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A+P 2 > Urinary 2 > Flashcards

Urinary 2 Flashcards

1
Q

measures the volume of plasma cleared of a. substance in a given time

A

renal clearance

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2
Q

clearance equation

A

RC = (urine concentration x urine flow rate) / plasma concentration

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3
Q

closely approximates GFR and is useful for assessing kidney function

A

inulin clearance

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4
Q
  • involves active or passive transport of substances like H+ ions, penicillin, and K+ ions into the filtrate
  • plays a role in controlling the body’s pH balance
A

tubular secretion

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5
Q
  • vasa recta capillaries exchange water for salt as they travel down into the medulla
  • system ensures ECF retains high salt levels for water movement out of the nephron
A

countercurrent exchange mechanism

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6
Q
  • maintains high medullary concentration to aid water reabsorption from the nephron
  • saltier medulla pulls water out of the descending limb, while salts are pumped out in the descending limb
A

countercurrent multiplier

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7
Q

countercurrent mechanisms

A
  • countercurrent multiplier
  • countercurrent exchange mechanism
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8
Q

what hormone promotes active tubular secretion of potassium and reabsorption of sodium ions in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts

A

aldosterone

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9
Q

what area of the nephron is responsible for the reabsorption of the most water from the filtrate as well as most nutrients

A

proximal convoluted tubule

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10
Q

true or false:

Under normal conditions, the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) reabsorbs nearly all of the glucose, lactate, and amino acids in the filtrate and 65% of the Na+ and water.

A

true

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11
Q

the kidney are stimulated to produce renin by

A

a decrease in the blood pressure

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12
Q

contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla

A

descending limb

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13
Q

effect of ADH on cells of the CD

A

causes aquaporins to be inserted into apical membranes

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14
Q

true or false:

Filtrate becomes less concentrated as it flows down the medullary collecting ducts, toward the renal pelvis.

A

false

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15
Q

why does alcohol act as a diuretic

A

inhibits the release of ADH

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16
Q
  • 125ml of filtrate is formed each minute by pushing plasma across the fenestrae of glomerular capillaries into the proximal convoluted tubule.
  • Most objects are too large to pass through the small (7nm) barrier
  • Plasma proteins and RBCs (>7nm) remain in the capillary, while small hormones and minerals (<7nm) pass through.
A

filtration membrane

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17
Q

consists of the glomerulus and bowman’s capsule

A

renal corpuscle / filtration membrane

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18
Q

forces at the filtration membrane

A
  • glomerular blood pressure (GP)
  • colloid osmotic pressure (COP)
  • capsular hydrostatic pressure (CP)
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19
Q

net filtration pressure (NFP) =

A

Glomerular Pressure - (Colloid Osmotic Pressure + Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure)

NFP = GP - (COP + CP), with GP pushing water and solutes out, while COP and CP push in the opposite direction.

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20
Q

filtration will still occur as long as

A

glomerular blood pressure is high enough

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21
Q

how much water is reabsorbed in the nephron and how much is lost as urine

A

Approximately 123.75ml of water is reabsorbed in the nephron, leaving only 1.25ml/min lost as urine.

22
Q

plays a significant role in the collecting duct, concentrating urine up to 4 times.

A

ADH

23
Q

causes Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion, leading to water reabsorption in the DCT

A

aldosterone

23
Q
A
24
Q

impermeable to water, with Na+, K+, and Cl- transported out into interstitial fluid

A

ascending limb

25
Q

reabsorbs 15% of filtrate due to high interstitial solute concentration.

A

descending limb

26
Q
  • 65% of filtrate is reabsorbed here, including amino acids, glucose, and ions like Na+, K+, and Cl-.
  • Water moves out by osmosis, transported against concentration gradients into peritubular capillaries.
A

proximal convoluted tubule

27
Q

involves vasoconstriction and dilation of afferent and efferent arterioles of the glomerulus

A

autoregulation

28
Q

directed by the macula densa of the distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

A

tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism

29
Q

monitor filtrate concentration and flow, adjusting GFR accordingly.

A

macula densa cells

30
Q

types of regulation of filtration

A
  • intrinsic (autoregulation and tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism)
  • extrinsic (sympathetic stimulation (neural) and renin-angiotensin mechanism (hormonal))
31
Q

leads to arteriole dilation at rest, with norepinephrine causing vasoconstriction of renal vessels.

A

sympathetic stimulation

32
Q

aims to increase blood pressure by converting angiotensinogen to angiotensin II

A

renin-angiotensin mechanism

33
Q

is angiotensin a vasoconstrictor or a vasodilator

A

vasoconstrictor

34
Q

normal value of GP

A

55 mmHg

35
Q

typical COP value

A

30 mmHg

36
Q

typical CP value

A

15 mmHg

37
Q

increased blood pressure =

A

vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole

38
Q

decreased blood pressure =

A

vasodilation of afferent arteriole

39
Q

increased GFR =

A

rapid flow in DCT; vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole

40
Q

decreased GFR =

A

sluggish flow in DCT; vasodilation of afferent arteriole

41
Q

what is the stimulus for the renin-angiotensin mechanism

A

drop in blood pressure

42
Q

aldosterone release =

A

increase reabsorption of Na+ and water

43
Q

increased Na+ and water =

A

increased blood pressure

44
Q

ADH works most strongly in which areas of the nephron

A

DCT and CD

45
Q

decreased BP and increased K+ =

A

increased aldosterone = increased sodium and water retention

46
Q

increased BP and decreased K+ =

A

decreased aldosterone = decreased BP, increased urine output

47
Q

caused by ADH insufficiency

A

diabetes insipidus

48
Q

decreased BP = __ ADH and __ H2O retention

A

increased

49
Q

increased water retention =

A

increased BP, decreased urine

50
Q

increased BP = _____ ADH and _____ H2O retention

A

decreased ADH and decreased H2O retention

51
Q

decreased ADH and decreased H2O retention =

A

decreased BP, increased urine

A+P 2 (21 decks)

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