Neutrophils Flashcards
What are CSFs?
Colony stimulating factors
stimulate neutropoeisis
Stem cell factor
granulocyte -CSF
granulocyte macropahge - CSF
increases proliferation/differentiation
induction/enhancement of function
What cytokines act as CSFs?
IL-1
IL-3
Il-6
What is a left shift?
increased non-segmented neutrophils in peripheral blood
casued by:
decreased neutrophil reserve
increased peripheral demand
What are the circulating and margination pools?
circulation- neutrophils in blood circulating
margination- neutrophils stuck to vessel walls
What are the species variations with circualtion/margination pools?
CNP = MNP
dogs, horses, cows
CNP
What is teh role of inflammatory mediators in neutrophil production and kinetics?
stimulate release of neutrophils from marrow
promote margination and adhesion
stimulate emigration into tissues
induce chemotaxis
enhanced phagocytosis and killing ability
what is a hypersegemented neutrophil?
5 or more lobes to nucleus
Right shift
represents old neutrophils
NOT TOXIC CHANGE
can be casued by gluccocorticoids
Hypersegemented neutrophils are idiopathic in what species?
horses
What are toxic changes?
ONLY OCCUR IN NEUTROPHIL LINEAGE
maturation defects
result of:
accelerated production
indicates
increased tissue demand
any inflammatory condition
What are examples of toxic changes?
Cytoplasmic basophilia
dohle bodies
toxic granules
foamy cytoplasm
What are some exceptions to be where of with regarts to toxic changes?
healthy cats can have neutophils w/ dohle bodies
left shift is NOT toxic
severe toxic changes = poorer prognosis
toxic neutrophils can be confused w/ monocytes
What is cytoplasmic basophilia?
increased blue hue to cytoplasm due to rER/polyribosomes
loss of neutral staining
look for in seg/band neutrophils
What are dohle bodies?
irregular blue cytoplasmic inclusions
aggregates of rER that contain RNA
What is foamy cytoplasm?
foamy vacuolization
cytoplasmic clearing due to dispersed organelles
“moth eaten” appearance to cytoplasm
NOT discrete vacuoles
What are toxic granules?
pink/purple granules in the cytoplasm
persistence of primary granule staining
observed less freq that other toxic changes
SEE MOSTLY IN HORSES
What is physiological neutrophilia?
Catecholamine medated- fight/flight
Transient- return to normal w/in an hour
lymphocytosis accompanies
Shift from MNP to CNP
see a pseudoneutrophilia
TBNP is unchanged
What are some physiological neutrophilia species differences to watch out for?
CATS- count may approach 40,000, significant lymphocytosis up to 20,000
Horses total leukocyte count may approach 26,000
Cattle- parturition, trucking etc, +/- eosinophilia
Uncommon in dogs/pigs
Birds- heterophilia- common/mild
What is the mechanism of corticosteroid neutrophila?
“True” neutrophilia
left shift mild or absent
Down regulation of adhesion molecules
shift from MNP to CNP
Decreased migration into tissues
Nuetrophils ciculate longer
SEE LOTS OF HYPERSEGMENTED
What are the characteristic findings with corticosteroid leukogram?
Mature neutrophilia
absent/mild left shift, typically with hypersegemented nuetrophils
lymphopenia- mild in horse
monocytosis- dogs mostly
eosinopenia
What does a corticosteroid leukogram look like in birds?
heterophilia- slight to moderate
lymphopenia
heterophil-lymphocyte ratio
index of stress. species specific
What is the normal appropriate response to acute inflammation?
Age related release:
segmented, then, bands, then metamyelocytes etc.
empties storage pool, then maturation pool
shifts to immaturity in blood
How long before the pool replenishes in acute inflamm?
4 days, MSP starts replenishing, left shift diminishes
What is the neutrophil response in established acute infection?
continued demand for PMNs
granulocytic hyperplasia PP
partially depleted storage pool
left shift present but diminishing from acute presentation
What other WBC labratory findings would be present in acute inflammatory neutropenia?
lymphopenia
eosinopenia
monocytosis
toxic neutrophils
dogs- mastocytemia
