties storage pool, then maturation pool

shifts to immaturity in blood

22
Q

How long before the pool replenishes in acute inflamm?

A

4 days, MSP starts replenishing, left shift diminishes

23
Q

What is the neutrophil response in established acute infection?

A

continued demand for PMNs

granulocytic hyperplasia PP

partially depleted storage pool

left shift present but diminishing from acute presentation

24
Q

What other WBC labratory findings would be present in acute inflammatory neutropenia?

A

lymphopenia

eosinopenia

monocytosis

toxic neutrophils

dogs- mastocytemia

25
Q

What is a degenerative left shift?

A

production/release not meeting demand

poor prognostic sign if toxic changes present

grave if above and neutropenia

26
Q

What lab findings are consistent w/ chronic inflammation?

A

moderate neutrophilia

left shift diminished or resolved

lymphocytosis

27
Q

Species specific characteristics of inflammatory leukogram: DOG

A

great capacity for generating neutrophilia

common 12-30k

occasionally 30-60k

can exceed 100k- pyo thorax/metra, etc

28
Q

Species specific characteristics of inflammatory leukogram: CAT

A

simialr to dogs but slightly muted

common 13-25k

occasionally 25-40k

rarely 75k

29
Q

Species specific characteristics of inflammatory leukogram: CATTLE

A

Have small MSP

neutrophilia of inflammation

from increased pdx, takes 4-5 days

age dependent,
younger- simialr to dog/cat neutrophils dominate

older- lymphocytes dominate,

acute: see leukopenia, severe left shift, 24-48 hours

chronic: neutrophil count up to 10k
rarely up to 60k

30
Q

Species specific characteristics of inflammatory leukogram: HORSES

A

neutrophil counts up to 20k common

left shift gen moderate

neutrophil response to inflammation mild

rare cases exceed 30K

31
Q

What is fibrinogen?

A

acute phase protein

pdx by liver

hyperfibrinogenemia more reliable indicator of inflammation than leukogram

watchout for true increase vs dehydration

look at plasma protein : fibrinogen ration

32
Q

How do you interpret fibrinogen ratio in cattle?

A

> 15 dehydration

33
Q

How do you interpret fibrinogen ratio in cattle?

A

> 20 dehydration

34
Q

How can inflamamtion contribute to neutropenia?

A

endotoxemia

bacteremia, overwhelming bacT

some viral- parvo, influenza

common in cattle

35
Q

How can peripheral destruction contribute to neutropenia?

A

immune mediated

hemophagocytic syndrome

36
Q

How can ineffective contribute to neutropenia?

A

immune mediated

G-CSF deficienct

37
Q

How can cyclic hematopoiesis contribute to neutropenia?

A

gray collies

FeLV

38
Q

How can granulocytic hypoplasia contribute to neutropenia?

A

infectious- parvo FeLV, Toxo, Ehrich

Neoplastic

Toxic- estrogen, chemo, bracken fern, phenylbutzone, griseofulvin

marrow necrosis

myelofibrosis

39
Q

What is inflammatory neutropenia?

A

overwhelming, or severe acute inflammation

excessive margination/emigration into tissues

depletion of MSNP
sommon in cattle- mastitis/pneumonia

40
Q

Endotoxemia Neutropenia?

A

gram neg infection

toxins enter blood

Rapid shift from CNP to MNP 8-12 hours

Clin Path (23 decks)

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