Chapter 25 (Lecture) Flashcards
1
Q
what is the deepest layer of supportive tissue that surrounds each kidney
A
fibrous capsule
2
Q
which two structures make up each nephron
A
- renal corpuscle
- renal tubule
3
Q
specialized mechanoreceptors
A
granular cells of the juxtaglomerular complex
4
Q
every day, the kidneys filter nearly … of fluid from the bloodstream
A
200 L
5
Q
long nephrons that deeply invade the medulla
A
juxtamedullary nephrons
6
Q
which vessels closely surround renal tubules
A
peritubular capillaries
7
Q
large branches of the renal pelvis
A
major calyces
7
Q
under normal resting conditions, which arteries deliver 1/4 of the total cardiac output (~1200ml) to the kidneys each minute
A
renal blood flow
8
Q
sequence in which urine passes through structures to the external environment
A
- calyx
- renal pelvis
- ureter
- urinary bladder
- urethra
9
Q
- blood vessel that leads directly into the glomerulus
- blood supply to the nephron
A
afferent arteriole
10
Q
continuous with the ureter
A
pelvis
11
Q
cushions the kidney and helps attach it to the posterior body wall
A
perirenal fat capsule
12
Q
the renal hilum lies on which surface of the kidney
A
medial
13
Q
which blood vessel directly drains the glomerulus
A
efferent arteriole
14
Q
structural and functional units of the kidneys
A
nephrons
15
Q
major indicator of renal trauma
A
hematuria
16
Q
primary site of glucose and amino acid reabsorption
A
proximal convoluted tubule
17
Q
into which part of the nephron is plasma filtered
A
glomerular capsule
18
Q
functions of the urinary system
A
- helps maintain homeostasis by controlling the composition, volume, and pressure of blood
- maintains blood osmolarity
- regulates blood glucose levels and produces hormones
19
Q
- bean shaped, right is lower than left, about 11cm long
- located in the retroperotineal space in the lower abdomen at about the level of the psoas muscle
- surrounded in a fibrous connective capsule and a protective renal fat pad
A
kidneys
20
Q
small raised portion on the medial side of the kidney where the renal artery, nerve, and veins enter and exit
A
renal hilum
21
Q
most superficial layer of the kidney, light in color
A
renal cortex
22
Q
where blood flow comes in between the pyramids
A
renal columns
23
Q
deeper layer of the kidney, reddish brown
A
renal medulla
24
where urine is formed
renal pyramids
25
where the urine exits the pyramid and enters the minor calyces
renal papillae
26
pathway of urine from the renal pyramids to the external
1. renal papillae of pyramid
2. minor calyces
3. major calyx
4. renal pelvis
5. ureter
6. bladder
7. urethra
27
renal arteries deliver about how much blood to kidneys
1200 ml/min
28
pathway of blood supply to and from the kidneys
1. aorta
2. renal arteries
3. segmental artery
4. lobar artery
5. interlobar artery
6. arcuate artery
7. interlobar artery
8. efferent arterioles
9. glomerular capillaries
10. afferent arterioles
11. peritubular capillaries and vasa recta
12. interlobar vein
13. arcuate vein
14. interlobar vein
15. renal vein
16. inferior vena cava
29
about 90% of the blood entering the kidney goes where
renal cortex
30
network of sympathetic vasomotor ANS fibers that innervate the kidney
renal plexus
31
* basic histological and functional unit of the kidney
* about 1 million per kidney
* all parts about 1 cell layer thick
nephron
32
what type of tissue makes up the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct?
