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HS Exam 2 > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

what is humoral control of secretion

A

blood substance levels (Ca, glucose, Na)

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2
Q

what does the hypothalamus control

A

pineal gland and renal medulla

regulates anterior pituitary

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3
Q

what hormones are produced by the hypothalamus

A

ADH

oxytocin

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4
Q

pars nervosa

A

posterior pituitary

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5
Q

supraoptic nucleus

A

neurons that make ADH in the hypothalamus

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6
Q

paraventricular nucleus

A

neurons that make oxytocin

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7
Q

pars distalis

A

anterior pituitary

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8
Q

posterior pituitary hormones

A

oxytocin

ADH

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9
Q

anterior pituitary hormones

A 
TSH
ACTH
FSH/LH
GH
prolactin
endorphins
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10
Q

what hormones have inhibitory factors

A

GH

prolactin

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11
Q

where does the posterior pituitary come from

A

neuroectoderm- hypothalamus outgrowth

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12
Q

median eminance

A

extension of hypothalamus into the posterior pituitary

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13
Q

pituitary stalk

A

infundibulum

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14
Q

contents of pars nervosa

A

unmyelinated axons
herring bodies
pituicytes

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15
Q

herring bodies

A

dilated axon terminals with hormones in secretory vesicles

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16
Q

pituicytes

A

type of glial cell in posterior pituitary

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17
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

insufficient amounts of ADH resulting in large volumes of dilute urine

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18
Q

Rathke’s pouch

A

pocket of oral ectoderm that the anterior pituitary comes from

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19
Q

neurohypophysis

A

posterior pituitary

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20
Q

adenohypophysis

A

anterior pituitary

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21
Q

pars tuberalis

A

extension of anterior pituitary next to the infundibular stalk

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22
Q

pars intermedias

A

adjacent to pars nervosa

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23
Q

epithelial cysts

A

remnants of Rathke’s pouch in the pars intermedias

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24
Q

what does the pars intermediate release

A

melanocyte secreting hormone

some ACTH

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25
Q

melanocyte secreting hormone

A

stimulates melanin production

skin pigment

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26
Q

cell types and appearances in pars distalis

A

chromophobes- stem cell
acidophils- washed out purple
basophils- intense red

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27
Q

pars distalis arrangement

A

secretory cells in cords around capillaries

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28
Q

somatotrophs

A

release growth hormone

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29
Q

GH

A

stimulates IGF-1 production in liver which induces cell growth and protein synthesis in bone, cartilage and muscle

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30
Q

decreased GH

A

dwarfism

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31
Q

increased GH in kids

A

gigantism

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32
Q

increased GH in adults

A

acromegaly

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33
Q

mammotrophs

A

release prolactin

34
Q

prolactin

A

milk production

mammary gland growth during pregnancy

35
Q 
symptoms:
anovulation
decreased libido
infertility
galactorrhea in males
A

prolactin secreting tumor

36
Q

corticotrophs

A

ATCH

37
Q

ATCH

A

adrenal gland secretion in response to stress

38
Q

thyrotrophs

A

TSH

39
Q

TSH

A

thyroid production of T4 and T3

40
Q

gonadotrophs

A

GSH, LH

41
Q

GSH, LH

A

reproduction things

42
Q

anorexia

A

decreased gonadotroph releasing factor which results in female decrease in fertility and male hypogonadism

43
Q

blood supply to pars nervosa

A

infeiror hypophyseal artery

44
Q

blood supply to hypothalamus, infundibulum, pars tuberalis

A

superior hypophyseal artery

45
Q

where is the portal circulation

A

anterior pituitary

46
Q

graves disease

A

antibody production of TSH- over active thyroid

47
Q

hashimoto’s disease

A

antibodies to thyroglobulin resulting in follicle destruction
hypothyroidism

48
Q

creatinism

A

fetal hypothyroidism

49
Q

role of thyroid follicle cells

A

make and secrete T4 and T3 using iodine and thyroglobulin

50
Q

old of parafollicle cells

A

secrete calcitonin

51
Q

calcitonin

A

released when Ca is high in the blood

inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates osteoblasts to decrease Ca

52
Q

2 cell types in the thyroid

A

follicle

parafollicle

53
Q

chief cells

A

release parathyroid hormone when Ca is low

increase osteoclast activity and gut absorption of Ca

54
Q

effects of aging on the parathyroid

A

increase connective tissue and adipose

55
Q

result of genetic mutation of chief cells

A

can’t detect Ca levels

56
Q

benign adenomas of parathyroid gland

A

increased PTH which increases bone demineralization

increased excretion of Ca (a lot around) –> kidney stones

57
Q

idiopathic hypoparathyroidism

A

tissues don’t respond to PTH– very bad because Ca is needed for NT release and muscle contraction

58
Q

source of cortex of adrenal gland

A

mesoderm

59
Q

source of medulla of adrenal gland

A

neural crest

60
Q

zones of the adrenal cortex

A

zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis

61
Q

zona glomerulosa

A

salt
secrete mineralcorticoids (aldosterone) to maintain blood Na concentration
stimulated by decreased blood Na

62
Q

zona fasciculata

A

sweet
secretes glucocorticoids (cortisol) in response to stress to increase glucose metabolism in the liver
stimulated by ACTH

63
Q

zona reticularis

A

sex
secretes androgens
stimulated by ACTH

64
Q

main estrogen source post menopausal

A

adrenal androgens from the zone reticularis of the adrenal cortex

65
Q

significance of fetal adrenal cortex

A

secretes DHEA as a precursor to placental hormones

66
Q

cushing syndrome

A

cortisol over production due to either a pituitary tumor (cushing disease) releasing ACTH or an adrenal tumor releasing cortisol
OR overuse of corticosteroids

67
Q

fat redistribution
muscle wasting
immune suppression

A

cushings

68
Q

addison’s disease

A

cortisol deficiency due to decreased ACTH release or chronic adrenal destruction by infection

69
Q

hypotension
muscle weakness
increased skin pigmentation

A

addison’s disease

70
Q

chromaffin cells

A

modified sympathetic post ganglionic neurons found in the adrenal medulla that release either E or NE

71
Q

alpha cells of pancrease

A

glucagon

72
Q

beta cells

A

insulin

73
Q

delta cells

A

somatostatin, gastrin

74
Q

F cells

A

pancreatic polypeptide

75
Q

glut 2

A

glucose channel on B cells that allows glucose to enter pancreas so insulin is released
insulin independent

76
Q

glut 4

A

glucose channel on body cells that uptake glucose when insulin is bound
insulin dependent

77
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

insulin deficient due to autoimmune destruction of beta cells

78
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

elevated insulin and high glucose due to error in insulin signaling

79
Q

pinealocytes

A

secrete melatonin

80
Q

corpora arenacea

A

brain sand- calcium phosphate precipitations in the pineal gland

81
Q

role of melatonin

A

regulates sleep/wake cycles
inhibits GRF (inhibits FSH/LH)
regulate puberty onset
tumor suppression

82
Q

oxyphils in parathyroid gland

A

possible stem cells for chief cells

HS Exam 2 (24 decks)

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