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HS Exam 2 > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

what are the parts of the conducting portion

A 
nasal cavity
nasopharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
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2
Q

what are the respiratory portion

A

respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs

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3
Q

what is the purpose of the conducting airways

A

maintain patent airway

condition inspired air (cleanse, moisten, warm)

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4
Q

what is the typical respiratory mucosa

A

epithelium and lamina propria

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5
Q

what is the function of the ciliated columnar epithelium

A

cilia beat mucus up and out

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6
Q

what is the function of goblet cells

A

mucus production

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7
Q

what s the function of brush cells

A

columnar cells with microvilia

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8
Q

what is the function of basal cells

A

proliferation

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9
Q

what do neuroendocrine cells do

A

secrete active peptides and hormones

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10
Q

what cell types are located in the epithelium of typical respiratory mucosa

A 
cliated columnar
goblet
brush
basal
neuroendocrine
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11
Q

what is the lamina propria

A

connective tissue layer

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12
Q

what is in the lamina propria

A

seromucus glands
MALT
vascular netowrk

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13
Q

what do seromucus glands do

A

secrete serous and mucus substances

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14
Q

what is MALT

A

mucus associated lymphoid tissue

immune function

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15
Q

what are the supper tissues in the respiratory mucosa

A

cartilage
smooth muscle
elastic fibers

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16
Q

what are external nares

A

nostrils

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17
Q

what are vibrissae

A

whisker equivalent

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18
Q

what are the boundaries of the nasal cavity

A

superior- nasal bones, medial septum
inferior- hard and soft pallate
anterior- nares, vibrissae, vestibule, epithelium
posterior- nasal conchae, lamina propria, olfactory epithelium

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19
Q

what are nasal chonchae and what are they for

A

turbinate bones covered in respiratory mucosa
superior, middle, inferior bone scrolls
create turbulent airflow to lengthen moistening, cleansing, and warming time

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20
Q

what layer of nasal cavity are cavernous sinuses in

A

lamina propria

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21
Q

what are cavernous sinuses

A

areas that alternating swell and contract, temporarily blocking air flow so the respiratory epithelium can regenerate some

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22
Q

what cells are in olfactory epithelium

A 
support cells
stem cells
olfactory cells
sustenacular cells
olfactory glands
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23
Q

what are olfactory cells

A

bipolar neurons that extend an apical dendrite with odor binding receptor proteins into the nasal cavity and basal axons through the cribiform plate to the olfactory nerve

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24
Q

what do olfactory glands do

A

secrete odorant binding proteins

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25
Q

what are paranasal sinuses

A

separate from the air conducting pathway, but drain into nasal cavity
lined with typical respiratory epithelium
route for bacteria to travel to cause infections

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26
Q

where is the nasopharynx

A

posterior to the nasal cavity

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27
Q

what is the pharyngeal tonsil called when infected

A

adenoids

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28
Q

where does the eustachian tube open into

A

nasopharnyx

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29
Q

what is the eustachian tube for

A

pressure equilibrium

route for bacteria to travel into the ear, especially in children

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30
Q

where is the larynx

A

tube above the trachea

31
Q

where is the epiglottis and what are its parts

A

covers larynx during swallowing
lingual surface- stratified squamous epithelium
laryngeal surface

32
Q

what makes the vocal cords

A

false vocal folds

true vocal folds (rims glottis)

33
Q

describe the structure of the true vocal folds

A

lamina propria loose connective superficial layer

vocalis muscle

34
Q

what is reinke’s edema

A

infection or trauma to the reinke’s space

35
Q

what puts tension on the true vocal folds

A

intrinsic laryngeal muscles

36
Q

where are the vocal folds

A

larynx

37
Q

what supports the trachea

A

c shaped rings of hyaline cartilage with the opening facing back

38
Q

what is on the posterior aspect of the trachea

A

trachealis muscle

39
Q

what is the trachealis muscle for

A

cough reflex

40
Q

what are the components of the bronchi

A

cartilage
seromucus glands
smooth muscle
cartilage and elastic fibers

41
Q

what changes in the airway structure as it moves inferiorly

A

decreased diameter
decreased cartilage presence
decreased seromucus glands

42
Q

what are bronchioles made of

A

no seromucus glands
no cartilage
smooth muscle
elastic

43
Q

what changes as you move from upper to lower bronchioles

A

decreased goblet cells
decreased height and complexity in epithelium
decreased cilia

