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A+P 2 > Chapter 25 (Lecture) > Flashcards

Chapter 25 (Lecture) Flashcards

1
Q

what is the deepest layer of supportive tissue that surrounds each kidney

A

fibrous capsule

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2
Q

which two structures make up each nephron

A
  • renal corpuscle
  • renal tubule
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3
Q

specialized mechanoreceptors

A

granular cells of the juxtaglomerular complex

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4
Q

every day, the kidneys filter nearly … of fluid from the bloodstream

A

200 L

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5
Q

long nephrons that deeply invade the medulla

A

juxtamedullary nephrons

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6
Q

which vessels closely surround renal tubules

A

peritubular capillaries

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7
Q

large branches of the renal pelvis

A

major calyces

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7
Q

under normal resting conditions, which arteries deliver 1/4 of the total cardiac output (~1200ml) to the kidneys each minute

A

renal blood flow

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8
Q

sequence in which urine passes through structures to the external environment

A
  1. calyx
  2. renal pelvis
  3. ureter
  4. urinary bladder
  5. urethra
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9
Q
  • blood vessel that leads directly into the glomerulus
  • blood supply to the nephron
A

afferent arteriole

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10
Q

continuous with the ureter

A

pelvis

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11
Q

cushions the kidney and helps attach it to the posterior body wall

A

perirenal fat capsule

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12
Q

the renal hilum lies on which surface of the kidney

A

medial

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13
Q

which blood vessel directly drains the glomerulus

A

efferent arteriole

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14
Q

structural and functional units of the kidneys

A

nephrons

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15
Q

major indicator of renal trauma

A

hematuria

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16
Q

primary site of glucose and amino acid reabsorption

A

proximal convoluted tubule

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17
Q

into which part of the nephron is plasma filtered

A

glomerular capsule

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18
Q

functions of the urinary system

A
  • helps maintain homeostasis by controlling the composition, volume, and pressure of blood
  • maintains blood osmolarity
  • regulates blood glucose levels and produces hormones
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19
Q
  • bean shaped, right is lower than left, about 11cm long
  • located in the retroperotineal space in the lower abdomen at about the level of the psoas muscle
  • surrounded in a fibrous connective capsule and a protective renal fat pad
A

kidneys

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20
Q

small raised portion on the medial side of the kidney where the renal artery, nerve, and veins enter and exit

A

renal hilum

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21
Q

most superficial layer of the kidney, light in color

A

renal cortex

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22
Q

where blood flow comes in between the pyramids

A

renal columns

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23
Q

deeper layer of the kidney, reddish brown

A

renal medulla

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24
Q

where urine is formed

A

renal pyramids

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25
Q

where the urine exits the pyramid and enters the minor calyces

A

renal papillae

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26
Q

pathway of urine from the renal pyramids to the external

A
  1. renal papillae of pyramid
  2. minor calyces
  3. major calyx
  4. renal pelvis
  5. ureter
  6. bladder
  7. urethra
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27
Q

renal arteries deliver about how much blood to kidneys

A

1200 ml/min

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28
Q

pathway of blood supply to and from the kidneys

A
  1. aorta
  2. renal arteries
  3. segmental artery
  4. lobar artery
  5. interlobar artery
  6. arcuate artery
  7. interlobar artery
  8. efferent arterioles
  9. glomerular capillaries
  10. afferent arterioles
  11. peritubular capillaries and vasa recta
  12. interlobar vein
  13. arcuate vein
  14. interlobar vein
  15. renal vein
  16. inferior vena cava
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29
Q

about 90% of the blood entering the kidney goes where

A

renal cortex

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30
Q

network of sympathetic vasomotor ANS fibers that innervate the kidney

A

renal plexus

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31
Q
  • basic histological and functional unit of the kidney
  • about 1 million per kidney
  • all parts about 1 cell layer thick
A

nephron

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32
Q

what type of tissue makes up the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct?

