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A+P 2 > Lab Quiz 7 - Urinary System > Flashcards

Lab Quiz 7 - Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

small raised portion on the medial side where the renal artery, vein, pelvis, and nerves enter and exit

A

renal hilum

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2
Q
  • 2 bean shpaed, right lower than left, each abut 11cm lonog
  • located in the retroperitoneal space in the lower abdomen at about the level of the psoas muscle (T12-L1)
  • surrounded in a fibrous connective capsule protected by a renal fat pad
A

kidney

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3
Q

outer layer of the kidney that contains arterioles and glomeruli

A

cortex

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4
Q

inner layer of the kidney that contains the loop of Henle and urine concentrating mechanisms

A

medulla

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5
Q

cortical tissue between the renal pyramids

A

renal columns

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6
Q

region of the kidney where urine is formed

A

renal pyramids

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7
Q

part of the kidney where urine exits the pyramid

A

renal papillae

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8
Q

pathway of urine from the renal pyramid

A
  1. papillae
  2. minor calyces
  3. major calyx
  4. renal pelvis
  5. ureter
  6. bladder
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9
Q

pathway of blood supply through the kidney

A
  1. renal artery
  2. segmental artery
  3. interlobar artery
  4. arcuate artery
  5. interlobar artery
  6. afferent arteriole
  7. glomerular capillaries
  8. efferent arteriole
  9. peritubular capillary
  10. interlobar vein
  11. arcuate vein
  12. interlobar vein
  13. renal vein
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10
Q

bring blood into the glomerulus

A

afferent arterioles

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11
Q
  • take blood away from the glomerulus
  • turn into the peritubular capillaries, which pass along the length of the loop of Henle
A

efferent arterioles

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12
Q

the extension of the peritubular capillaries that extends around the loop of Henle and recovers reabsorbed substances and secretes some other substances into the nephron

A

vasa recta

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13
Q
  • exit the hilum, run inferiorly and medially to where they enter the bladder
  • are narrow muscular tubes lined with transitional epithelium and smooth muscle
A

ureters

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14
Q

the ureters are lined with

A

lined with transitional epithelium and smooth muscle

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15
Q
  • hardened cell fragments, usually cylindrical found in the urine
  • almost always pathologic
  • can only observe by doing a sediment study
A

casts

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16
Q

usually only seen when there is an infection of the urinary tract

A

leukocytes

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17
Q

WBCs in the urine

A

pyuria

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18
Q
  • produced in the intestines, some is excreted into the urine and gives urine its characteristic color
  • some is converted into stercobilin that gives feces its color
A

urobilinogen

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19
Q

too much urobilinogen can be indicative of

A

liver pathology

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20
Q
  • excess bile pigments in urine
  • can be signaled by a yellow foam on top of urine sample after shaking
A

bilirubinuria

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21
Q

formed during hemolysis of RBCs and is excreted by the liver into the gallbladder

A

bilirubin

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22
Q

types of bile pigments

A

bilirubinuria and urobilinogen

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23
Q

often seen in liver disease such as jaundice

A

bile pigments

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24
Q

nitrites in the urine can be indicative of

A

a bacterial infection such as a UTI

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25
Q
  • in the pelvic cavity posterior to the pubic symphysis
  • composed of transitional epithelium surrounded by a smooth muscle layer
A

urinary bladder

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26
Q

a region on the posterior wall fo the bladder that is described by the entrance of the two ureters and the opening of the urethra

