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HS Exam 2 > Circulatory > Flashcards

Circulatory Flashcards

1
Q

arteries from largest to smallest

A

elastic artery
muscular artery
arteriole
continuous capillary

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2
Q

veins from largest to smallest

A

large vein
medium sized vein
venule
fenestrated capillary

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3
Q

what is the basic structure of a capillary

A

simple squamous epithelium is the endothelium
basal lamina
pericytes possibly on outside

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4
Q

what is the function of pericytes

A

stem cell properties- would repair and angiogenesis

contractile function- regulates flow through the capillaries

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5
Q

what are the two methods of capillary exchange

A

transcytosis and between the cells

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6
Q

what is transcytosis and how can it be done

A

through the endothelial cell

done via: diffusion, active transport, pinocytosis, or fenestrations

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7
Q

what allows substances to pass between capillary endothelial cells

A

junctional complexes with occluding junctions, adherent junctions, and gap junctions

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8
Q

what induces junctional complexes to open

A

inflammation

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9
Q

what are the 3 types of capillaries

A

continuous
fenestrated
sinusoid

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10
Q

describe continuous capillaries and where are they found

A

have continuous endothelium and basal lamina
most common type
least penetrable
found in the muscle, brain, and lung

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11
Q

describe fenestrated capillaries and where are they

A

have holey endothelium with continuous basal lamina
fenestrations may have diaphragms
permeable
found in endocrine glands, intestine, kidney

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12
Q

describe sinusoidal capillaries and where are they

A

discontinuous endothelium and basal lamina (or no basal lamina)
allow faster exchange
found in blood forming organs (bone marrow, liver, spleen)

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13
Q

what do endothelial cells synthesize and release

A 
coagulation factors
antithronmbogenic factors
vasoactive factors
immune response factors
growth factors
oxidative enzymes
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14
Q

what coagulation factor is released by endothelial cells

A

von Hillebrand factor- stored as Weibel-Palade bodies

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15
Q

what are antithrombogenic factors for

A

prevent clots from on the vessel wall

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16
Q

what is the main growth factor released by endothelial cells

A

VEGF

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17
Q

what are the 3 layers of a blood vessel

A

tunica intima
tunica media
tunica adventitia

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18
Q

what layers and cell types are in the tunica intima

A

endothelium- simple squamous epithelium
subendothelium- loos connective tissue
myointimal cells- properties of smooth muscle, fibroblasts, and phagocytes

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19
Q

what blood vessel layer is the same in all vessels

A

tunica intima

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20
Q

what is in the tunica media

A

concentric layers of smooth muscle

internal and external elastic membranes with fenestrations

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21
Q

what is in the tunica adventita

A

loose connective tissue

possible elastic fibers

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22
Q

what layer of blood vessel is thicker in veins

A

tunia adventitia

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23
Q

what layer of blood vessel is thicker in arteries

A

tunica media

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24
Q

what layer do blood vessels, nerves, and lymph vessels run in

A

tunica adventitia

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25
Q

what does the tunica media of large elastic arteries look like

A

smooth muscle
elastic fibers
internal and external elastic lamina blend in- not visible

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26
Q

what does the tunica adventitia of large elastic arteries look like

A

thin

vasovasorum present

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27
Q

what are examples of large elastic arteries

A

aorta
pulmonary trunk
renal arteries

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28
Q

what does the tunica media of a muscular artery look like

A

4-40 layers of smooth muscle

distinct internal and external elastic membranes

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29
Q

what does the tunica adventitia of a muscular artery look like

A

thicker than large elastic arteries

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30
Q

what are examples of muscular arteries

A

most named arteries

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31
Q

what does the tunica media of arterioles look like

A

1-3 layers of smooth muscle

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32
Q

what does the tunica adventitia of arterioles look like

A

very thin

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33
Q

what are examples of arterioels

A

precapillary sphincters

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34
Q

what does the tunica media of venues look like

A

0-2 smooth muscle layers

may have elastic lamina

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35
Q

what does the tunica adventitia look like in venules

A

absent or very thin

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36
Q

what type of vessel may have periocytes

A

venules

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37
Q

which vessel has a large collapsed lumen

A

venules

38
Q

what two types of blood vessels travel together

A

venules and arterioles

39
Q

what does the tunica media of veins look like

A

thin

may have internal elastic lamina

40
Q

what does the tunica adventitia of veins look like

A

very thick

41
Q

which type of vessel has valves

A

veins

42
Q

what are examples of veins

A

most named veins

43
Q

what does the tunica media of large veins look like

A

thin

44
Q

what does the tunica adventitia of large veins look like

A

thickest layer
longitudinal bundles of smooth muscle
vasovasorum

45
Q

what are examples of large veins

A

superior and inferior vena cava

46
Q

what determines the flow of blood in capillary beds

A

metabolic needs of the tisseu

47
Q

where and what are pre capillary sphincters

A

junction of arteriole with the capillary

smooth muscle in arterioles regulates blood entering capilaries

48
Q

what are metarterioles

A

cross between an arteriole and venule that acts as the main route through the capillary bed with branches with sphincters coming off