A
  • simple cuboidal epithelia
  • fewer microvilli
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33
Q

what type of tissue makes up the proximal convoluted tubule

A
  • cuboidal
  • many mitochondria (active transport)
  • numerous microvilli
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34
Q

what type of tissue makes up the descending limb

A

simple squamous

freely permeable to water

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35
Q

what type of tissue makes up the ascending limb

A

simple cuboidal

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36
Q
  • loops only extend a short way into the medulla
  • 85% of nephrons
A

cortical nephrons

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37
Q
  • loops extend deep into the medulla and are important in the production of very concentrated urine
  • 15% of nephrons
A

juxtamedullary nephrons

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38
Q

types of nephronal capillary beds

A
  • glomerulus
  • peritubular capillaries
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39
Q
  • contains an afferent and efferent arteriole to supply and take blood away from it
A

glomerulus

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40
Q

surrounds the glomerulus

A

bowman’s capsule

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41
Q

bowman’s capsule + glomerulus

A

renal corpuscle

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42
Q

which part of the nephron forms the filtrate

A

glomerular capillaries

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43
Q

visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule and have many filtration slits in them

A

Podocytes

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44
Q

the glomerular capillaries are …, which allows filtration of blood plasma to occur from the capillaries into the surrounding capsule and proximal convoluted tubule

A

fenestrated

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45
Q
  • arise from the efferent arterioles
  • run close to the nephron tubules and collect the substances that pass out of the nephron
  • reabsorb filtrate
A

peritubular capillaries

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46
Q

peritubular capillaries found in the deepest parts of the medulla, have a different structure than other peritubular capillaries

A

vasa recta

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47
Q

found where the distal convoluted tubule lies to the afferent arteriole

A

juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA

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48
Q

enlarged smooth muscle cells in the walls of the arterioles that act as mechanoreceptors and control the amount of vasoconstriction in the afferent arterioles

A

juxtaglomerular cells

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49
Q

distal convoluted tubule cells that act as chemoreceptors and monitor the solute concentration of the filtrate

A

macula densa

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50
Q

populations of cells that play important roles in blood pressure regulation and urine production

A
  • juxtaglomerular cells
  • macula densa
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51
Q
  • made up of fenestrated glomerular endothelium
  • podocytes (visceral Bowman’s capsule)
  • basement membrane between the two
  • allows passage of filtrate

allows passage of filtrate but not blood cells or macromolecules

A

filtration membrane

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52
Q
  • exit the hilum, run inferiorly and medially to where the enter the bladdder (trigone)
  • narrow muscular tubes
A

ureters

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53
Q

what tissue makes up the ureters

A

transitional epithelium and smooth muscle

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54
Q

urine is forced towards the bladder by which force

A

peristalsis

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55
Q
  • located in the pelvic cavity just posterior to the pubic symphysis
  • composed of transitional epithelium (except trigone) surrounded by a smooth muscle layer
A

urinary bladder

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56
Q

when distended fully (2-3 cell layers thick) can hold how much urine

A

500-600 ml

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57
Q

urine output is controlled by which reflex, which stimulates two sets of sphincters (internal urinary and external urinary)

A

micturition reflex

58
Q

urinary sphincter made of smooth msucle

A

internal urinary sphincter

59
Q

urinary sphincter made of skeletal muscle; voluntary

A

external urinary sphincter

60
Q

urge to urinate occurs when about how much urine has accumulated

A

200ml

If voiding is resisted, urge goes away until another 200 ml or so have collected

61
Q

control of the micturition reflex is stimulated by what

A
  • sacral spinal nerves
  • brainstem
  • voluntary centers in the cortex
62
Q
  • lined with primarily stratified squamous epithelia
  • female: 3-4 cm in lengh
  • male: 20cm in length; combination of urinary and reproductive functions
A

urethra

63
Q

key processes in urine formation

A
  • glomerular filtration
  • tubular reabsorption
  • tubular secretion
64
Q

hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid across the filtration membrane into nephron tubules

A

filtration

65
Q

movement of fluid from filtrate backinto the blood vessels

A

reabsorption

66
Q

movement of wastes from the blood vessels into the filtrate

A

secretion

67
Q

contains everything that plasma does except for proteins

A

filtrate

68
Q

mainly metabolic wastes, and unneeded substances

A

urine

69
Q

of about the 180 L of filtrate produced each day, how much leaves as urine?

