Leukocytes

Question 1

What induces neutrophil production?

Answer 1

CSFs, cytokines

Question 2

How do CSFs work?

Answer 2

increase cell prolif/differentiation

induction/enhancement of function

Question 3

What are the 3 stage non-dividing nutrophils that are released in order:

Answer 3

segementers

bands

metamyelocytes

Question 4

What is aleft shift?

Answer 4

increase in non-segmented neutrophils in peripheral blod

Question 5

what causes a left shift?

Answer 5

decreased neutrophil reserve

increased demand

Question 6

What is the normal transit time for neutrophils and their lifespan in tissue?

Answer 6

transit 5-10 hours

tissue life: 24-48 hours

Question 7

What is the role of inflammatory mediators in neutrophil pdx and kinetics?

Answer 7

stim release of neutrophils from BM

promote margination and adhesion

stimualte migartion into tissue

induce chemotaxis

inhance phag and killing ability

Question 8

What is a hyper segmented neutrophil?>

Answer 8

5 or more lobes to a nucleus

right shift- old nuetrophils (increased time in circualtion)

idiopathic in horse

Question 9

What can cause a right shift?

Answer 9

gluccocortocoids

Question 10

Is hypersegementation a toxic change?

Answer 10

NO

Question 11

What are toxic changes of neutrophils?

Answer 11

maturation defects

result of accelerated pdx

Question 12

What do toxic changes indicate?

Answer 12

increased tissue demand via any inflammatory condition

Question 13

What are the big 4 toxic changes we see in neutrophils?

Answer 13

cytoplasmic basophilia
dohle bodies
toxic granules
foamy cytoplasm

Question 14

What are 4 caveats to be wary of with toxic changes?

Answer 14

healthy cats have neutrophils w/ dohle bodies

left shift is NOT TOXIC

severe toxic changes assocated w/ poor prognosis

toxic neutrophils can be confused w/ monocytes

Question 15

What is cytoplasmic basophilia?

Answer 15

increased blue hue to cytoplasm

loss of neutral staining

look for in segs and badns

Question 16

What are dohle bodies>

Answer 16

irregular blue cytoplasmic inclusions

aggregates of rER that contain RNA

Question 17

What is foamy cytoplasm?

Answer 17

foamy vacoulization

cytoplasmic clearing due to dispersed organelles

“moth eaten” appearance to cytoplasm

not discrete vacuoles

Question 18

WHat are toxic granules?

Answer 18

pink-purple granuels in cytoplasm

persistence of primary granule staining

observed less frequently thatn other toxic changes

see mostly in horses

Question 19

What is appropriate left shift?

Answer 19

aka regenerative left shift

increased [ ] of non-segmented immature neutrophils in blood

segmented neutrophils still dominate

Question 20

What is an inappropriate left shift?

Answer 20

degenerative left shift

immature neutrophils bands + earlier forms outnumber the segemented neutrophils

Question 21

What is a right shift?

Answer 21

increased [ ] of hypersegmented neutrophils

suggests corticosteroid influence

Question 22

WHat causes left shifts?

Answer 22

occur when increased tissue demand foe neutrophils (inflammation)

BM releases immature cells, segemnters go first, then bands then meta

considered hallmark of acute inflammation

Severity determined by both
magnitude of immature neutrophil [ ]
how immature the cells are

Question 23

What cells predominate in a healthy dog? Healthy cow?

Answer 23

Neutrophils

Lymphocytes

Question 24

How do you correct WBC count with nucleated RBCs?

Answer 24

WBC count X (100 / 100 + nRBCs)

Question 25

What do you call an increase in WBCs? A decrease in WBCs?

Answer 25

Leukocytosis

Leukopenia