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HS Exam 2 > Urinary > Flashcards

Urinary Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the kidney

A 
eliminate wastes
maintain ion concentration 
regulate blood volume
maintain blood pressure
hormone synthesis
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2
Q

what hormones does the kidney make

A

erythropoeitin
renin
calcitriol

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3
Q

what does calcitriol do

A

stimulates intestinal absorption of vitamin D

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4
Q

what are the parts of the renal tubules (uniferous)

A

bowman’s capsule
proximal and distal tubules (thick, thin, straight, convoluted)
collecting tubules and ducts

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5
Q

what are the parts of the nephron

A

renal corpuscle

proximal and distal tubules

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6
Q

what is the renal corpuscle

A

bowman’s capsule and the glomerulus

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7
Q

what is the blood supply to the kidney

A

renal artery–> interlobar arteries–> arcuate artery–> interlobular–> afferent arterioles-> bowman’s capsule–> glomerular capillary–> efferent arteriole–> peritubular capillaries and vasa recta–> interlobular vein

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8
Q

what happens if one of the vessels in the kidney is obstructed

A

no anastamoses so that area becomes necrotic

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9
Q

where are podocytes

A

on the basal lamina of the visceral layer of the bowman’s capsule

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10
Q

what proteins form the diaphragm of filtration slits between podocyte pedicles

A

nephrin and podocin

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11
Q

what type of capillaries glomerular capillaries

A

fenestrated without diaphragms

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12
Q

what forms the glomerular basement membrane

A

basal laminas of the capillary and podocyte

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13
Q

what is the main barrier to filtration

A

glomerular basement membrane

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14
Q

what is in the glomerular basement membrane

A

type 4 collagen
laminen
fibronectin
glycosaminoglycans

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15
Q

what is the order of barriers for urine filtrantion

A
  1. fenestrated capillaries
  2. glomerular basememt membrane
  3. diaphragms between the podocyte pedicles (nephron and podocin)
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16
Q

alport’s syndrome

A

genetic defect in type 4 collagen production
thickened basement membrane, but assembled incorrectly
leaky resulting in proteinuria

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17
Q

goodpasture’s syndrome

A

autoimmune disease with antibody production against type 4 colalgen

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18
Q

congenital nephrotic syndrome

A

defect in nephron leading to protein urea due to incorrect diaphragms

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19
Q

where are mesangial cells

A

glomerular basememt membrane

afferent and efferent arterioles

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20
Q

what are the roles of mesangial cells

A

structural support- produces GBM
phagocytic- clears things trapped in GBM
contractile- regulates arteriole blood flow
secrete prostaglandins and growth factors

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21
Q

what are the classification of nephropathy

A

diffuse- all glomeruli affected
foca- some glomeruli affected
global- entire glomerulus affected
segmental- part of glomerulus affected

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22
Q

what is glomerulonephritis

A

inflammation of renal corpuscle

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23
Q

what is lupus

A

thickened GBM due to antibody production

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24
Q

what is IgA neuropathy

A

high IgA means logs of antibody/antigen complexes end up on the GBM which are cleared by mesengial cells
high activity means proliferation which leads to GBM destruction

25
Q

diabetic glomerulosis

A

increased glycoprotein production resulting in thickening of GBM with inefficient filtration–> protein leakage
due to excess glucose

26
Q

hypertensive nephrosclerosis

A

2 forms
benign- gradual tunica hypertrophy of arteries
malignant- severe rapid rise in BP causes acute arteriole stenosis

27
Q

describe the proximal convoluted tubule

A

simple cuboidal epithelium
intercellular interdigitations
basal infoldings with lots of mitochondria

28
Q

proximal tubule filtration/secretion

A

absorb water, Na, Cl, K, glucose, polypeptides

secrete creatinine

29
Q

what is the role of the loop of henle

A

maintain interstitium osmotic gradient

30
Q

describe the thin segment of the loop of henle

A

simple squamous epithelium

31
Q

describe the thick segments of the loop of henle

A

descending- similar to PCT

ascending- similar to DCT

32
Q

describe the distal convoluted tubule

A

few mitochondria
few apical microvili
simple cuboidal epithelium
intercellular interdigitations

33
Q

what are the functions of the distal convoluted tubule

A

concentrate urine

ascid base balance

34
Q

what are the 3 components of the JGA

A

juxtaglomerular cells
macula dense cells
mesengial cells

35
Q

juxtaglomerular cells

A

tunica media of afferent arteriole

glandular cells that secrete renin

36
Q

macula densa cells

A

distal tubule
in contact with vascular pole of glomerulus
densely packed
chemoreceptive- sense changes in NaCl urine levels
mediate JG cell renin secretion

37
Q

mesengial cells

A

between macula dense and JG cells
continuous with mesangial cells around afferent and efferent arterioles
contractile function- regulate bloodf low into glomerulus

38
Q

what cells secrete renin

A

juxtaglomerular cells

39
Q

what cells relate glomerular blood flow

A

mesangial cells

40
Q

where are interstitial cells

A

between the loop of Henle and the vasa recta

41
Q

purpose of interstitial cells

A

maintain structure

produce erythropoeitin

42
Q

what is interstitial nephritis

A

inflammation of interstitial area

43
Q

describe collecting ducts/tubules

A 
no microvili
no interdigitations
no basal infoldings
begin as simple cuboidal and then go to columnar
light and dark cells
44
Q

where do collecting ducts converge

A

large papillary ducts that empty into renal papilla

45
Q

juxtaglomedulary nephrons

A

extend into medulla

46
Q

cortical nephrons

A

mostly in cortex

47
Q

what is in the medullary rays

A

collecting tubules, ducts, loop of henle

48
Q

what is the structure of excretory ducts

A

epithelium on lamina propria of loose CT
muscularis muscle layer
adventitia outer layer

49
Q

trigone of urinary bladder

A

area in urinary bladder where urine pools and bacteria build up

50
Q

describe the female urethra

A

short
goes through pelvic muscles
opening covered by stratified squaous epithelia

51
Q

describe the male urethra

A

long, sectioned

starts as transitional epithelium-> pseudo stratified columnar-> stratified squamous

52
Q

describe the prostatic urethra

A

surrounded by prostate

prostatic and ejaculatory ducts join

53
Q

describe the membranous urethra

A

short, goes through urogenital diaphragm which forms the external urinary sphincter

54
Q

describe the penile urethra

A

passes through the penis in corpus spongiosum

ducts of bulbourethral glands open into it

55
Q

what is renal tubule necrosis

A

disease affecting peritubular blood flow

56
Q

renal calculi

A

kidney stones- uric acid and mineral precipitation

57
Q

renal carcinomas

A

kidney cancer

clear cell- common kind

58
Q

urothelial carcinoma

A

bladder cancer, starts in wall and pushes in

HS Exam 2 (24 decks)

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