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HS Exam 2 > Circulatory > Flashcards

Circulatory Flashcards

1
Q

arteries from largest to smallest

A

elastic artery
muscular artery
arteriole
continuous capillary

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2
Q

veins from largest to smallest

A

large vein
medium sized vein
venule
fenestrated capillary

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3
Q

what is the basic structure of a capillary

A

simple squamous epithelium is the endothelium
basal lamina
pericytes possibly on outside

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4
Q

what is the function of pericytes

A

stem cell properties- would repair and angiogenesis

contractile function- regulates flow through the capillaries

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5
Q

what are the two methods of capillary exchange

A

transcytosis and between the cells

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6
Q

what is transcytosis and how can it be done

A

through the endothelial cell

done via: diffusion, active transport, pinocytosis, or fenestrations

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7
Q

what allows substances to pass between capillary endothelial cells

A

junctional complexes with occluding junctions, adherent junctions, and gap junctions

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8
Q

what induces junctional complexes to open

A

inflammation

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9
Q

what are the 3 types of capillaries

A

continuous
fenestrated
sinusoid

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10
Q

describe continuous capillaries and where are they found

A

have continuous endothelium and basal lamina
most common type
least penetrable
found in the muscle, brain, and lung

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11
Q

describe fenestrated capillaries and where are they

A

have holey endothelium with continuous basal lamina
fenestrations may have diaphragms
permeable
found in endocrine glands, intestine, kidney

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12
Q

describe sinusoidal capillaries and where are they

A

discontinuous endothelium and basal lamina (or no basal lamina)
allow faster exchange
found in blood forming organs (bone marrow, liver, spleen)

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13
Q

what do endothelial cells synthesize and release

A 
coagulation factors
antithronmbogenic factors
vasoactive factors
immune response factors
growth factors
oxidative enzymes
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14
Q

what coagulation factor is released by endothelial cells

A

von Hillebrand factor- stored as Weibel-Palade bodies

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15
Q

what are antithrombogenic factors for

A

prevent clots from on the vessel wall

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16
Q

what is the main growth factor released by endothelial cells

A

VEGF

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17
Q

what are the 3 layers of a blood vessel

A

tunica intima
tunica media
tunica adventitia

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18
Q

what layers and cell types are in the tunica intima

A

endothelium- simple squamous epithelium
subendothelium- loos connective tissue
myointimal cells- properties of smooth muscle, fibroblasts, and phagocytes