* simple cuboidal epithelia
* fewer microvilli
33
what type of tissue makes up the proximal convoluted tubule
* cuboidal
* many mitochondria (active transport)
* numerous microvilli
34
what type of tissue makes up the descending limb
simple squamous
## Footnote
freely permeable to water
35
what type of tissue makes up the ascending limb
simple cuboidal
36
* loops only extend a short way into the medulla
* 85% of nephrons
cortical nephrons
37
* loops extend deep into the medulla and are important in the production of very concentrated urine
* 15% of nephrons
juxtamedullary nephrons
38
types of nephronal capillary beds
* glomerulus
* peritubular capillaries
39
* contains an afferent and efferent arteriole to supply and take blood away from it
glomerulus
40
surrounds the glomerulus
bowman's capsule
41
bowman's capsule + glomerulus
renal corpuscle
42
which part of the nephron forms the filtrate
glomerular capillaries
43
visceral layer of Bowman's capsule and have many filtration slits in them
Podocytes
44
the glomerular capillaries are ..., which allows filtration of blood plasma to occur from the capillaries into the surrounding capsule and proximal convoluted tubule
fenestrated
45
* arise from the efferent arterioles
* run close to the nephron tubules and collect the substances that pass out of the nephron
* reabsorb filtrate
peritubular capillaries
46
peritubular capillaries found in the deepest parts of the medulla, have a different structure than other peritubular capillaries
vasa recta
47
found where the distal convoluted tubule lies to the afferent arteriole
juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA
48
enlarged smooth muscle cells in the walls of the arterioles that act as mechanoreceptors and control the amount of vasoconstriction in the afferent arterioles
juxtaglomerular cells
49
distal convoluted tubule cells that act as chemoreceptors and monitor the solute concentration of the filtrate
macula densa
50
populations of cells that play important roles in blood pressure regulation and urine production
* juxtaglomerular cells
* macula densa
51
* made up of fenestrated glomerular endothelium
* podocytes (visceral Bowman's capsule)
* basement membrane between the two
* allows passage of filtrate
| allows passage of filtrate but not blood cells or macromolecules
filtration membrane
52
* exit the hilum, run inferiorly and medially to where the enter the bladdder (trigone)
* narrow muscular tubes
ureters
53
what tissue makes up the ureters
transitional epithelium and smooth muscle
54
urine is forced towards the bladder by which force
peristalsis
55
* located in the pelvic cavity just posterior to the pubic symphysis
* composed of transitional epithelium (except trigone) surrounded by a smooth muscle layer
urinary bladder
56
when distended fully (2-3 cell layers thick) can hold how much urine
500-600 ml
57
urine output is controlled by which reflex, which stimulates two sets of sphincters (internal urinary and external urinary)
micturition reflex
58
urinary sphincter made of smooth msucle
internal urinary sphincter
59
urinary sphincter made of skeletal muscle; voluntary
external urinary sphincter
60
urge to urinate occurs when about how much urine has accumulated
200ml
## Footnote
If voiding is resisted, urge goes away until another 200 ml or so have collected
61
control of the micturition reflex is stimulated by what
* sacral spinal nerves
* brainstem
* voluntary centers in the cortex
62
* lined with primarily stratified squamous epithelia
* female: 3-4 cm in lengh
* male: 20cm in length; combination of urinary and reproductive functions
urethra
63
key processes in urine formation
* glomerular filtration
* tubular reabsorption
* tubular secretion
64
hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid across the filtration membrane into nephron tubules
filtration
65
movement of fluid from filtrate backinto the blood vessels
reabsorption
66
movement of wastes from the blood vessels into the filtrate
secretion
67
contains everything that plasma does except for proteins
filtrate
68
mainly metabolic wastes, and unneeded substances
urine
69
of about the 180 L of filtrate produced each day, how much leaves as urine?
1.8 L
70
nephr-
kidney
71
glomerul(o)-
glomerulus of the kidney
72
ur-
urine, urinary tract, or urea
73
juxta-
situated near
74
the specialized capillary bed responsible for the pressure that drives filtration is
the glomerulus
75
structural and functional unit of the kidney
nephron
76
renin is released by the cells of ... in response to afferent arteriole pressure and the degree of stretch of the arteriole wall
juxtaglomerular complex
77
an elevated level of urea in the blood
uremia
78
why is the right kidney slightly lower than the left
crowded by the liver
79
function of the kidneys
* carry out gluconeogenesis during prolonged fasting
* metabolized vitain D to its active form
* regulate blood volume and osmolality, and maintain acid-base balance
80
where is the majority of nephron loops located
renal pyramid
81
ureter entrances and opening to the urethra
trigone
82
pain perceived at a location other than a site of the painful stimulus
referred pain
83
when renal calculi obstruct a ureter, pain is perceived to radiate from the lower back to the anterior abdominal wall on the same side. this is an event that ...
is called referred pain
84
the mucosa of the urinary bladder is composed of
transitional epithelium
85
correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body
1. nephron
2. collecting duct
3. minor calyx
4. major calyx
5. ureter
6. urethra
86
# true or false
the position of the kidneys behind the peritoneal lining of the abdominal cavity is described by the term retroperitoneal
true
87
what two structures constitute the renal corpuscle
glomerulus and bowman's capsule
88
which capillary bed produces filtrate
glomerulus
## Footnote
The glomerulus (capillary bed) in the glomerular capsule produces filtrate due to the high fluid pressure within the vessels.
