Urinary Flashcards
what are the functions of the kidney
eliminate wastes maintain ion concentration regulate blood volume maintain blood pressure hormone synthesis
what hormones does the kidney make
erythropoeitin
renin
calcitriol
what does calcitriol do
stimulates intestinal absorption of vitamin D
what are the parts of the renal tubules (uniferous)
bowman’s capsule
proximal and distal tubules (thick, thin, straight, convoluted)
collecting tubules and ducts
what are the parts of the nephron
renal corpuscle
proximal and distal tubules
what is the renal corpuscle
bowman’s capsule and the glomerulus
what is the blood supply to the kidney
renal artery–> interlobar arteries–> arcuate artery–> interlobular–> afferent arterioles-> bowman’s capsule–> glomerular capillary–> efferent arteriole–> peritubular capillaries and vasa recta–> interlobular vein
what happens if one of the vessels in the kidney is obstructed
no anastamoses so that area becomes necrotic
where are podocytes
on the basal lamina of the visceral layer of the bowman’s capsule
what proteins form the diaphragm of filtration slits between podocyte pedicles
nephrin and podocin
what type of capillaries glomerular capillaries
fenestrated without diaphragms
what forms the glomerular basement membrane
basal laminas of the capillary and podocyte
what is the main barrier to filtration
glomerular basement membrane
what is in the glomerular basement membrane
type 4 collagen
laminen
fibronectin
glycosaminoglycans
what is the order of barriers for urine filtrantion
- fenestrated capillaries
- glomerular basememt membrane
- diaphragms between the podocyte pedicles (nephron and podocin)
alport’s syndrome
genetic defect in type 4 collagen production
thickened basement membrane, but assembled incorrectly
leaky resulting in proteinuria
goodpasture’s syndrome
autoimmune disease with antibody production against type 4 colalgen
congenital nephrotic syndrome
defect in nephron leading to protein urea due to incorrect diaphragms
where are mesangial cells
glomerular basememt membrane
afferent and efferent arterioles
what are the roles of mesangial cells
structural support- produces GBM
phagocytic- clears things trapped in GBM
contractile- regulates arteriole blood flow
secrete prostaglandins and growth factors
what are the classification of nephropathy
diffuse- all glomeruli affected
foca- some glomeruli affected
global- entire glomerulus affected
segmental- part of glomerulus affected
what is glomerulonephritis
inflammation of renal corpuscle
what is lupus
thickened GBM due to antibody production
what is IgA neuropathy
high IgA means logs of antibody/antigen complexes end up on the GBM which are cleared by mesengial cells
high activity means proliferation which leads to GBM destruction
diabetic glomerulosis
increased glycoprotein production resulting in thickening of GBM with inefficient filtration–> protein leakage
due to excess glucose
hypertensive nephrosclerosis
2 forms
benign- gradual tunica hypertrophy of arteries
malignant- severe rapid rise in BP causes acute arteriole stenosis
describe the proximal convoluted tubule
simple cuboidal epithelium
intercellular interdigitations
basal infoldings with lots of mitochondria
proximal tubule filtration/secretion
absorb water, Na, Cl, K, glucose, polypeptides
secrete creatinine
what is the role of the loop of henle
maintain interstitium osmotic gradient
describe the thin segment of the loop of henle
simple squamous epithelium
describe the thick segments of the loop of henle
descending- similar to PCT
ascending- similar to DCT
describe the distal convoluted tubule
few mitochondria
few apical microvili
simple cuboidal epithelium
intercellular interdigitations
what are the functions of the distal convoluted tubule
concentrate urine
ascid base balance
what are the 3 components of the JGA
juxtaglomerular cells
macula dense cells
mesengial cells
juxtaglomerular cells
tunica media of afferent arteriole
glandular cells that secrete renin
macula densa cells
distal tubule
in contact with vascular pole of glomerulus
densely packed
chemoreceptive- sense changes in NaCl urine levels
mediate JG cell renin secretion
mesengial cells
between macula dense and JG cells
continuous with mesangial cells around afferent and efferent arterioles
contractile function- regulate bloodf low into glomerulus
what cells secrete renin
juxtaglomerular cells
what cells relate glomerular blood flow
mesangial cells
where are interstitial cells
between the loop of Henle and the vasa recta
purpose of interstitial cells
maintain structure
produce erythropoeitin
what is interstitial nephritis
inflammation of interstitial area
describe collecting ducts/tubules
no microvili no interdigitations no basal infoldings begin as simple cuboidal and then go to columnar light and dark cells
where do collecting ducts converge
large papillary ducts that empty into renal papilla
juxtaglomedulary nephrons
extend into medulla
cortical nephrons
mostly in cortex
what is in the medullary rays
collecting tubules, ducts, loop of henle
what is the structure of excretory ducts
epithelium on lamina propria of loose CT
muscularis muscle layer
adventitia outer layer
trigone of urinary bladder
area in urinary bladder where urine pools and bacteria build up
describe the female urethra
short
goes through pelvic muscles
opening covered by stratified squaous epithelia
describe the male urethra
long, sectioned
starts as transitional epithelium-> pseudo stratified columnar-> stratified squamous
describe the prostatic urethra
surrounded by prostate
prostatic and ejaculatory ducts join
describe the membranous urethra
short, goes through urogenital diaphragm which forms the external urinary sphincter
describe the penile urethra
passes through the penis in corpus spongiosum
ducts of bulbourethral glands open into it
what is renal tubule necrosis
disease affecting peritubular blood flow
renal calculi
kidney stones- uric acid and mineral precipitation
renal carcinomas
kidney cancer
clear cell- common kind
urothelial carcinoma
bladder cancer, starts in wall and pushes in