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19
Q

what blood vessel layer is the same in all vessels

A

tunica intima

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20
Q

what is in the tunica media

A

concentric layers of smooth muscle

internal and external elastic membranes with fenestrations

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21
Q

what is in the tunica adventita

A

loose connective tissue

possible elastic fibers

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22
Q

what layer of blood vessel is thicker in veins

A

tunia adventitia

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23
Q

what layer of blood vessel is thicker in arteries

A

tunica media

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24
Q

what layer do blood vessels, nerves, and lymph vessels run in

A

tunica adventitia

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25
what does the tunica media of large elastic arteries look like
smooth muscle elastic fibers internal and external elastic lamina blend in- not visible
26
what does the tunica adventitia of large elastic arteries look like
thin | vasovasorum present
27
what are examples of large elastic arteries
aorta pulmonary trunk renal arteries
28
what does the tunica media of a muscular artery look like
4-40 layers of smooth muscle | distinct internal and external elastic membranes
29
what does the tunica adventitia of a muscular artery look like
thicker than large elastic arteries
30
what are examples of muscular arteries
most named arteries
31
what does the tunica media of arterioles look like
1-3 layers of smooth muscle
32
what does the tunica adventitia of arterioles look like
very thin
33
what are examples of arterioels
precapillary sphincters
34
what does the tunica media of venues look like
0-2 smooth muscle layers | may have elastic lamina
35
what does the tunica adventitia look like in venules
absent or very thin
36
what type of vessel may have periocytes
venules
37
which vessel has a large collapsed lumen
venules
38
what two types of blood vessels travel together
venules and arterioles
39
what does the tunica media of veins look like
thin | may have internal elastic lamina
40
what does the tunica adventitia of veins look like
very thick
41
which type of vessel has valves
veins
42
what are examples of veins
most named veins
43
what does the tunica media of large veins look like
thin
44
what does the tunica adventitia of large veins look like
thickest layer longitudinal bundles of smooth muscle vasovasorum
45
what are examples of large veins
superior and inferior vena cava
46
what determines the flow of blood in capillary beds
metabolic needs of the tisseu
47
where and what are pre capillary sphincters
junction of arteriole with the capillary | smooth muscle in arterioles regulates blood entering capilaries
48
what are metarterioles
cross between an arteriole and venule that acts as the main route through the capillary bed with branches with sphincters coming off
49
what are arteriovenus anastamoses and what is their main purpose
connect the arteriole directly to the venule | used for thermoregulation to direct blood away from the capillaries
50
what are two other uses of arteriovenus anastamoses
direct blood away from the penis when it is not erect | in the uterine endometrium to reduce blood loss during menses
51
what are the two types of specialized areas in blood vessels
baroreceptors | chemoreceptors
52
what are baroreceptors and where are they found and why are they special
monitor blood pressure in the carotid and aortic sinuses have a thin tunica media so the walls can extend and a thick tunica adventitia with lots of nerve endings
53
what are chemoreceptors and where are they found and why are they special
monitor changes in blood gasses and pH | in the carotid and aortic bodies
54
what are the special structures in chemoreceptors and what are their roles
gloms cells- detect blood pH | sheath cells- surround gloms cells and have nerve endings
55
what happens during normal aging of blood vessels
lose elastic and have more collagen resulting in weaker, stiffer vessels
56
how does an aneurism form
weakened vessel walls dilate
57
what is arteriole tonus
level of constriction to maintain peripheral resistance
58
what happens in hypertension
increased arteriole tons leads to smooth muscle hypertrophy and activation of the RAAS
59
what is arteriosclerosis and what is it associated with
thickening of tunica media due to constant vessel smooth muscle contraction loss of wall elasticity associated with hypertension and diabetes
60
what is athersclerosis and describe the disease process
thickening of tunica intima due to defects in endothelium that let lipids through which accumulate in the tunica intima lipids are phagocytosed by macrophages and myointimal cells which leads to plaque production plaques disrupt the endothelial cells on the vessel wall which decreases antithrombotic factors (thicks the walls are damaged, so it wants clots to form)--> clots tunica intima fibrosis and tunica media atrophy
61
what is a haemangioma
benign mass of blood vessels visible through the skin
62
what is angiosarcoma
malignant tumor of endothelial cell origin
63
what is kaposi's sarcoma
small malignant tumors in the s kin, muscle and internal organs of endothelial origin associated with viral infections
64
what is vasculogenesis
production of new blood vessels, occurs mostly in embyo
65
describe the process of vasculogenesis
mesenchymal cells secrete VEGF and differentiate into angioblasts which proliferate and form tubes
66
what is vasculogenesis regulated by
VEGF and VEGF receptors
67
what is angiogenesis and when does it happen
sprouting of new blood vessels off of existing vessels | occurs in embryos, the uterus, wound healing, and inflammation
68
what are the steps of angiogenesis
1. hole made in exsiting vessel 2. area missing basal lamina buds 3. endothelial cells proliferate and migrate out 4. tube formed 5. basal lamina assembled and cells are recruited to form the layers
69
what prevents over proliferation during angiogenesis
apoptosis
70
what cells are recruited during angiogenesis
pericytes fibroblasts smooth muscles
71
what controls antiogenesis
``` VEGF angiopoeitin Tie- tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin like EGF apoproteins notch receptor signaling ```
72
what does Tie do
modulates induction and inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation
73
what do apoproteins do
contribute to vessel stability
74
what do notch receptors do
activate VEGF and inhibit endothelial cell apoptosis
75
what type of tissue is endocardium
simple squamous epithelium | sub endothelium of loose connective tissue with collagen, elastic fibers, and smooth muscle cells
76
what are the 3 types of cardiac muscle
contractile conducting cells endocrine type cells (secrete hormones)
77
what are the layers of the epicardium made of
outer- simple squamous epithelium | inner- loose ct with veins, nerves and adipose
78
what are the main conducting areas of the heart
SA and AV nodes atrioventricular bundle of his purkinje fibers
79
what is the fibrous skeleton of the heart
dense irregular ct surrounding the valves and great vessel bases and forms the intramembranous septum
80
what is the purpose of the fibrous skeleton
structure and anchoring for valves and the leaflets
81
what is the structure of heart valves
atrial side- loose CT for shock absorption | ventricular side- dense CT with elastic fibers covered by endothelial tissue
82
how does inflammation affect heart valves
increased collagen fibers which increases stiffness | stimulates angiogenesis which makes valves fragile
83
what is a cardiac infarct
loss of blood flow to the heart from a blockage in coronary vessels
84
what is inflammation of the valve
vavulitis
85
what is rheumatic fever
group A beta hemolytic streptococci | can lead to mitral valve defect
86
what do lymphatic capillaries look like
blind ended no occluding junctions discontinuous or missing basal lamina
87
what do lymphatic vessels look like
similar to veins | blended layers
88
what do lymphatic ducts look like
have circular and longitudinal smooth muscle
89
what is edema
interstitial fluid volume is greater than drainage capacity OR the lymphatic vessels are blocked
90
what is lymphedema
damaged or abdormal lymphatic vessels leading to inflammation or fibrosis common after lymph node removal (mastectomies)

HS Exam 2 (24 decks)

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