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Clin Path > Hematopoesis, erythrocytes, and Regenerative Anemia > Flashcards

Hematopoesis, erythrocytes, and Regenerative Anemia Flashcards

1
Q

What would bone marrow look like in a young animal? Old animal?

A

Hypercellular

Hypocellular

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2
Q

Where does hematopoesis occur in domestic animals? Birds?

A

Hematopoetic spaces

Venous sinuses

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3
Q

What cells regulate the release of cells into sinuses?

A

Reticular cells

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4
Q

What are the first two committed stem cells in the production of erythrocytes?

A

BFU-E

CFU-E

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5
Q

Where is erythropoetin produced and what stimulates it?

A

Produced in the kidneys of adults

Stimulated by hypoxia

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6
Q

What factors inhibit erythropoesis?

A

TNFalpha, IL-6, TGF-Beta, Estrogen

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7
Q

What stage of the RBC does hemoglobin synthesis start?

A

Early rubricyte

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8
Q

What is the first cell to be identified as part of RBC lineage?

A

Rubriblast

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9
Q

What stage is the nucleus extruded?

A

Metarubricyte

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10
Q

What stage is released from bone marrow?

A

Reticulocyte

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11
Q

At what stage of RBC creation does cell division stop?

A

Late rubricyte

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12
Q

What species has the longest average erythrocyte life span? Shortest?

A 
Cattle = 160 d.
Birds = 35 d.
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13
Q

What is different about cats’ spleens?

A

They have a closed splenic circulation; makes them less efficient at RBC removal and they lack large RBC reserve pools

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14
Q

What is MCV and what does it mean?

A

Mean corpuscular volume; it is the volume per average erythrocyte

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15
Q

What is the terminology for describing MCV?

A

Normocytic, Macrocytic (increased), Microcytic (decreased)

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16
Q

What are causes of microcytosis?

A

Iron deficiency, liver dz, anemia of inflammatory dz

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17
Q

What causes macrocytosis?

A

Reticulocytosis (BIG), breed association, agglutination

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18
Q

What is MCHC and what does it mean?

A

Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration; average hemoglobin concentration per average erythrocyte

19
Q

What are the terms for describing MCHC?

A

Normochromic, Hyperchromic (increased), Hypochromic (decreased)

20
Q

What are some causes of hyperchromia?

A

Hemolysis, RBC shape changes, lipemia

21
Q

What are some causes of hypochromia?

A

Reticulocytosis and iron deficiency

22
Q

What is anisocytosis?

A

The index of the variability in erythrocyte size in a sample

23
Q

What are reticulocytes? What are some facts about them?

A

They are immature, non-nucleated RBCs

They are larger and bluer than RBCs

24
Q

Reticulocytosis is an important indicator of what?

A

accelerated erythropoesis

25
Q

What are the two types of reticulocytes in cats?

A

Punctate: not considered a sign of regeneration
Aggregate: counted in reticulocyte count

26
Q

T/F Reticulocytes are released by every species during a regenerative anemia

A

FALSE; horses do not reliably release reticulocytes during regenerative anemia

27
Q

What is the reticulocyte percentage? What is the CRP?

A

% of RBCs that are reticulocytes

CRP: % estimate of RP if the patient were not anemic

28
Q

How do you figure the CRP? What are the baselines and how do you interpret them?

A 
RP X (Patient's HCT / Average HCT) 
HCT Average: Dog 45%, Cat 40%, Cow 35%
Dog: >1.0 = regenerative 
Cat and Cow: >.4 = regenerative
29
Q

Anemia is classified as what?

A

Decrease in RBC count, hemoglobin, or HCt

Caused by increased RBC loss, Increased RBC destruction, or decreased production

30
Q

How do we assess regeneration of anemia in cats and dogs?

A

If reticulocytes are present (regenerative) or absent (non-regenerative)

31
Q

What is different about assessing anemia in ruminants?

A

Nucleated RBCs can also be used to determine regeneration

32
Q

In dogs and cats, what is the difference between appropriate and inappropriate rubricytosis?

A

Appropriate: rubricytes with reticulocytes
Inappropriate: nRBCs in circulation without reticulocytosis

33
Q

What are the two types of hemolysis and what are the differences?

A

Intravascular: erythrocyte destruction occurs within blood vessels
Extravascular: accelerated phagocytosis of RBCs

34
Q

Where does bilirubin come from?

A

Degregation of Hgb

35
Q

What are some causes of hemolytic anemia caused by intravascular hemolysis?

A

Complement mediated lysis, physical injury, oxidative injury, osmotic lysis, metabolic

36
Q

What are some common oxidative agents in vet med?

A

Onions, garlic, zinc, copper, acetaminophen, vitamins K1 and K3, hydrogen peroxide

37
Q

What are Heinz Bodies?

A

Aggregates of denatured hemoglobin from oxidative damage

38
Q

What are ghost cells?

A

Pathologic finding of intravascular hemolysis

Artifact from traumatic blood draw

39
Q

What are some causes of hemolytic anemia via extravascular hemolysis?

A

Immune mediated, decreased RBC deformability, reduced glycolysis, or increased macrophage phagocytic activity

40
Q

What’s the most common cause of hemolytic anemia in dogs?

A

Immune hemolytic anemia

41
Q

What are spherocytes?

A

Left over RBCs that have been partially phagocytosed

42
Q

What causes RBCs to agglutinate?

A

Anti-erythrocyte IgM or VERY high anti-erythrocyte IgG

43
Q

What is the saline dispersion test?

A

When your agglutinated RBCs do not disperse when saline is added

44
Q

What is evidence for an IHA diagnosis?

A

Regenerative anemia
Spherocytes on smear
Agglutination on smear
Saline dispersion test; agglutination persists
Inflammatory leukogram
Positive Coombs test (Only run in saline dispersion is negative)

Clin Path (23 decks)

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