A

trigone

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27
Q

made up of smooth muscle

A

internal urinary sphincter

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28
Q

made up of skeletal muscle; for the most part voluntary

A

external urinary sphincter

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29
Q

about 20cm long, pathway for urinary and reproductive systems

A

male urethra

30
Q

about 4cm long, separate from reproductive opening

A

female urethra

31
Q
  • the basic histological and functional unit of the kidney
  • about 1 million per kidney
A

nephrons

32
Q

enlarged end of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus

A

bowman’s capsule

33
Q

bowman’s capsule + glomerulus

A

renal corpuscle

34
Q

actively reabsorbs glucose, amino acids, water

A

proximal convoluted tubule

35
Q

passive reabsorption of water by osmosis

A

descending limb

36
Q

NaCl moves out by active transport

A

ascending limb

37
Q

water and NaCl move out under control of ADH and aldosterone

A

distal convoluted tubule

38
Q
  • are under hormonal control
  • not technically part of the nephron because eah of these empties so many nephrons
A

collecting ducts

39
Q

parts of the nephron in the renal cortex

A
  • bowman’s capsule
  • proximal convoluted tubule
  • distal convoluted tubule
40
Q

parts of the nephron located in the renal medulla

A
  • descending and ascending limbs
  • most of the collecting ducts
41
Q

thicker parts of nephron tubes are made up of

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

42
Q

thinner parts of the nephron tube are made up of

A

simple squamous epithelium

43
Q

areas such as the PCT and CD have lots of … for active transport

A

mitochondria

44
Q

true or false:

in the glomerulus the plasma is still considered part of the blood

A

true

45
Q

once plasma has been filtered across into Bowman’s capsule it is called

A

filtrate

46
Q

blood pressure pushes fluid (i.e. plasma) across a filtration membrane (the capillary membrane)

A

filtration

47
Q

movement of fluid from filtrate back into the blood

A

reabsorption

48
Q

movement of wastes from the blood into the filtrate

A

secretion

49
Q

straw or amber colored urine is indicative of

A

normal urine

50
Q

reddish amber urine is indicative of

A

urobilnogen or porphyrin

51
Q

brownish yellow, green urine is indicative of

A

presence of bile pigments in the urine

52
Q

red or brown urine is indicative is indicative of

A

blood or blood pigments in the urine

53
Q

clear, slightly cloudy upon standing urine indicates

A

normal urine

54
Q

cloudy urine might be indicative of

A

bacteria, pus, or fat in the urine

55
Q

pH range is typcially

A

4.5-8 (normally around 6.0)

56
Q

what is a major factor of urine pH

A

diet

57
Q

slightly aromatic, will begin to smell like ammonia after standing due to the action of bacteria

A

odor of normal urine

57
Q
  • determines the amount of solutes dissolved in the urine
  • typically between 1.001-1.030
A

specific gravity of urine

58
Q

water has a specific gravity of

A

1.000

59
Q

very low specific gravity of urine may indicate

A

diabetes insipidus, nephritis (very dilute urine)

60
Q

very high specific gravity of urine may indicate

A

diabetes mellitus, proteinuria (very concentrated urine)

61
Q
  • pH of about 6 (avg), ranges 4.5-8
  • specific gravity between 1.001-1.030
  • excess salts and minerals present: Na+, K+, PO4-, SO4-
  • excess vitamins
  • small amounts of urea
A

normal sample of urine

62
Q

abnormal components of urine

A
  • glucose
  • proteins
  • ketones
  • RBCs
  • hemoglobin
  • nitrites
  • bile pigments
  • leukocytes
  • casts
63
Q
  • normally absent in urine, seen in diabetes mellitus, and sometimes after exercise, or a meal high in sugar content
A

glucose

64
Q

excess glucose in urine

A

glycosuria

65
Q
  • results from exercise, nephritis, trauma
A

proteins present in urine

66
Q

excess albumin in urine

A

albuminuria

67
Q
  • produced during excessive fat metabolism diabetes mellitus
  • found with glycosuria is diagnostic for diabetes mellitus (excess of these)
A

ketones

ketonuria

68
Q

almost always pathologic, due to trauma or urinary tract infections; can indicate contamination with menstrual flow

A

RBCs in urine

68
Q

excess RBCs in urine

A

hematuria

69
Q

often seen along with excess RBCS
most chemstrips measure this and blood together

A

hemoglobin

70
Q

excess hemoglobin in urine

A

hemoglobinuria

A+P 2 (21 decks)

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