A

1.8 L

70
Q

nephr-

A

kidney

71
Q

glomerul(o)-

A

glomerulus of the kidney

72
Q

ur-

A

urine, urinary tract, or urea

73
Q

juxta-

A

situated near

74
Q

the specialized capillary bed responsible for the pressure that drives filtration is

A

the glomerulus

75
Q

structural and functional unit of the kidney

A

nephron

76
Q

renin is released by the cells of … in response to afferent arteriole pressure and the degree of stretch of the arteriole wall

A

juxtaglomerular complex

77
Q

an elevated level of urea in the blood

A

uremia

78
Q

why is the right kidney slightly lower than the left

A

crowded by the liver

79
Q

function of the kidneys

A
  • carry out gluconeogenesis during prolonged fasting
  • metabolized vitain D to its active form
  • regulate blood volume and osmolality, and maintain acid-base balance
80
Q

where is the majority of nephron loops located

A

renal pyramid

81
Q

ureter entrances and opening to the urethra

A

trigone

82
Q

pain perceived at a location other than a site of the painful stimulus

A

referred pain

83
Q

when renal calculi obstruct a ureter, pain is perceived to radiate from the lower back to the anterior abdominal wall on the same side. this is an event that …

A

is called referred pain

84
Q

the mucosa of the urinary bladder is composed of

A

transitional epithelium

85
Q

correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body

A
  1. nephron
  2. collecting duct
  3. minor calyx
  4. major calyx
  5. ureter
  6. urethra
86
Q

true or false

the position of the kidneys behind the peritoneal lining of the abdominal cavity is described by the term retroperitoneal

A

true

87
Q

what two structures constitute the renal corpuscle

A

glomerulus and bowman’s capsule

88
Q

which capillary bed produces filtrate

A

glomerulus

The glomerulus (capillary bed) in the glomerular capsule produces filtrate due to the high fluid pressure within the vessels.

89
Q

the glomerulus differes from other capillaries in the body in that it

A

is drained by an efferent arteriole

90
Q

the thin segment of the nephron loop’s descending limb aids

A

in the passive movement of water out of the tubule

91
Q

what is the chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood and across the filtration membrane of the glomerulus

A

hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries

92
Q

which artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney

A

arcuate artery

93
Q

…. collects urine, which drains continuously from the papillae, and empty it into the …

A

calcyes; renal pelvis

94
Q

fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because

A

it cushions the kidneys against blows

95
Q

primary function of the juxtaglomerular complex

A

releases chemical signals that regulate the rate of filtrate formulation

96
Q

reabsorption of sodium in the medulla by active transport is undertaken by cells that compose

A

ascending nephron loop

97
Q

why does the PCT contain so many mitochondria

A

a great deal of active transport takes place in the PCT

98
Q

if the diameter of the efferent arterioles leading away from the glomerulus increases, which is likely to occur

A
  • urine output will decrease
  • net filtration pressure will decrease
  • glomerular filtration rate will decrease
99
Q

true or false:

capspular hydrostatic prssure is the chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood and across the filtration membrane

A

false

Glomerular hydrostatic (blood) pressure is the chief (outward directed) force pushing water and solutes out of the blood and across the filtration membrane

100
Q

function of angiotensin II

A

constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure

101
Q

glomerular filtration rate control method

A
  • hormonal regulation
  • renal autoregulation
  • neural regulation
102
Q

your patient’s urinalysis shows a large amount of protein in the urine. this suggests a problem in the

A

glomerulus

103
Q

true or false:

blood pressure in the renal glomerulus is lower than in most parts of the body in order to conserve body water

A

false

104
Q

what hormone promotes active tubular secretion of potassium ions and reabsorption of sodium ions in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and collecting ducts?