89
the glomerulus differes from other capillaries in the body in that it
is drained by an efferent arteriole
90
the thin segment of the nephron loop's descending limb aids
in the passive movement of water out of the tubule
91
what is the chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood and across the filtration membrane of the glomerulus
hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries
92
which artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney
arcuate artery
93
.... collects urine, which drains continuously from the papillae, and empty it into the ...
calcyes; renal pelvis
94
fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because
it cushions the kidneys against blows
95
primary function of the juxtaglomerular complex
releases chemical signals that regulate the rate of filtrate formulation
96
reabsorption of sodium in the medulla by active transport is undertaken by cells that compose
ascending nephron loop
97
why does the PCT contain so many mitochondria
a great deal of active transport takes place in the PCT
98
if the diameter of the efferent arterioles leading away from the glomerulus increases, which is likely to occur
* urine output will decrease
* net filtration pressure will decrease
* glomerular filtration rate will decrease
99
# true or false:
capspular hydrostatic prssure is the chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood and across the filtration membrane
false
## Footnote
Glomerular hydrostatic (blood) pressure is the chief (outward directed) force pushing water and solutes out of the blood and across the filtration membrane
100
function of angiotensin II
constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure
101
glomerular filtration rate control method
* hormonal regulation
* renal autoregulation
* neural regulation
102
your patient's urinalysis shows a large amount of protein in the urine. this suggests a problem in the
glomerulus
103
# true or false:
blood pressure in the renal glomerulus is lower than in most parts of the body in order to conserve body water
false
104
what hormone promotes active tubular secretion of potassium ions and reabsorption of sodium ions in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and collecting ducts?
aldosterone
105
what area of the nephron is responsible for the reabsorption of most of the water from the filtrate as well as most nutrients
proximal convoluted tubule
106
Reabsorption of nutrients like glucose and amino acids takes place in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) via cotransporters that utilize secondary active transport. Which of the following would stop the reabsorption of glucose at the apical surface of the cells in the PCT?
loss of Na+-K+ ATPase in the basolateral surface of PCT cells
107
The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin when
there is a decrease in blood pressure
108
the descending limb of the nephron loop
contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as if moves down into the medulla
109
what is the effect of antidiuretic hormone on the cells of the collecting duct?
causes aquaporins to be inserted into the apical membrane
110
# true or false:
in the absence of hormones, the distal tubule and collecting ducts are relatively impermeable to water
true
111
responsible for the reabsorption of water
proximal convoluted tubule
112
responsible secretion of K+
distal convoluted tubule
113
responsible for the filtration of plasma
glomerulus
114
alcohol acts as a diuretic because it
inhibits the release of ADH
115
which of these should not normally appear in urine
a. sodium
b. creatine
c. glucose
d. urea
glucose
116
which part of the nephron is influenced by hormones to absorb sodium and water
distal convoluted tubule
117
the most important factor affecting the net filtration pressure in the glomerulus is
hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus
118
if the afferent arteriole constricts while the efferent arteriole remains unchanged, the glomerular filtration rate
decreases
119
if the afferent arteriole constricts while the efferent arteriole remains unchanged, the glomerular filtration rate
decreases
120
pressure exerted by filtrate in the glomerular capsule
hydrostatic pressure in the capsular space
121
which of the regions of the nephron do not absorb Na+ by primary active transport
descending limb of the nephron loop
122
which substance would not normally be expected in urine
protein
123
regulates water reabsorption at the collection duct
ADH
124
aldosterone-induced reabsorption of Na+ is coupled with
K+ secretion
125
the energy needed for secondary active transport is provided by the
concentration gradient established by Na+
126
how is Na+ reabsorbed
by active transport using ATP
127
which glomerular regulator responds to filtrate NaCl concentrations
tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism
128
which substance is typically used to measure GFR
inulin
129
which homeostatic imbalance suggests that glomerular blood pressure may be too low to cause filtration
anuria
130
glomerular filtration is based on
particle size
131
stimulates the release of renin from granular cells
* stimulation of the granular cells by the sympathetic nervous system
* reduced stretching of the granular cells
* hemorrhaging or dehydration
132
anuria causes
* acute nephritis
* transfustion reactions
* crush injuries
133
rising systemic blood pressure stretches vascular smooth muscle in the arteriolar walls, causing the afferent arterioles to constrict
myogenic mechanism
134
how would afferent arteriole dilation in response to a fall in blood pressure affect the GFR
increases GFR
135
refers to the force of blood against the walls of the glomerular capillaries
glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPgc)
136
uses neural signals to override autoregulatory mechanisms
sympathetic nervous system
137
a powerful vasoconstrictor that also stimulates the secretion of aldosterone
angiotensin II
138
which process results in increased blood pressure in response to hormone release
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism
139
pressure in or around the glomerulus that is the result of all pressures and is responsible for filtrate formation
net filtration pressure
140
when the concentration of ADH increases
less urine is produced
141
which pressure is exerted by the proteins in the blood that "sucks" water into the capillary
colloid osmotic pressure (OPgc)
142
components of the filtration membrane
* podocytes
* endothelium
* basement membrane
143
