Electrolyes

Question 1

What electrolytes come from the diet? Which ones are generated in vivo?

Answer 1

K, Na, and Cl

HCO3

Question 2

What are the three forms of dehydration?

Answer 2

Isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic

Question 3

Sodium movement often follows _____

Answer 3

Water

Question 4

Dehydrated animals often have either:

Answer 4

Water deficit: decreased water intake or loss of water

Water and sodium deficits: alimentary, renal, or cutaneous loss

Question 5

Describe the three different types of dehydration:

Answer 5

Isotonic: h2o loss = Na loss
Hypotonic: Na loss > h2o loss
Hypertonic Na loss

Question 6

What are some causes of hypernatremia?

Answer 6

Inadequate water intake, pure water loss, diabetes insipidus, ruminal acidosis

Question 7

Normonatremia in dehydrated animals is seen with what?

Answer 7

Net loss of isotonic fluids

Diuretic tx, sweating in horses, polyuric renal states

Question 8

What are some causes of hyponatremia?

Answer 8

Alimentary loss
Renal loss
Cutaneous loss
Third space loss (chylothorax drainage) 
Expanded ECF volume

Question 9

Where is most potassium contained?

Answer 9

Intracellular fluid

Question 10

Potassium is high in:

Answer 10

RBCs and platelets

Question 11

Hyperkalemia can occur in two ways:

Answer 11

Changes in external balance

Changes in internal balance

Question 12

What are some examples of hyperkalemia due to changes in external balance?

Answer 12

DEcreased urinary excretion: ruptured bladder, hypoadrenocorticism
Repeated drainage of chylothorax

Question 13

What are some examples of hyperkalemia caused by changes in internal balance?

Answer 13

Types of acidosis
Insulin deficiency
Massive tissue necrosis OR hemolysis
Strenuous exercise

Question 14

What are some causes of pseudo-hyperkalemia?

Answer 14

In vitro hemolysis, especially with species with high K in RBCs (Horse, pig, primate, cattle)
Thrombocytosis (Platelets > 1 million)

Question 15

What are some external balance changes that can cause HYPOkalemia?

Answer 15

Anorexia
Vomiting or diarrhea
Increased urinary loss
Cutaneous loss in horses

Question 16

What are some internal balance changes that can cause HYPOkalemia?

Answer 16

Alkalemia

Rapid correction of metabolic acidosis

Question 17

What is the significance of the Sodium:Potassium ratio? What is the normal limit?

Answer 17

Helped to diagnose adrenocorticism

Question 18

Chloride is an _____

Answer 18

anion

Question 19

____ and _____ concentrations influence Cl- concentrations

Answer 19

Albumin and bicarb

Question 20

Hyperchloremia typically occurs with ______

Answer 20

hypernatremia

Question 21

Bicarbonate is the body’s major _____

Answer 21

buffer

Question 22

Increased serum bicarb =

Answer 22

Metabolic alkalosis

Question 23

Decreased serum bicarb =

Answer 23

Metabolic acidosis

Question 24

Hypochloremia is caused by:

Answer 24

Metabolic alkaloses and titrational metabolic acidosis

Question 25

What are some causes of hyperchloremia?

Answer 25

Water deprivation, insensible loss, and metabolic acidosis

Question 26

What can cause a hyperkalemia/

Answer 26

Metabolic acidosis

Increased total body K, such as urinary tract obstruction or hypoadrenocorticism

Question 27

What can cause a hypokalemia/

Answer 27

Metabolic alkalosis
Anorexia, renal or GI loss
Renal failure in cats

Question 28

What will you likely see with vomiting?

Answer 28

Hypochloridemia
Metabolic alkalosis
Hypokalemia

Question 29

DA or upper GI stasis will cause:

Answer 29

Hypochloridemia
Metabolic alkalosis
Hypokalemia

Question 30

Diarrhea will likely cause:

Answer 30

Lose mainly Na and HCO3; Hyponatremia and Metabolic acidosis
Hypochloridemia
Hypokalemia

Question 31

Anorexia will likely cause:

Answer 31

Hypokalemia

Question 32

What will you see with hypoadrenocorticism?

Answer 32

Hyponatremia
Hyperkalemia
Na:K ratio

Question 33

What is the primary cause of hyperlactatemia?

Answer 33

HYPOXIA; can result in a titrational metabolic acidosis

Question 34

T/F Even with high serum lactate, the prognosis for the patient is realtively good

Answer 34

FALSE; the higher serum lactate gets the worse the prognosis.