A

aldosterone

105
Q

what area of the nephron is responsible for the reabsorption of most of the water from the filtrate as well as most nutrients

A

proximal convoluted tubule

106
Q

Reabsorption of nutrients like glucose and amino acids takes place in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) via cotransporters that utilize secondary active transport. Which of the following would stop the reabsorption of glucose at the apical surface of the cells in the PCT?

A

loss of Na+-K+ ATPase in the basolateral surface of PCT cells

107
Q

The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin when

A

there is a decrease in blood pressure

108
Q

the descending limb of the nephron loop

A

contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as if moves down into the medulla

109
Q

what is the effect of antidiuretic hormone on the cells of the collecting duct?

A

causes aquaporins to be inserted into the apical membrane

110
Q

true or false:

in the absence of hormones, the distal tubule and collecting ducts are relatively impermeable to water

A

true

111
Q

responsible for the reabsorption of water

A

proximal convoluted tubule

112
Q

responsible secretion of K+

A

distal convoluted tubule

113
Q

responsible for the filtration of plasma

A

glomerulus

114
Q

alcohol acts as a diuretic because it

A

inhibits the release of ADH

115
Q

which of these should not normally appear in urine

a. sodium
b. creatine
c. glucose
d. urea

A

glucose

116
Q

which part of the nephron is influenced by hormones to absorb sodium and water

A

distal convoluted tubule

117
Q

the most important factor affecting the net filtration pressure in the glomerulus is

A

hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus

118
Q

if the afferent arteriole constricts while the efferent arteriole remains unchanged, the glomerular filtration rate

A

decreases

119
Q

if the afferent arteriole constricts while the efferent arteriole remains unchanged, the glomerular filtration rate

A

decreases

120
Q

pressure exerted by filtrate in the glomerular capsule

A

hydrostatic pressure in the capsular space

121
Q

which of the regions of the nephron do not absorb Na+ by primary active transport

A

descending limb of the nephron loop

122
Q

which substance would not normally be expected in urine

A

protein

123
Q

regulates water reabsorption at the collection duct

A

ADH

124
Q

aldosterone-induced reabsorption of Na+ is coupled with

A

K+ secretion

125
Q

the energy needed for secondary active transport is provided by the

A

concentration gradient established by Na+

126
Q

how is Na+ reabsorbed

A

by active transport using ATP

127
Q

which glomerular regulator responds to filtrate NaCl concentrations

A

tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism

128
Q

which substance is typically used to measure GFR

A

inulin

129
Q

which homeostatic imbalance suggests that glomerular blood pressure may be too low to cause filtration

A

anuria

130
Q

glomerular filtration is based on

A

particle size

131
Q

stimulates the release of renin from granular cells

A
  • stimulation of the granular cells by the sympathetic nervous system
  • reduced stretching of the granular cells
  • hemorrhaging or dehydration
132
Q

anuria causes

A
  • acute nephritis
  • transfustion reactions
  • crush injuries
133
Q

rising systemic blood pressure stretches vascular smooth muscle in the arteriolar walls, causing the afferent arterioles to constrict

A

myogenic mechanism

134
Q

how would afferent arteriole dilation in response to a fall in blood pressure affect the GFR

A

increases GFR

135
Q

refers to the force of blood against the walls of the glomerular capillaries

A

glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPgc)

136
Q

uses neural signals to override autoregulatory mechanisms

A

sympathetic nervous system

137
Q

a powerful vasoconstrictor that also stimulates the secretion of aldosterone

A

angiotensin II

138
Q

which process results in increased blood pressure in response to hormone release

A

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

139
Q

pressure in or around the glomerulus that is the result of all pressures and is responsible for filtrate formation

A

net filtration pressure

140
Q

when the concentration of ADH increases

A

less urine is produced

141
Q

which pressure is exerted by the proteins in the blood that “sucks” water into the capillary

A

colloid osmotic pressure (OPgc)

142
Q

components of the filtration membrane

A
  • podocytes
  • endothelium
  • basement membrane
143
Q
A

A+P 2 (21 decks)

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