Respiratory Flashcards
what are the parts of the conducting portion
nasal cavity nasopharynx larynx trachea bronchi bronchioles terminal bronchioles
what are the respiratory portion
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs
what is the purpose of the conducting airways
maintain patent airway
condition inspired air (cleanse, moisten, warm)
what is the typical respiratory mucosa
epithelium and lamina propria
what is the function of the ciliated columnar epithelium
cilia beat mucus up and out
what is the function of goblet cells
mucus production
what s the function of brush cells
columnar cells with microvilia
what is the function of basal cells
proliferation
what do neuroendocrine cells do
secrete active peptides and hormones
what cell types are located in the epithelium of typical respiratory mucosa
cliated columnar goblet brush basal neuroendocrine
what is the lamina propria
connective tissue layer
what is in the lamina propria
seromucus glands
MALT
vascular netowrk
what do seromucus glands do
secrete serous and mucus substances
what is MALT
mucus associated lymphoid tissue
immune function
what are the supper tissues in the respiratory mucosa
cartilage
smooth muscle
elastic fibers
what are external nares
nostrils
what are vibrissae
whisker equivalent
what are the boundaries of the nasal cavity
superior- nasal bones, medial septum
inferior- hard and soft pallate
anterior- nares, vibrissae, vestibule, epithelium
posterior- nasal conchae, lamina propria, olfactory epithelium
what are nasal chonchae and what are they for
turbinate bones covered in respiratory mucosa
superior, middle, inferior bone scrolls
create turbulent airflow to lengthen moistening, cleansing, and warming time
what layer of nasal cavity are cavernous sinuses in
lamina propria
what are cavernous sinuses
areas that alternating swell and contract, temporarily blocking air flow so the respiratory epithelium can regenerate some
what cells are in olfactory epithelium
support cells stem cells olfactory cells sustenacular cells olfactory glands
what are olfactory cells
bipolar neurons that extend an apical dendrite with odor binding receptor proteins into the nasal cavity and basal axons through the cribiform plate to the olfactory nerve
what do olfactory glands do
secrete odorant binding proteins
what are paranasal sinuses
separate from the air conducting pathway, but drain into nasal cavity
lined with typical respiratory epithelium
route for bacteria to travel to cause infections
where is the nasopharynx
posterior to the nasal cavity
what is the pharyngeal tonsil called when infected
adenoids
where does the eustachian tube open into
nasopharnyx
what is the eustachian tube for
pressure equilibrium
route for bacteria to travel into the ear, especially in children
where is the larynx
tube above the trachea
where is the epiglottis and what are its parts
covers larynx during swallowing
lingual surface- stratified squamous epithelium
laryngeal surface
what makes the vocal cords
false vocal folds
true vocal folds (rims glottis)
describe the structure of the true vocal folds
lamina propria loose connective superficial layer
vocalis muscle
what is reinke’s edema
infection or trauma to the reinke’s space
what puts tension on the true vocal folds
intrinsic laryngeal muscles
where are the vocal folds
larynx
what supports the trachea
c shaped rings of hyaline cartilage with the opening facing back
what is on the posterior aspect of the trachea
trachealis muscle
what is the trachealis muscle for
cough reflex
what are the components of the bronchi
cartilage
seromucus glands
smooth muscle
cartilage and elastic fibers
what changes in the airway structure as it moves inferiorly
decreased diameter
decreased cartilage presence
decreased seromucus glands
what are bronchioles made of
no seromucus glands
no cartilage
smooth muscle
elastic
what changes as you move from upper to lower bronchioles
decreased goblet cells
decreased height and complexity in epithelium
decreased cilia
what lines terminal bronchioles
simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium
where are clara cells and what do they make
in terminal bronchioles
make oxidases, antiproteases, surfactant components, and involved in chloride transport
what is a pulmonary lobe
terminal bronchiole and the lung tissue it supplies
what is the first location gas exchange happens
respiratory bronchioles
what is a pulmonary acinus
respiratory bronchiole and the lung tissue it supplies
what layer starts to have alveoli
respiratory bronchioles
what lines alveoli
simple squamous epithelium
what do alveolar ducts end in
alveolar sacs
what cell types are in the alveolar epithelium
type 1 and type 2 alveolar cells
septal cell
purpose of type 1 cells
blood air barrier, adjacent to the blood vessel
purpose of type 2 cells
maintence and repair of alveolar epithelium
can differentiate into type 1
produces surfactant
what is IRDS
infant respiratory distress syndrome- not enough surfactant to keep the infant alveoli open
what do septal cells do and what do they look like
cuboidal/polygonal with microvilli
foamy cytoplasm
lamellar bodies
make surfactant components
where is the intra-alveolar septum and what cell types are in it
body of alveolus]pulmonary capillary endothelial cells
ct cells and fibers
alveolar pores
what is the purpose of alveolar pores
equalize air pressure between alveoli and provide collateral air flow
what makes up the blood air barrier
endothelium of continuous capillaries with alveolar type 1 cells
basal lamina of the capillary and the type 1 cell fuse
what is ards
acute respiratory distress syndrome
destruction of blood-air barrier
2 categories- cardiogenic and noncardiogenic
what causes cardogenic ARDS
congestive heart failure
increased pulmonary capillary pressure leads to barrier disruption leading to fluid in the air space
what causes noncardiogenic ARDS
drowning or infections
what happens to the epithelium lining of alveoli with exposure?
multiplies and thickens to become a more protective barrier
describe chronic bronchitis
bronchiole wall thickening due to infiltration of inflammatory cells
hypertrophy of smooth muscle
hyperplasia of seromucus glands and metaplasia of epithelium
leads to decreased lumen size
describe ephysema
loss of elastic fibers and alveolar wall breakdown–> large, open airways that don’t expel air
describe the disease process of emphysema
lots of macrophages in alveoli to clear carbon particles
release chemoattractants and MMPs which attract neutrophils
neutrophils release elastases
alpha 1 antitrypsin is decreased, so nothing is inhibiting the elastases
asthma
hypersensitivity of smooth muscle in bronchioles that can be triggered by allergens or an abnormal ANS response resulting in bronchoconstriction and excessive mucus production
what is interstitial fibrosis
end stage of interstitial lung diseases
collage production increases
result of silica, asbestos, coal, organic dusts
what is sarcoidosis
iodiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
what causes lung cancer
toxins, smoking, repeated infection
what happens during lung cancer
decreased cilia, metaplasia of columnar cells to stratified squamous epithelium
what tissue type is the visceral pleura
simple squamous epithelium
what tissue type is on parietal pleura
thicker mesothelia
what is mesothelioma
from previous asbestos exposure
tumors possible in pleura, peritoneum, and pericardium