49
Q

what are arteriovenus anastamoses and what is their main purpose

A

connect the arteriole directly to the venule

used for thermoregulation to direct blood away from the capillaries

50
Q

what are two other uses of arteriovenus anastamoses

A

direct blood away from the penis when it is not erect

in the uterine endometrium to reduce blood loss during menses

51
Q

what are the two types of specialized areas in blood vessels

A

baroreceptors

chemoreceptors

52
Q

what are baroreceptors and where are they found and why are they special

A

monitor blood pressure
in the carotid and aortic sinuses
have a thin tunica media so the walls can extend and a thick tunica adventitia with lots of nerve endings

53
Q

what are chemoreceptors and where are they found and why are they special

A

monitor changes in blood gasses and pH

in the carotid and aortic bodies

54
Q

what are the special structures in chemoreceptors and what are their roles

A

gloms cells- detect blood pH

sheath cells- surround gloms cells and have nerve endings

55
Q

what happens during normal aging of blood vessels

A

lose elastic and have more collagen resulting in weaker, stiffer vessels

56
Q

how does an aneurism form

A

weakened vessel walls dilate

57
Q

what is arteriole tonus

A

level of constriction to maintain peripheral resistance

58
Q

what happens in hypertension

A

increased arteriole tons leads to smooth muscle hypertrophy and activation of the RAAS

59
Q

what is arteriosclerosis and what is it associated with

A

thickening of tunica media due to constant vessel smooth muscle contraction
loss of wall elasticity
associated with hypertension and diabetes

60
Q

what is athersclerosis and describe the disease process

A

thickening of tunica intima due to defects in endothelium that let lipids through which accumulate in the tunica intima
lipids are phagocytosed by macrophages and myointimal cells which leads to plaque production
plaques disrupt the endothelial cells on the vessel wall which decreases antithrombotic factors (thicks the walls are damaged, so it wants clots to form)–> clots
tunica intima fibrosis and tunica media atrophy

61
Q

what is a haemangioma

A

benign mass of blood vessels visible through the skin

62
Q

what is angiosarcoma

A

malignant tumor of endothelial cell origin

63
Q

what is kaposi’s sarcoma

A

small malignant tumors in the s kin, muscle and internal organs of endothelial origin
associated with viral infections

64
Q

what is vasculogenesis

A

production of new blood vessels, occurs mostly in embyo

65
Q

describe the process of vasculogenesis

A

mesenchymal cells secrete VEGF and differentiate into angioblasts which proliferate and form tubes

66
Q

what is vasculogenesis regulated by

A

VEGF and VEGF receptors

67
Q

what is angiogenesis and when does it happen

A

sprouting of new blood vessels off of existing vessels

occurs in embryos, the uterus, wound healing, and inflammation

68
Q

what are the steps of angiogenesis

A
  1. hole made in exsiting vessel
  2. area missing basal lamina buds
  3. endothelial cells proliferate and migrate out
  4. tube formed
  5. basal lamina assembled and cells are recruited to form the layers
69
Q

what prevents over proliferation during angiogenesis

A

apoptosis

70
Q

what cells are recruited during angiogenesis

A

pericytes
fibroblasts
smooth muscles

71
Q

what controls antiogenesis

A 
VEGF
angiopoeitin
Tie- tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin like EGF
apoproteins
notch receptor signaling
72
Q

what does Tie do

A

modulates induction and inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation

73
Q

what do apoproteins do

A

contribute to vessel stability

74
Q

what do notch receptors do

A

activate VEGF and inhibit endothelial cell apoptosis

75
Q

what type of tissue is endocardium

A

simple squamous epithelium

sub endothelium of loose connective tissue with collagen, elastic fibers, and smooth muscle cells

76
Q

what are the 3 types of cardiac muscle

A

contractile
conducting cells
endocrine type cells (secrete hormones)

77
Q

what are the layers of the epicardium made of

A

outer- simple squamous epithelium

inner- loose ct with veins, nerves and adipose

78
Q

what are the main conducting areas of the heart

A

SA and AV nodes
atrioventricular bundle of his
purkinje fibers

79
Q

what is the fibrous skeleton of the heart

A

dense irregular ct surrounding the valves and great vessel bases and forms the intramembranous septum

80
Q

what is the purpose of the fibrous skeleton

A

structure and anchoring for valves and the leaflets

81
Q

what is the structure of heart valves

A

atrial side- loose CT for shock absorption

ventricular side- dense CT with elastic fibers covered by endothelial tissue

82
Q

how does inflammation affect heart valves

A

increased collagen fibers which increases stiffness

stimulates angiogenesis which makes valves fragile

83
Q

what is a cardiac infarct

A

loss of blood flow to the heart from a blockage in coronary vessels

84
Q

what is inflammation of the valve

A

vavulitis

85
Q

what is rheumatic fever

A

group A beta hemolytic streptococci

can lead to mitral valve defect

86
Q

what do lymphatic capillaries look like

A

blind ended
no occluding junctions
discontinuous or missing basal lamina

87
Q

what do lymphatic vessels look like

A

similar to veins

blended layers

88
Q

what do lymphatic ducts look like

A

have circular and longitudinal smooth muscle

89
Q

what is edema

A

interstitial fluid volume is greater than drainage capacity OR the lymphatic vessels are blocked

90
Q

what is lymphedema

A

damaged or abdormal lymphatic vessels leading to inflammation or fibrosis
common after lymph node removal (mastectomies)

HS Exam 2 (24 decks)

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