44
Q

what lines terminal bronchioles

A

simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium

45
Q

where are clara cells and what do they make

A

in terminal bronchioles

make oxidases, antiproteases, surfactant components, and involved in chloride transport

46
Q

what is a pulmonary lobe

A

terminal bronchiole and the lung tissue it supplies

47
Q

what is the first location gas exchange happens

A

respiratory bronchioles

48
Q

what is a pulmonary acinus

A

respiratory bronchiole and the lung tissue it supplies

49
Q

what layer starts to have alveoli

A

respiratory bronchioles

50
Q

what lines alveoli

A

simple squamous epithelium

51
Q

what do alveolar ducts end in

A

alveolar sacs

52
Q

what cell types are in the alveolar epithelium

A

type 1 and type 2 alveolar cells

septal cell

53
Q

purpose of type 1 cells

A

blood air barrier, adjacent to the blood vessel

54
Q

purpose of type 2 cells

A

maintence and repair of alveolar epithelium
can differentiate into type 1
produces surfactant

55
Q

what is IRDS

A

infant respiratory distress syndrome- not enough surfactant to keep the infant alveoli open

56
Q

what do septal cells do and what do they look like

A

cuboidal/polygonal with microvilli
foamy cytoplasm
lamellar bodies
make surfactant components

57
Q

where is the intra-alveolar septum and what cell types are in it

A

body of alveolus]pulmonary capillary endothelial cells
ct cells and fibers
alveolar pores

58
Q

what is the purpose of alveolar pores

A

equalize air pressure between alveoli and provide collateral air flow

59
Q

what makes up the blood air barrier

A

endothelium of continuous capillaries with alveolar type 1 cells
basal lamina of the capillary and the type 1 cell fuse

60
Q

what is ards

A

acute respiratory distress syndrome
destruction of blood-air barrier
2 categories- cardiogenic and noncardiogenic

61
Q

what causes cardogenic ARDS

A

congestive heart failure

increased pulmonary capillary pressure leads to barrier disruption leading to fluid in the air space

62
Q

what causes noncardiogenic ARDS

A

drowning or infections

63
Q

what happens to the epithelium lining of alveoli with exposure?

A

multiplies and thickens to become a more protective barrier

64
Q

describe chronic bronchitis

A

bronchiole wall thickening due to infiltration of inflammatory cells
hypertrophy of smooth muscle
hyperplasia of seromucus glands and metaplasia of epithelium
leads to decreased lumen size

65
Q

describe ephysema

A

loss of elastic fibers and alveolar wall breakdown–> large, open airways that don’t expel air

66
Q

describe the disease process of emphysema

A

lots of macrophages in alveoli to clear carbon particles
release chemoattractants and MMPs which attract neutrophils
neutrophils release elastases
alpha 1 antitrypsin is decreased, so nothing is inhibiting the elastases

67
Q

asthma

A

hypersensitivity of smooth muscle in bronchioles that can be triggered by allergens or an abnormal ANS response resulting in bronchoconstriction and excessive mucus production

68
Q

what is interstitial fibrosis

A

end stage of interstitial lung diseases
collage production increases
result of silica, asbestos, coal, organic dusts

69
Q

what is sarcoidosis

A

iodiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

70
Q

what causes lung cancer

A

toxins, smoking, repeated infection

71
Q

what happens during lung cancer

A

decreased cilia, metaplasia of columnar cells to stratified squamous epithelium

72
Q

what tissue type is the visceral pleura

A

simple squamous epithelium

73
Q

what tissue type is on parietal pleura

A

thicker mesothelia

74
Q

what is mesothelioma

A

from previous asbestos exposure

tumors possible in pleura, peritoneum, and pericardium

HS Exam 2 (24 decks)

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